{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T19:42:09Z","timestamp":1775158929398,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686614400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005508","name":"Boettcher Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005508","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007235","name":"Colorado State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007235","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Fluoresc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has created a worldwide public health crisis that has since resulted in 6.8 million reported deaths. The pandemic prompted the immediate response of researchers around the world to engage in rapid vaccine development, surveillance programs, and antiviral testing, which resulted in the delivery of multiple vaccines and repurposed antiviral drug candidates. However, the emergence of new highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants has renewed the desire for discovering new antiviral drug candidates with high efficacy against the emerging variants of concern. Traditional antiviral testing methods employ the plaque-reduction neutralization tests (PRNTs), plaque assays, or RT-PCR analysis, but each assay can be tedious and time-consuming, requiring 2\u20133\u00a0days to complete the initial antiviral assay in biologically relevant cells, and then 3\u20134\u00a0days to visualize and count plaques in Vero cells, or to complete cell extractions and PCR analysis. In recent years, plate-based image cytometers have demonstrated high-throughput vaccine screening methods, which can be adopted for screening potential antiviral drug candidates. In this work, we developed a high-throughput antiviral testing method employing the Celigo Image Cytometer to investigate the efficacy of antiviral drug candidates on SARS-CoV-2 infectivity using a fluorescent reporter virus and their safety by measuring the cytotoxicity effects on the healthy host cell line using fluorescent viability stains. Compared to traditional methods, the assays defined here eliminated on average 3\u20134\u00a0days from our standard processing time for antiviral testing. Moreover, we were able to utilize human cell lines directly that are not typically amenable to PRNT or plaque assays. The Celigo Image Cytometer can provide an efficient and robust method to rapidly identify potential antiviral drugs to effectively combat the rapidly spreading SARS-CoV-2 virus and its variants during the pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10895-023-03289-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T03:01:52Z","timestamp":1686625312000},"page":"561-570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["High-Throughput SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral Testing Method Using the Celigo Image Cytometer"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Laura A.","family":"St Clair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leo Li-Ying","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Boretsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Spedding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rushika","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"3289_CR1","unstructured":"World_Health_Organization. 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Int J Oncol 38(3):701\u2013711","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Fluorescence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10895-023-03289-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10895-023-03289-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10895-023-03289-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T15:20:59Z","timestamp":1709911259000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10895-023-03289-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["3289"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10895-023-03289-x","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2846848\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1053-0509","1573-4994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1053-0509","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-4994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 April 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 June 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No human or animal studies were performed.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"The authors LLC, AB, and BL are employees of Revvity (formerly known as Nexcelom Bioscience) and declare competing financial interests. The high-throughput image cytometry detection method developed in this manuscript utilizes the Celigo Image Cytometer system produced by Revvity. The authors LAS, MS, and RP are named co-inventors on a patent pending covering the novel use of Ambroxol HCl for the treatment of COVID-19 (Demand International n\u00b0PCT\/EP2021\/006314).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}