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As carnivores, badgers possess paired anal glands, but olfactory information on the content of badger anal gland secretion (AGS) is largely uninvestigated. Here, we examined the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of AGS samples from 57 free-living badgers using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography\u2014mass spectrometry. AGS was rich in alkanes (C7\u2013C15, 14.3% of identified compounds), aldehydes (C5\u2013C14, 9.7%), phenols (C6\u2013C15, 9.5%), alcohols (C5\u2013C10, 7.3%), aromatic hydrocarbons (C6\u2013C13, 6.8%), ketones (C6\u2013C13, 6.3%) and carboxylic acids (C3\u2013C12, 5.6%) and contained a variety of esters, sulfurous and nitrogenous compounds, and ethers. The number of VOCs per profile ranged from 20 to 111 (mean\u2009=\u200965.4; \u00b1 22.7 <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>), but no compound was unique for any of the biological categories. After normalization of the raw data using Probabilistic Quotient Normalization, we produced a resemblance matrix by calculating the Euclidian distances between all sample pairs. PERMANOVA revealed that AGS composition differs between social groups, and concentration and complexity in terms of number of measurable VOCs varies between seasons and years. AGS VOC profiles encode individual identity, sex and vary with female reproductive state, indicating an important function in intraspecific communication. Because AGS is excreted together with fecal deposits, we conclude that chemical complexity of AGS enables particularly latrine-using species, such as badgers, to advertise more complex individual-specific information than in feces alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-019-01113-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]],"date-time":"2019-11-07T05:41:21Z","timestamp":1573105281000},"page":"823-837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Knowing Me, Knowing You: Anal Gland Secretion of European Badgers (Meles meles) Codes for Individuality, Sex and Social Group Membership"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4512-0535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Noonan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helga V.","family":"Tinnesand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten T.","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Rosell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Macdonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina D.","family":"Buesching","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1113_CR1","first-page":"32","volume":"26","author":"MJ Anderson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Anderson MJ (2001) A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. 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