{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:38:06Z","timestamp":1790735886619,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632096000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000144","name":"Alberta Gambling Research Institute, University of Alberta","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000144","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Canadian Consortium for Gambling Research"},{"name":"Canadian Centre for Substance Abuse and Addiction"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007553","name":"Gambling Research Exchange Ontario","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Gambl Stud"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-021-10073-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T12:31:03Z","timestamp":1632141063000},"page":"371-396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Gambling in Canada During the COVID Lockdown: Prospective National Survey"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1949-0084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carrie A.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2737-5200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David C.","family":"Hodgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9558-9588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert J.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6105-4780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yale D.","family":"Belanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6410-8032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darren R.","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8147-7198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nady","family":"el-Guebaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2772-942X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel S.","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0761-0376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiona","family":"Nicoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garry J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4985-1987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rhys M. G.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10073_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-020-01366-7","volume":"65","author":"T Abel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abel, T., & McQueen, D. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic calls for spatial distancing and social closeness: Not for social distancing! International Journal of Public Health, 65(3), 231\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00038-020-01366-7","journal-title":"International Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10073_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15449","author":"Y Allami","year":"2021","unstructured":"Allami, Y., Hodgins, D. C., Young, M., Brunelle, N., Currie, S., Dufour, M., Flores-Pajot, M.-C., & Nadeau, L. (2021). A meta-analysis of problem gambling risk factors in the general adult population. Addiction. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15449","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10073_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association, & DSM-5 Task Force. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. American Psychiatric Association.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"10073_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00327-8","author":"M Auer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Auer, M., Malischnig, D., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Gambling before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among European regular sports bettors: An empirical study using behavioral tracking data. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-020-00327-8","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"key":"10073_CR5","unstructured":"Biddle, N. (2020). Gambling during the COVID-19 pandemic. https:\/\/csrm.cass.anu.edu.au\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/2020\/12\/Gambling_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic.pdf"},{"key":"10073_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Billi, R., Stone, C. A., Marden, P., & Yeung, K. (2014). Victorian gambling study: A longitudinal study of gambling and health in Victoria, 2008\u20132011. Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-014-9528-8"},{"issue":"2","key":"10073_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027079","volume":"26","author":"N Brunelle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brunelle, N., Leclerc, D., Cousineau, M., Dufour, M., Gendron, A., & Martin, I. (2012). Internet gambling, substance use, and delinquent behavior: An adolescent deviant behavior involvement pattern. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 26(2), 364\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0027079","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10073_CR9","unstructured":"Campbell, C. (2020). Coronavirus: Lockdown leaves addicts \u201cclose to relpase\u201d. BBC News. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/uk-northern-ireland-52811931"},{"key":"10073_CR10","unstructured":"Christensen, D. R. (2018). Effectiveness of prevention strategies. In Preventing Gambling Addiction. Routledge: Centre for Excessive Gambling (Centre du Jeu Excessif: CJE), Switzerland, & NHS National Problem Gambling Clinic, and Imperial College."},{"key":"10073_CR11","volume-title":"NEO PI-R","author":"PT Costa","year":"1992","unstructured":"Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). NEO PI-R. Psychological Assessment Resources Inc."},{"issue":"8","key":"10073_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1089\/glr2.2020.24811","volume":"24","author":"P Czegledy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Czegledy, P. (2020). Canadian land-based gambling in the time of COVID-19. Gaming Law Review, 24(8), 555\u2013558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/glr2.2020.24811","journal-title":"Gaming Law Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"10073_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-019-09843-2","volume":"35","author":"M Economou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Economou, M., Souliotis, K., Malliori, M., Peppou, L. E., Kontoangelos, K., Lazaratou, H., Anagnostopoulos, D., Golna, C., Dimitriadis, G., Papadimitriou, G., & Papageorgiou, C. (2019). Problem gambling in Greece: Prevalence and risk factors during the financial crisis. Journal of Gambling Studies, 35(4), 1193\u20131210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-019-09843-2","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10073_CR14","unstructured":"el-Guebaly, N., Casey, D. M., Currie, S. R., Hodgins, D. C., Schopflocher, D. P., Smith, G. J., & Williams, R. J. (2015). The leisure, lifestyle, and lifecycle project (LLLP): A longitudinal study of gambling in Alberta (pp. 1\u2013161) [Final Report prepared for the Alberta Gambling Research Institute]. Alberta Gaming Research Institute."},{"key":"10073_CR15","unstructured":"Elder, J. (2020). Tim Costello on COVID-19: A wake-up call for fathers, a reprieve for gamblers. Thew New Daily. Retrieved from https:\/\/thenewdaily.com.au\/news\/people\/2020\/05\/16\/tim-costello-and-covid-19\/"},{"key":"10073_CR16","unstructured":"Ferris, J., & Wynne, H. (2001). The Canadian problem gambling index: User Manual."},{"key":"10073_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fluharty, M., Paul, E., & Fancourt, D. (2020). Predictors and patterns of gambling behaviour across the COVID-19 lockdown: Findings from a UK cohort study Retrieved January 26 2021, from https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/8qthw","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/8qthw"},{"key":"10073_CR19","unstructured":"Grasso, D. G., Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Ford, J. D., & Carter, A. S. (2020). The Epidemic\u2014Pandemic Impacts Inventory (EPII)."},{"key":"10073_CR20","unstructured":"Gunstrone, B., Gosschalk, K., Joyner, O., Diaconu, A., & Skeikh, M. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on gambling behaviour, harms, and demand for treatment and support. YouGov. https:\/\/about.gambleaware.org\/media\/2284\/yougov-covid-19-report.pdf"},{"key":"10073_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000690","author":"A H\u00e5kansson","year":"2020","unstructured":"H\u00e5kansson, A., Fern\u00e1ndez-Aranda, F., Mench\u00f3n, J. M., Potenza, M. N., & Jim\u00e9nez-Murcia, S. (2020). Gambling during the COVID-19 crisis\u2014A cause for concern? Journal of Addiction Medicine. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000690","journal-title":"Journal of Addiction Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10073_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.58.1.78","volume":"58","author":"JF Hemphill","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hemphill, J. F. (2003). Interpreting the magnitudes of correlation coefficients. American Psychologist, 58(1), 78\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.58.1.78","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"10073_CR23","unstructured":"Horner, A. (2020). Online casinos searchers a \u201call-time high\u201d during lockdown. BBC News. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/uk-england-52633355"},{"issue":"4","key":"10073_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000709","volume":"34","author":"DC Hodgins","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hodgins, D. C., & Stevens, R. M. G. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on gambling and gambling disorder: Emerging data. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 34(4), 332\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000709","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychiatry"},{"key":"10073_CR25","unstructured":"Howie. (2020). Covid 19 coronavirus: Lotto feels lockdown crunch with fewer tickets bought\u2014NZ Herald. https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/news\/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12332257"},{"key":"10073_CR26","unstructured":"International Gambling Business. (2020). GC Survey: Gambling in decline under lockdown. International Gambling Business. https:\/\/www.igamingbusiness.com\/news\/gc-survey-gambling-decline-under-lockdown"},{"key":"10073_CR27","unstructured":"Jones, V. (2020). Ex gambling addict who lost more than 700,000. Pounds says lockdown has created the \u201cperfect storm\u201d for relapse. Nottinghamshire LIve. https:\/\/www.nottinghampost.com\/news\/uk-world-news\/ex-gambling-addict-who-lost-4126289"},{"key":"10073_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000673","author":"CA Leonard Shaw","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leonard Shaw, C. A., Williams, R. J., & McGrath, D. S. (2020). Gambling fallacies: Predicting problem gambling in a national sample. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/adb0000673","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10073_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6105.1000256","author":"CA Leonard Shaw","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leonard Shaw, C. A., Williams, R. J., & Vokey, J. (2015). Gambling fallacies: What are they and how are they best measured? Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2155-6105.1000256","journal-title":"Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10073_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15080","volume":"115","author":"J Marsden","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marsden, J., Darke, S., Hall, W., Hickman, M., Holmes, J., Humphreys, K., Neale, J., Tucker, J., & West, R. (2020). Mitigating and learning from the impact of COVID-19 infection on addictive disorders. Addiction, 115(6), 1007\u20131010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15080","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10073_CR31","unstructured":"Moraine, J. (2020). GVC praises additional guidance by UKGC in response to lockdown. Gambling News. https:\/\/www.gamblingnews.com\/news\/gvc-praises-regulatory-measures-by-ukgc-in-responses-to-lockdown\/"},{"key":"10073_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01247","volume":"8","author":"DT Olason","year":"2017","unstructured":"Olason, D. T., Hayer, T., Meyer, G., & Brosowski, T. (2017). Economic recession affects gambling participation but not problematic gambling: Results from a population-based follow-up study. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01247","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10073_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1449","volume":"23","author":"U Romild","year":"2014","unstructured":"Romild, U., Volberg, R., & Abbott, M. (2014). The Swedish Longitudinal Gambling Study (Swelogs): Design and methods of the epidemiological (EP-) track. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 23(3), 372\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mpr.1449","journal-title":"International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"10073_CR34","unstructured":"Shivdas, S. (2020). Shut casinos hit Caesars as COVID-19 puts gambling industry in survival mode. Reuters. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-caesars-results-idUSKBN22N2SJ"},{"key":"10073_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4309\/jgi.2020.44.1","author":"NE Turner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Turner, N. E. (2020). COVID-19 and gambling in Ontario. Journal of Gambling Issues. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4309\/jgi.2020.44.1","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Issues"},{"key":"10073_CR36","unstructured":"van Schalkwyk, M. C. I., Cheetham, D., Reeves, A., & Petticrew, M. (2020). Covid-19: We must take urgent action to avoid an increase in problem gambling and gambling related harms. The BMJ. https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2020\/04\/06\/covid-19-we-must-take-urgent-action-to-avoid-an-increase-in-problem-gambling-and-gambling-related-harms\/"},{"key":"10073_CR37","unstructured":"Williams, R. J., Hann, R., Schopflocher, D., West, B., McLaughlin, P., White, N., King, K., & Flexhaug, T. (2015). Quinte longitudinal study of gambling and problem gambling [Technical Report]. Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre. http:\/\/www.uleth.ca\/dspace\/handle\/10133\/3641"},{"key":"10073_CR38","unstructured":"Williams, R. J., & Volberg, R. A. (2010). Best practices in the populations assessment of problem gambling. (pp. 1\u201397). Ontario Problem Gambling Research Center."},{"key":"10073_CR39","unstructured":"Williams, R. J., Volberg, R. A., Stevens, R. M. G., Williams, L. A., & Arthur, J. N. (2017). The definition, dimensionalization, and assessment of gambling participation. Report for the Canadian Consortium for Gambling Research. https:\/\/www.uleth.ca\/dspace\/handle\/10133\/4838"},{"key":"10073_CR40","unstructured":"Williams, R. J., West, B. L., & Simpson, R. I. (2012). Prevention of Problem Gambling: A comprehensive review of the evidence, and identified best practices. Report Prepared for the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre and the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care."},{"issue":"1","key":"10073_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/13645570701211209","volume":"10","author":"RT Wood","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wood, R. T., & Williams, R. J. (2007). \u2018How much money do you spend on Gambling?\u2019 The comparative validity of question wordings used to assess gambling expenditure. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 10(1), 63\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13645570701211209","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Research Methodology"},{"key":"10073_CR41","unstructured":"Wood, R. T., & Williams, R. J. (2009). Internet gambling: Prevalence, patterns, problems, and policy options (pp. 1\u2013152) [Final Report prepared for the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Center]. Ontario Problem Gambling Research Center. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10133\/693"},{"issue":"7","key":"10073_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444810397650","volume":"13","author":"RT Wood","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wood, R. T., & Williams, R. J. (2011). A comparative profile of the Internet gambler: Demographic characteristics, game-play patterns, and problem gambling status. New Media and Society, 13(7), 1123\u20131141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444810397650","journal-title":"New Media and Society"},{"key":"10073_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xuereb, S., Kim, H. S., Clark, L., & Wohl, M. J. A. (2020). Substitution behaviors among casino gamblers during COVID-19 precipitated casino closures. Preprint.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/fvnmb"}],"container-title":["Journal of Gambling Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10899-021-10073-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10899-021-10073-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10899-021-10073-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T07:37:17Z","timestamp":1652945837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10899-021-10073-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-021-10073-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-3602"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-3602","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 September 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 September 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest that would impact the current study content, conclusions, or presentation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}