{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T03:02:36Z","timestamp":1780542156021,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Christian alliance for orphans"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 MH078788"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 MH078788"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Fam Viol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-026-01108-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T02:22:47Z","timestamp":1780539767000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Normativity of Culturally-Specific Discipline Practices and Linkages to Caregiver\u2013Child Relationship Quality in Sierra Leone"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6592-1818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah Elizabeth","family":"Neville","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0248-8735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cara M.","family":"Antonaccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Horvath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmine","family":"Vaughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1108_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02202939","volume":"16","author":"GC Armsden","year":"1987","unstructured":"Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16(5), 427\u2013454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02202939","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"issue":"7","key":"1108_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-016-0713-9","volume":"18","author":"K Ashburn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ashburn, K., Kerner, B., Ojamuge, D., & Lundgren, R. (2017). Evaluation of the Responsible, Engaged, and Loving (REAL) Fathers Initiative on physical child punishment and intimate partner violence in Northern Uganda. Prevention Science, 18(7), 854\u2013864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-016-0713-9","journal-title":"Prevention Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"1108_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-018-0447-5","volume":"15","author":"A Barr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barr, A., Garrett, L., Marten, R., & Kadandale, S. (2019). Health sector fragmentation: Three examples from Sierra Leone. Globalization and Health, 15(1), Article 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12992-018-0447-5","journal-title":"Globalization and Health"},{"key":"1108_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104023","volume":"94","author":"E Beatriz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beatriz, E., & Salhi, C. (2019). Child discipline in low- and middle-income countries: Socioeconomic disparities at the household- and country-level. Child Abuse & Neglect, 94, Article 104023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104023","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"2","key":"1108_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/jssam\/smac005","volume":"11","author":"D Behr","year":"2023","unstructured":"Behr, D., & Braun, M. (2023). How does back translation fare against team translation? An experimental case study in the language combination English-German. Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology, 11(2), 285\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jssam\/smac005","journal-title":"Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1108_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01455.x","volume":"81","author":"TS Betancourt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Betancourt, T. S., Borisova, I. I., Williams, T. P., Brennan, R. T., Whitfield, T. H., De La Soudiere, M., Williamson, J., & Gilman, S. E. (2010). Sierra Leone\u2019s former child soldiers: A follow-up study of psychosocial adjustment and community reintegration. Child Development, 81(4), 1077\u20131095. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01455.x","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"6","key":"1108_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.05.026","volume":"59","author":"TS Betancourt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Betancourt, T. S., Thomson, D. L., Brennan, R. T., Antonaccio, C. M., Gilman, S. E., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2020). Stigma and acceptance of Sierra Leone\u2019s child soldiers: A prospective longitudinal study of adult mental health and social functioning. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent PsychiatRy, 59(6), 715\u2013726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.05.026","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent PsychiatRy"},{"key":"1108_CR8","unstructured":"Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss (Vol. 1). Basic Books."},{"key":"1108_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press.","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674028845"},{"key":"1108_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3771737","author":"A Chandra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chandra, A., Mani, S., Dolphin, H., Dyson, M., & Marah, Y. (2021). Experimental evidence from an integrated early childhood parenting program in Sierra Leone. IZA Discussion Papers. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3771737","journal-title":"IZA Discussion Papers"},{"key":"1108_CR11","unstructured":"Chandra, A., Mani, S., Dolphin, H., Dyson, M., & Marah, Y. (2022). Improving parenting practices and child health: Experimental evidence from Sierra Leone. Fordham University Department of Economics Discussion Paper Series, 2023\u201308. https:\/\/archive.fordham.edu\/ECONOMICS_RESEARCH\/PAPERS\/dp2023_08_chandramanietal.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"1108_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000539","volume":"3","author":"LD Cluver","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cluver, L. D., Meinck, F., Steinert, J. I., Shenderovich, Y., Doubt, J., Herrero Romero, R., Lombard, C. J., Redfern, A., Ward, C. L., Tsoanyane, S., Nzima, D., Sibanda, N., Wittesaele, C., De Stone, S., Boyes, M. E., Catanho, R., Lachman, J. M., Salah, N., Nocuza, M., & Gardner, F. (2018). Parenting for lifelong health: A pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial of a non-commercialised parenting programme for adolescents and their families in South Africa. BMJ Global Health, 3(1), Article e000539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000539","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"1108_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-000912","volume":"3","author":"AM Devlin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Devlin, A. M., Wight, D., & Fenton, C. (2018). Are parenting practices associated with the same child outcomes in sub-Saharan African countries as in high-income countries? A review and synthesis. BMJ Global Health, 3(6), Article e000912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-000912","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"key":"1108_CR14","unstructured":"End Corporal Punishment. (2023). Corporal punishment of children in Sierra Leone. https:\/\/endcorporalpunishment.org\/reports-on-every-state-and-territory\/sierra-leone\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"1108_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01409.x","volume":"81","author":"ET Gershoff","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gershoff, E. T., Grogan-Kaylor, A., Lansford, J. E., Chang, L., Zelli, A., Deater-Deckard, K., & Dodge, K. A. (2010). Parent discipline practices in an international sample: Associations with child behaviors and moderation by perceived normativeness. Child Development, 81(2), 487\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01409.x","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"4","key":"1108_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-012-0314-1","volume":"14","author":"W Knerr","year":"2013","unstructured":"Knerr, W., Gardner, F., & Cluver, L. (2013). Improving positive parenting skills and reducing harsh and abusive parenting in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Prevention Science, 14(4), 352\u2013363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-012-0314-1","journal-title":"Prevention Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"1108_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2005.00847.x","volume":"76","author":"JE Lansford","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lansford, J. E., Chang, L., Dodge, K. A., Malone, P. S., Oburu, P., Palm\u00e9rus, K., Bacchini, D., Pastorelli, C., Bombi, A. S., Zelli, A., Tapanya, S., Chaudhary, N., Deater-Deckard, K., Manke, B., & Quinn, N. (2005). Physical discipline and children\u2019s adjustment: Cultural normativeness as a moderator. Child Development, 76(6), 1234\u20131246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2005.00847.x","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"1108_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246578","volume":"16","author":"M Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, M., & Boyle, E. H. (2021). Disciplinary practices among orphaned children in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS ONE, 16(2), Article e0246578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0246578","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1108_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10566-025-09866-4","author":"SE Neville","year":"2025","unstructured":"Neville, S. E., Kim, E. J., Horvath, L., Vaughan, Y., Kulanda, G., Baun, J., Naavo, M., & The CRC Case Management Team. (2025). Family strengthening to prevent family separation and entrance into residential care institutions in Sierra Leone: A quasi-experimental study. Child & Youth Care Forum. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10566-025-09866-4","journal-title":"Child & Youth Care Forum"},{"issue":"12","key":"1108_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2938","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-021-02113-z","volume":"30","author":"M Pinquart","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pinquart, M. (2021). Cultural differences in the association of harsh parenting with internalizing and externalizing symptoms: A meta-analysis. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 30(12), 2938\u20132951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10826-021-02113-z","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Family Studies"},{"key":"1108_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/gmh.2015.12","volume":"2","author":"ES Puffer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Puffer, E. S., Green, E. P., Chase, R. M., Sim, A. L., Zayzay, J., Friis, E., Garcia-Rolland, E., & Boone, L. (2015). Parents make the difference: A randomized-controlled trial of a parenting intervention in Liberia. Global Mental Health, 2, Article e15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/gmh.2015.12","journal-title":"Global Mental Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1108_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.1120","volume":"16","author":"P Pundir","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pundir, P., Saran, A., White, H., Subrahmanian, R., & Adona, J. (2020). Interventions for reducing violence against children in low- and middle-income countries: An evidence and gap map. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 16(4), Article e1120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cl2.1120","journal-title":"Campbell Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"1108_CR23","unstructured":"Rohner, R. P. (1986). The warmth dimension: Foundations of parental acceptance-rejection theory. Sage Publications."},{"key":"1108_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rohner, R. P. (2005). Parental Acceptance-Rejection Ques-tionnaire (PARQ): Test manual. In R. P. Rohner & A. Khaleque (Eds.), Handbook for the study of parental acceptance and rejection (4th ed., pp. 43\u2013106). Rohner Research Publications.","DOI":"10.1037\/t05824-000"},{"issue":"3","key":"1108_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.2307\/352743","volume":"53","author":"RP Rohner","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rohner, R. P., Kean, K. J., & Cournoyer, D. E. (1991). Effects of corporal punishment, perceived caretaker warmth, and cultural beliefs on the psychological adjustment of children in St. Kitts, West Indies. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53(3), 681\u2013693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/352743","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and the Family"},{"key":"1108_CR25","unstructured":"Statistics Sierra Leone. (2018). Sierra Leone Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2017 survey findings report. https:\/\/mics.unicef.org\/sites\/mics\/files\/Sierra%20Leone%202017%20MICS%20Statistical%20Snapshots_English.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"1108_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2000.00508.x","volume":"62","author":"SP Swinford","year":"2000","unstructured":"Swinford, S. P., DeMaris, A., Cernkovich, S. A., & Giordano, P. C. (2000). Harsh physical discipline in childhood and violence in later romantic involvements: The mediating role of problem behaviors. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(2), 508\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2000.00508.x","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and Family"},{"issue":"8","key":"1108_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.06.014","volume":"30","author":"SM Taber","year":"2010","unstructured":"Taber, S. M. (2010). The veridicality of children\u2019s reports of parenting: A review of factors contributing to parent\u2013child discrepancies. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(8), 999\u20131010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.06.014","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"1108_CR28","unstructured":"The DHS Program. (n.d.). Wealth Index. https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/topics\/wealth-index\/"},{"key":"1108_CR29","unstructured":"UNDP Sierra Leone. (2023). Multidimensional poverty in Sierra Leone. https:\/\/www.undp.org\/sierra-leone\/publications\/multidimensional-poverty-index-sierra-leone"},{"key":"1108_CR30","unstructured":"UNICEF. (2023). Violent discipline. UNICEF Data. https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/topic\/child-protection\/violence\/violent-discipline\/"},{"key":"1108_CR31","unstructured":"United Nations General Assembly. (1989). Convention on the rights of the child. https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/EN\/ProfessionalInterest\/Pages\/CRC.aspx"},{"issue":"3","key":"1108_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children9030383","volume":"9","author":"L Visser","year":"2022","unstructured":"Visser, L., Van Der Put, C., & Assink, M. (2022). The association between school corporal punishment and child developmental outcomes: A meta-analytic review. Children, 9(3), Article 383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children9030383","journal-title":"Children"},{"issue":"4","key":"1108_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13129","volume":"61","author":"CL Ward","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ward, C. L., Wessels, I. M., Lachman, J. M., Hutchings, J., Cluver, L. D., Kassanjee, R., Nhapi, R., Little, F., & Gardner, F. (2020). Parenting for lifelong health for young children: A randomized controlled trial of a parenting program in South Africa to prevent harsh parenting and child conduct problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(4), 503\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.13129","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"21","key":"1108_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114385","volume":"19","author":"M Wiggers","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wiggers, M., & Paas, F. (2022). Harsh physical discipline and externalizing behaviors in children: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), Article 14385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192114385","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"1108_CR35","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2016). INSPIRE: Seven strategies for ending violence against children. World Health Organization. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/207717"},{"key":"1108_CR36","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2023). WHO guidelines on parenting interventions to prevent maltreatment and enhance parent\u2013child relationships with children aged 0\u201317 years. https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/social-determinants-of-health\/violence-prevention\/parenting-guidelines"},{"key":"1108_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104138","volume":"97","author":"SS Zuilkowski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zuilkowski, S. S., Thulin, E. J., McLean, K., Rogers, T. M., Akinsulure-Smith, A. M., & Betancourt, T. S. (2019). Parenting and discipline in post-conflict Sierra Leone. Child Abuse & Neglect, 97, Article 104138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104138","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Violence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10896-026-01108-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10896-026-01108-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10896-026-01108-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T02:22:59Z","timestamp":1780539779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10896-026-01108-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["1108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-026-01108-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-7482","1573-2851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-7482","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"SEN and CMA have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. LH and YV are employed by Helping Children Worldwide.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}