{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T14:43:09Z","timestamp":1788792189164,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Fluoresc"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10895-026-04729-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T13:43:34Z","timestamp":1773150214000},"page":"2903-2922","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fluorescent Phenanthro-Imidazole-Based Chemosensors for the Detection of Primary and Nitro-aromatic Explosives"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Riya","family":"Khandelwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1068-7227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahesh","family":"Vasava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2319-7435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prasenjit","family":"Maity","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chintan","family":"Parmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitesh D.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhijitsinh","family":"Parmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"4729_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10804","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c01579","volume":"14","author":"K CTo","year":"2020","unstructured":"CTo K, Ben-Jaber S, PParkin I (2020) Recent developments in the field of explosive trace detection. ACS Nano 14(9):10804\u201310833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.0c01579","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"4729_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2024.101602","volume":"8","author":"T Paul","year":"2024","unstructured":"Paul T, RChoudhury D, Ghosh D, Saha C (2024) Advancements in optical sensors for explosive materials identification: a comprehensive review. Results Chem 8:101602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rechem.2024.101602","journal-title":"Results Chem"},{"issue":"002","key":"4729_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7145.S12-002","volume":"12","author":"M Tourn\u00e9","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tourn\u00e9 M (2013) Developments in explosives characterization and detection. J Forensic Res 12(002):2157\u20137145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2157-7145.S12-002","journal-title":"J Forensic Res"},{"key":"4729_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112685","volume":"291","author":"M Bilal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bilal M, Bagheri AR, Bhatt P, Chen S (2021) Environmental occurrence, toxicity concerns, and remediation of recalcitrant nitroaromatic compounds. J Environ Manage 291:112685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112685","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"key":"4729_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116611","volume":"281","author":"M Qian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qian M, Zhang Y, Bian Y, Feng XS, Zhang ZB (2024) Nitrophenols in the environment: an update on pretreatment and analysis techniques since 2017. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 281:116611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116611","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"8","key":"4729_CR6","first-page":"38","volume":"9","author":"A MHammam","year":"2015","unstructured":"MHammam A, SZaki M, AYousef R, Fawzi O (2015) Toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of phenols and phenolic compounds on human and living organisms [A review]. Adv Environ Biol 9(8):38\u201349","journal-title":"Adv Environ Biol"},{"key":"4729_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155219","volume":"834","author":"A Thakur","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thakur A, Kumar A (2022) Recent advances on rapid detection and remediation of environmental pollutants utilizing nanomaterials-based (bio) sensors. Sci Total Environ 834:155219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155219","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"4729_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.01.073","volume":"46","author":"M Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu M, Chen W (2013) Graphene nanosheets-supported Ag nanoparticles for ultrasensitive detection of TNT by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Biosens Bioelectron 46:68\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bios.2013.01.073","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"issue":"4","key":"4729_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1039\/C3AN01931D","volume":"139","author":"Z Guo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guo Z, Hwang J, Zhao B, HChung J, GCho S, JBaek S, Choo J (2014) Ultrasensitive trace analysis for 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene using nano-dumbbell surface-enhanced Raman scattering hot spots. Anal 139(4):807\u2013812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C3AN01931D","journal-title":"Anal"},{"issue":"12","key":"4729_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200903007","volume":"22","author":"M Riskin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Riskin M, Tel-Vered R, Willner I (2010) Imprinted Au-nanoparticle composites for the ultrasensitive surface plasmon resonance detection of hexahydro-1, 3, 5-trinitro-1, 3, 5-triazine (RDX). Adv Mater 22(12):1387\u20131391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adma.200903007","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"4729_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.11.026","volume":"192","author":"R Bharadwaj","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bharadwaj R, Mukherji S (2014) Gold nanoparticle coated U-bend fibre optic probe for localized surface plasmon resonance based detection of explosive vapours. Sens Actuators B Chem 192:804\u2013811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.snb.2013.11.026","journal-title":"Sens Actuators B Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"4729_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-9140(00)00565-8","volume":"54","author":"RG Ewing","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ewing RG, Atkinson RG, Eiceman GA, Ewing GJ (2001) A critical review of ion mobility spectrometry for the detection of explosives and explosive related compounds. Talanta 54(3):515\u2013529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0039-9140(00)00565-8","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"4729_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.11.087","volume":"176","author":"M Tabrizchi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tabrizchi M, ILbeigi V (2010) Detection of explosives by positive corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry. J Hazard Mater 176(1\u20133):692\u2013696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.11.087","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"4729_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yinon J (2009) Analysis and detection of explosives by mass spectrometry. Asp Expl Det 147\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-374533-0.00008-8","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374533-0.00008-8"},{"issue":"22","key":"4729_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8019","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CS00496A","volume":"44","author":"X Sun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sun X, Wang Y, Lei Y (2015) Fluorescence-based explosive detection: from mechanisms to sensory materials. Chem Soc Rev 44(22):8019\u20138061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C5CS00496A","journal-title":"Chem Soc Rev"},{"key":"4729_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2023.111651","volume":"220","author":"L Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li L, Lyu X, Liang S, Liu Z (2023) Application of fluorescence sensing technology in trace detection of explosives. Dyes Pigm 220:111651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dyepig.2023.111651","journal-title":"Dyes Pigm"},{"key":"4729_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s10895-021-02832-y","volume":"32","author":"V Desai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Desai V, Panchal M, Dey S, Panjwani F, Jain VK (2022) Recent advancements for the recognization of nitroaromatic explosives using calixarene based fluorescent probes. J Fluoresc 32:67\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10895-021-02832-y","journal-title":"J Fluoresc"},{"key":"4729_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2024.101983","volume":"37","author":"R Sawant","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sawant R, Chakraborty S, Papalkar A, Awale A, Chaskar (2024) A low-dimensional fluorescent sensors for nitro explosive detection: A review. Mater Today Chem 37:101983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mtchem.2024.101983","journal-title":"Mater Today Chem"},{"key":"4729_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2022.113865","volume":"428","author":"HM Junaid","year":"2022","unstructured":"Junaid HM, Waseem MT, Khan ZA, Gul H, Yu C, Shaikh AJ, Shahzad SA (2022) Fluorescent and colorimetric sensors for selective detection of TNT and TNP explosives in aqueous medium through fluorescence emission enhancement mechanism. J Photochem Photobiol A: Chem 428:113865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2022.113865","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol A: Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"4729_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1039\/D0AY01945C","volume":"13","author":"MAH Nawaz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nawaz MAH, Meng L, Zhou H, Ren J, Shahzad SA, Hayat A, Yu C (2021) Tetraphenylethene probe based fluorescent silica nanoparticles for the selective detection of nitroaromatic explosives. Anal Methods 13(6):825\u2013831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D0AY01945C","journal-title":"Anal Methods"},{"key":"4729_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.111056","volume":"329","author":"APL Santos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Santos APL, Deokaran GO, Costa CV, Gama LI, J\u00fanior EGM, de Assis AML, de Freitas JD, de Araujo WR, Dias RP, da Silva JCS, Costa LMM, Ribeiro AS (2021) A \u201cturn-off\u201d fluorescent sensor based on electrospun polycaprolactone nanofibers and fluorene (bisthiophene) derivative for nitroaromatic explosive detection. Forensic Sci Int 329:111056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.111056","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"4729_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enmf.2024.08.002","volume":"6","author":"ZH Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang ZH, Liu W, Dai Y, Liu ZP, Ma MD, Cui S, He X, Liu Y (2024) On-site trace detection of explosives: from ultra-sensitive SERS to integrated detection technology. Energ Mater Front 6(1):118\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enmf.2024.08.002","journal-title":"Energ Mater Front"},{"issue":"18","key":"4729_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6333","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16186333","volume":"16","author":"OS Taniya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Taniya OS, Khasanov AF, Sadieva LK, Santra S, Nikonov IL, Al-Ithawi WK, Kovalev IS, Kopchuk DS, Zyryanov GV, Ranu BC (2023) Polymers and polymer-based materials for the detection of (nitro-) explosives. Materials 16(18):6333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16186333","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"19","key":"4729_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9380","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.4c00499","volume":"36","author":"BC Patra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Patra BC, Datta S, Bhattacharya (2024) Ratiometric and concomitant \u2018Turn-Off\/On\u2019Luminescence switch based on covalent-organic frameworks for nitrated explosive sensing in aqueous media. Chem Mater 36(19):9380\u20139390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.chemmater.4c00499","journal-title":"Chem Mater"},{"issue":"14","key":"4729_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16516","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.4c02542","volume":"7","author":"S Paria","year":"2024","unstructured":"Paria S, Maity P (2024) Photoluminescent MoS2 and MoSe2 quantum dots for the detection of nitro-organic explosives. Appl Nano Mater 7(14):16516\u201316524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsanm.4c02542","journal-title":"Appl Nano Mater"},{"key":"4729_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2022.114530","volume":"438","author":"JN Malegaonkar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Malegaonkar JN, Al Kobaisi M, Singh PK, Bhosale SV (2023) Sensitive turn-off detection of nitroaromatics using fluorescent tetraphenylethylene phosphonate derivative. J Photochem Photobiol A: Chem 438:114530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2022.114530","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol A: Chem"},{"key":"4729_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2023.123465","volume":"305","author":"M Arshad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arshad M, Sowmya P, Paul A, Joseph A (2024) Sensing of picric acid using an AIEE active \u201cTurn Off\u201d fluorescent probe derived from hydroxy naphthaldehyde and benzyloxy benzaldehyde. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 305:123465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.saa.2023.123465","journal-title":"Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc"},{"issue":"1","key":"4729_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19324","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97832-0","volume":"11","author":"A Mishra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mishra A, Dheepika R, Parvathy PA, Imran PM, Bhuvanesh NSP, Nagarajan S (2021) Fluorescence quenching based detection of nitroaromatics using luminescent triphenylamine carboxylic acids. Sci Rep 11(1):19324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-97832-0","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4729_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.130088","volume":"343","author":"SO T\u00fcmay","year":"2021","unstructured":"T\u00fcmay SO, Ye\u015filot S (2021) Small molecule based water-soluble fluorescence material for highly selective and ultra-sensitive detection of TNT: design and spectrofluorimetric determination in real samples. Sens Actuators B Chem 343:130088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.snb.2021.130088","journal-title":"Sens Actuators B Chem"},{"issue":"24","key":"4729_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8290","DOI":"10.1039\/D1QM01022K","volume":"5","author":"E David","year":"2021","unstructured":"David E, Thirumoorthy K, Palanisami N (2021) Aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active N-arylated ferrocenyl pyrazole chromophores: second-order nonlinear optical and turn on\/off fluorescence for the detection of picric acid in mixed aqueous media. Mater Chem Front 5(24):8290\u20138307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D1QM01022K","journal-title":"Mater Chem Front"},{"key":"4729_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2022.107511","volume":"179","author":"BT Huy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huy BT, Thangadurai DT, Sharipov M, Nghia NN, Van Cuong N, Lee YI (2022) Recent advances in turn off-on fluorescence sensing strategies for sensitive biochemical analysis-a mechanistic approach. Microchem J 179:107511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.microc.2022.107511","journal-title":"Microchem J"},{"issue":"7","key":"4729_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27072226","volume":"27","author":"D Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao D, Yu S, Jiang WJ, Cai ZH, Li DL, Liu YL, Chen ZZ (2022) Recent progress in metal-organic framework based fluorescent sensors for hazardous materials detection. Molecules 27(7):2226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27072226","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"41","key":"4729_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14513","DOI":"10.1039\/D1DT03175A","volume":"50","author":"S Khatua","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khatua S, Krishnaraj C, Baruah DC, Van Der Voort P, Jena HS (2021) Flexible luminescent non-lanthanide metal\u2013organic frameworks as small molecules sensors. Dalton Trans 50(41):14513\u201314531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D1DT03175A","journal-title":"Dalton Trans"},{"issue":"4","key":"4729_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.1c00183","volume":"6","author":"T Skorjanc","year":"2021","unstructured":"Skorjanc T, Shetty D, Valant M (2021) Covalent organic polymers and frameworks for fluorescence-based sensors. ACS Sens 6(4):1461\u20131481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acssensors.1c00183","journal-title":"ACS Sens"},{"key":"4729_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.12.145","volume":"259","author":"RJK Jigyasa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jigyasa RJK (2018) \u201cON-OFF\u201d novel fluorescent chemosensors based on nanoaggregates of triaryl imidazoles for superselective detection of nitro-explosive trinitrophenol in multiple solvent systems. Sens Actuators B: Chem 259:990\u20131005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.snb.2017.12.145","journal-title":"Sens Actuators B: Chem"},{"key":"4729_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.02.019","volume":"229","author":"S Kumari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumari S, Joshi S, Cordova-Sintjago TC, Pant DD, Sakhuja R (2016) Highly sensitive fluorescent imidazolium-based sensors for nanomolar detection of explosive picric acid in aqueous medium. Sens Actuators B Chem 229:599\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.snb.2016.02.019","journal-title":"Sens Actuators B Chem"},{"issue":"9","key":"4729_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1070\/RC2014v083n09ABEH004467","volume":"83","author":"GVE Zyryanov","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zyryanov GVE, Kopchuk DS, Kovalev IS, Nosova EV, Rusinov VL, Chupakhin ON (2014) Chemosensors for detection of nitroaromatic compounds (explosives). Russ Chem Rev 83(9):783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1070\/RC2014v083n09ABEH004467","journal-title":"Russ Chem Rev"},{"issue":"89","key":"4729_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16014","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CC07513K","volume":"51","author":"S Shanmugaraju","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shanmugaraju S, Mukherjee PS (2015) \u03c0-electron rich small molecule sensors for the recognition of nitroaromatics. Chem Commun 51(89):16014\u201316032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C5CC07513K","journal-title":"Chem Commun"},{"issue":"10","key":"4729_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.2c01687","volume":"7","author":"GG Dias","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dias GG, Rodrigues O, Paz ER, Nunes MP, Araujo MH, Rodembusch FS, da Silva Junior EN (2022) Aryl-phenanthro [9, 10-d] imidazole: a versatile scaffold for the design of optical-based sensors. ACS Sens 7(10):2865\u20132919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acssensors.2c01687","journal-title":"ACS Sens"},{"issue":"10","key":"4729_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.4565","volume":"38","author":"M Zurnac\u0131","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zurnac\u0131 M, \u015eener \u0130, G\u00fcr M, \u015eener N (2023) Organic fluorescent compounds based on phenanthroimidazole: a review of highlight studies. Luminescence 38(10):1690\u20131701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bio.4565","journal-title":"Luminescence"},{"key":"4729_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ica.2023.121393","volume":"549","author":"X Qi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qi X, Kan W, Zhao B, Du J, Ding L, Wang L, Song B (2023) Two phenanthro [9, 10-d] imidazole-based fluorescence probes for distinguishable detection of Cys and Fe3+ and their applications in food and water as well as living cells monitoring. Inorg Chim Acta 549:121393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ica.2023.121393","journal-title":"Inorg Chim Acta"},{"issue":"39","key":"4729_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2016.08.064","volume":"57","author":"B Zhao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhao B, Liu T, Fang Y, Wang L, Song B, Deng Q (2016) Two \u2018turn-off\u2019Schiff base fluorescence sensors based on phenanthro [9, 10-d] imidazole-coumarin derivatives for Fe3+ in aqueous solution. Tetrahedron Lett 57(39):4417\u20134423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tetlet.2016.08.064","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett"},{"key":"4729_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.02.079","volume":"246","author":"B Zhao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhao B, Liu T, Fang Y, Wang L, Kan W, Deng Q, Song B (2017) A new selective chemosensor based on phenanthro [9, 10-d] imidazole-coumarin with sequential \u201con-off-on\u201d fluorescence response to Fe3+ and phosphate anions and its application in live cell. Sens Actuators B Chem 246:370\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.snb.2017.02.079","journal-title":"Sens Actuators B Chem"},{"key":"4729_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.03.028","volume":"247","author":"AJ Beneto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beneto AJ, Siva A (2017) A phenanthroimidazole based effective colorimetric chemosensor for copper (II) and fluoride ions. Sens Actuators B Chem 247:526\u2013531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.snb.2017.03.028","journal-title":"Sens Actuators B Chem"},{"key":"4729_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2023.114604","volume":"439","author":"Y Du","year":"2023","unstructured":"Du Y, Zhao H, Peng X, Zhou X, Yang X, Li Y, Sun G (2023) A novel phenanthroline [9, 10-d] imidazole-based fluorescent sensor for Hg2+ with \u201cturn-on\u201d fluorescence response. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 439:114604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2023.114604","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol A Chem"},{"issue":"47","key":"4729_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37935","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA05327G","volume":"5","author":"AK Mahapatra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mahapatra AK, Karmakar P, Roy J, Manna S, Maiti K, Sahoo P, Mandal D (2015) Colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescent chemosensor for fluoride ions based on phenanthroimidazole (PI): spectroscopic, NMR and density functional studies. RSC Adv 5(47):37935\u201337942. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C5RA05327G","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"issue":"1","key":"4729_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010035","volume":"17","author":"D Cheng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cheng D, Liu X, Yang H, Zhang T, Han A, Zang L (2016) A Cu2+-selective probe based on phenanthro-imidazole derivative. Sensors 17(1):35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17010035","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"46","key":"4729_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20092","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NJ03422C","volume":"44","author":"R Ahmed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmed R, Ali A, Ahmad M, Alsalme A, Khan RA, Ali F (2020) Phenanthroimidazole derivatives as a chemosensor for picric acid: a first realistic approach. New J Chem 44(46):20092\u201320100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D0NJ03422C","journal-title":"New J Chem"},{"key":"4729_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tameem M, Ali A, Ahmed R, Ali F, Nagmajahan, Ahmad M (2025) Alkyl chain-tuned fluorescent sensors: phenanthroimidazole derivatives for selective detection of nitroaromatic compounds containing phenolic group. J Fluorescence 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10895-025-04549-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10895-025-04549-8"},{"issue":"20","key":"4729_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3788","DOI":"10.1039\/C8OB00729B","volume":"16","author":"P Krawczyk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krawczyk P, Czele\u0144 P, Cysewski P (2018) Reactive group effects on the photophysical and biological properties of 2-phenyl-1 H-phenanthro [9, 10-d] imidazole derivatives as fluorescent markers. Org Biomol Chem 16(20):3788\u20133800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C8OB00729B","journal-title":"Org Biomol Chem"},{"issue":"10","key":"4729_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.2c01687","volume":"7","author":"GG Dias","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dias GG, Rodrigues MO, Paz ERS, Nunes MP, Araujo MH, Rodembusch FS, da Silva J\u00fanior EN (2022) Aryl-Phenanthro [9, 10-d] imidazole: a versatile scaffold for the design of optical-based sensors. ACS Sens 7(10):2865\u20132919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acssensors.2c01687","journal-title":"ACS Sens"},{"key":"4729_CR52","first-page":"107","volume":"66","author":"M Gomleksiz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gomleksiz M, Alkan C, Erdem B (2013) Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of imidazole derivatives of 1, 10-phenanthroline and their Cu (II), Co (II) and Ni (II) complexes. S Afr J Chem 66:107\u2013112","journal-title":"S Afr J Chem"},{"issue":"11","key":"4729_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9302","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.4c00436","volume":"67","author":"T Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu T, Yan X, Kang A, Yang L, Li X, Tian Y, Yang R, Qin S, Guo Y (2024) Development of membrane-targeting fluorescent 2-phenyl-1 h-phenanthro [9, 10-d] imidazole-antimicrobial peptide mimic conjugates against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Chem 67(11):9302\u20139317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.4c00436","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"4729_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202400325","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202400325","volume":"21","author":"NO Mahmoodi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mahmoodi NO, Rajabi A, Nyaki HY, Nahzomi HT (2024) Synthesis, characterization, molecular docking, and investigation of antibacterial properties of new derivatives of 1-H-phenanthro [9, 10-d] imidazole. Chem Biodivers 21(6):e202400325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbdv.202400325","journal-title":"Chem Biodivers"},{"issue":"2","key":"4729_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S2707-3688(23)00057-2","volume":"3","author":"J Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin J, Zhou S, Xian H, Chen W, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Guan Z, Mei W (2022) Imidazole-based phenanthroline derivatives induce DNA damage-mediated apoptosis to suppress hepatocellular carcinoma. J Holist Integr Pharm 3(2):177\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2707-3688(23)00057-2","journal-title":"J Holist Integr Pharm"},{"issue":"11","key":"4729_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1080\/15257770.2017.1388393","volume":"36","author":"ME Moghadam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moghadam ME, Divsalar A, Zare MS, Gholizadeh R, Mahalleh D, Saghatforosh L, Sanati S (2017) Anticancer, antibacterial and antifungal activity of new ni (ii) and cu (ii) complexes of imidazole-phenanthroline derivatives. Nucleos Nucleot Nucl 36(11):667\u2013675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15257770.2017.1388393","journal-title":"Nucleos Nucleot Nucl"},{"key":"4729_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2022.175120","volume":"928","author":"S Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu S, Ma W, Wang J, Ma Y, Zhou Z, Zhang R, Du K, Zhang H, Sun M, Jiang X, Tu H, Tang X, Yao X, Chen P (2022) Synthesis and anticancer evaluations of novel 1H-imidazole [4, 5-f][1, 10] phenanthroline derivative for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Europ J Pharmacol 928:175120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2022.175120","journal-title":"Europ J Pharmacol"},{"key":"4729_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2024.116775","volume":"277","author":"S \u00c7ak\u0131r","year":"2024","unstructured":"\u00c7ak\u0131r S, Ilhan S, Atmaca H, T\u00fcrkmen H (2024) Efficient synthesis of novel 1, 10 phenanthroline-substituted imidazolium salts: exploring their anticancer applications. Eur J Med Chem 277:116775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejmech.2024.116775","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"issue":"7","key":"4729_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1039\/C1NJ20072K","volume":"35","author":"Y Yuan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yuan Y, Li D, Zhang X, Zhao X, Liu Y, Zhang J, Wang Y (2011) Phenanthroimidazole-derivative semiconductors as functional layer in high performance OLEDs. New J Chem 35(7):1534\u20131540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C1NJ20072K","journal-title":"New J Chem"},{"issue":"10","key":"4729_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.4565","volume":"38","author":"M Zurnac\u0131","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zurnac\u0131 M, \u015eener \u0130, G\u00fcr M, \u015eener N (2023) Organic fluorescent compounds based on phenanthroimidazole: a review of highlight studies. Lumin 38(10):1690\u20131701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bio.4565","journal-title":"Lumin"},{"issue":"35","key":"4729_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16238","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NJ02134F","volume":"45","author":"SJ Dixit","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dixit SJ, Gupta C, Tadavi TH, Chandrakumar KRS, Bose S, Agarwal N (2021) Phenanthroimidazole derivatives showing mild intramolecular charge transfer and high quantum yields and their applications in OLEDs. New J Chem 45(35):16238\u201316247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D1NJ02134F","journal-title":"New J Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"4729_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.2c03897","volume":"6","author":"CX Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu CX, Pan DL, Seo Y, Park S, Kan JL, Koo JY, Choi W, Lee E (2023) Phenanthroimidazole-based covalent organic frameworks with enhanced activity for the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction. ACS Appl Energy Mater 6(2):1126\u20131133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsaem.2c03897","journal-title":"ACS Appl Energy Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"4729_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1021\/j100103a034","volume":"97","author":"NJ Green","year":"1993","unstructured":"Green NJ, Pimblott SM, Tachiya M (1993) Generalizations of the Stern-Volmer relation. J Phys Chem 97(1):196\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/j100103a034","journal-title":"J Phys Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"4729_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1021\/jo302585a","volume":"78","author":"B Roy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roy B, Bar AK, Gole B, Mukherjee PS (2013) Fluorescent tris-imidazolium sensors for picric acid explosive. J Org Chem 78(3):1306\u20131310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jo302585a","journal-title":"J Org Chem"},{"issue":"18","key":"4729_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2017.03.057","volume":"73","author":"J Yan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yan J, Ni JC, Zhao JX, Sun LX, Bai FY, Shi Z, Xing YH (2017) The nitro aromatic compounds detection by triazole carboxylic acid and its complex with the fluorescent property. Tetrahedron 73(18):2682\u20132689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tet.2017.03.057","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"4729_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.11.068","volume":"195","author":"HL Ding","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ding HL, Chen LD, Wang N, Li K, An Y, L\u00fc CW (2019) Two highly selective and sensitive fluorescent imidazole derivatives design and application for 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol detection. Talanta 195:345\u2013353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.11.068","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"issue":"9","key":"4729_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.201300020","volume":"34","author":"SH Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee SH, Parthasarathy A, Schanze KS (2013) A sensitive and selective mercury (II) sensor based on amplified fluorescence quenching in a conjugated polyelectrolyte\/spiro\u2010cyclic rhodamine system. Macromol Rapid Commun 34(9):791\u2013795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/marc.201300020","journal-title":"Macromol Rapid Commun"},{"key":"4729_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5465","DOI":"10.1039\/B509404F","volume":"43","author":"SJ Toal","year":"2005","unstructured":"Toal SJ, Magde D, Trogler WC (2005) Luminescent oligo (tetraphenyl) silole nanoparticles as chemical sensors for aqueous TNT. Chem Commun 43:5465\u20135467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/B509404F","journal-title":"Chem Commun"},{"issue":"32","key":"4729_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18651","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.8b02393","volume":"122","author":"T Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang T, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li J, Liu D, Luo J, Ge K (2018) Layer-number-dependent exciton recombination behaviors of MoS2 determined by fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy. J Phys Chem C 122(32):18651\u201318658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jpcc.8b02393","journal-title":"J Phys Chem C"}],"container-title":["Journal of Fluorescence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10895-026-04729-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10895-026-04729-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10895-026-04729-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T07:51:57Z","timestamp":1777535517000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10895-026-04729-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["4729"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10895-026-04729-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-4994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-4994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}