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Long-term effects of IPV on cognitive functioning are not well understood. We studied cognitive functioning of community-residing women who experienced physical and psychological IPV, on average eight and five years prior, respectively. Specifically, we investigated cognitive functioning in relation to both number of IPV-related mild brain injuries (BIs) and psychological abuse severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a sample of 97 community dwelling women (age 19\u201369, mean\u2009=\u200939), we assessed Reaction Time, Verbal Memory, Visual Memory, Processing Speed, and Executive Function using the Central Nervous System Vital Signs computerized neuropsychological test battery; lifetime psychological abuse severity using a modified Revised Conflict Tactics Scale 2; and IPV and non-IPV related BIs using the Ohio State University Traumatic BI Identification Method and the BI Severity Assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women obtained lower scores than expected, given their level of education, on the Reaction Time, Verbal Memory, and the Executive Function domain scores, approximately one-third to two-thirds of a standard deviation below the normative means for the general population. 61% of our sample (59\/97) reported at least one IPV-related BI. A greater number of IPV-related mild BIs was associated with lower Visual Memory scores, with a small effect size, but no other cognitive domain scores. Psychological abuse severity had a linear association with higher Reaction Time scores (indicating faster and more accurate responses). Psychological abuse severity had a quadratic inverted-U relationship with Verbal Memory scores indicating initially higher scores, but with greater abuse severity lower scores on the verbal memory test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Some of the women in the community who experienced physical and psychological IPV years ago obtained cognitive test scores that were lower than expected. There was a weak association between a greater number of IPV-related mild BIs and a measure of visual memory. Unexpectedly, we found that greater psychological abuse severity was associated with faster complex reaction time. Also, at high severity of psychological abuse, women tended to score worse on a measure of verbal recognition memory. These results should be interpreted with caution until replicated in other samples. Future studies using larger sample sizes and longitudinal study designs are needed to better understand the mechanisms by which experiencing psychological abuse is associated with future cognitive functioning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-025-01032-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T01:01:41Z","timestamp":1768784501000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Examining Associations Between Intimate Partner Violence-Related Brain Injury, Psychological Abuse, and Cognitive Functioning in Community Women"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Aylin E.","family":"Tanriverdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant L.","family":"Iverson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1979-6657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eve M.","family":"Valera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"1032_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/54605","volume":"13","author":"SP Adhikari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Adhikari, S. 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This study was approved by Mass General Brigham\u2019s Institutional Review Board.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from participants verbally and in writing.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent\u00a0"}},{"value":"Aylin E. Tanriverdi has no competing interests to disclose. Eve M. Valera is employed by Massachusetts General Hospital and receives funding from the National Institutes of Health (R01NS112694). Grant L. Iverson, Ph.D. serves or has served as a scientific advisor for NanoDX\n                      \u00ae\n                      , Sway Operations, LLC, and Highmark, Inc. He has a clinical and consulting practice in forensic neuropsychology, including expert testimony, involving individuals who have sustained mild TBIs. He has received past research support or funding from several test publishing companies, including ImPACT Applications, Inc., CNS Vital Signs, and Psychological Assessment Resources (PAR, Inc.). He receives royalties from the sales of one neuropsychological test (WCST-64). He has received research funding as a principal investigator from the National Football League, and subcontract grant funding as a collaborator from the Harvard Integrated Program to Protect and Improve the Health of National Football League Players Association Members. He has also received research funding from the Wounded Warrior Project\u2122. He acknowledges unrestricted philanthropic support from the Mooney-Reed Charitable Foundation, ImPACT Applications, Inc., the Heinz Family Foundation, National Rugby League, Boston Bolts, and the Schoen Adams Research Institute at Spaulding Rehabilitation. None of the above entities were involved in the study design, analysis, interpretation, the writing of this article, or the decision to submit it for publication.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study presents original contributions. The design and analytic plan were not preregistered. The study's hypotheses were not disclosed to participants. All authors had access to the raw data and statistical analyses. Statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 29.0.0.0 and RStudio.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Transparency, rigor, and reproducibility statement"}}]}}