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Previous studies in Western contexts have identified a positive correlation between loot box purchasing and problem gambling severity. A preregistered survey of People\u2019s Republic of China (PRC) video game players (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009879) failed to replicate this correlation. We observed statistically significant but weak positive correlations between loot box expenditure and past-year gambling participation, and between loot box expenditure and impulsiveness. This study\n                    <jats:italic>cannot<\/jats:italic>\n                    prove that loot boxes are not disproportionately purchased by people with problem gambling symptomatology in the PRC or that PRC players are not potentially at risk of loot box-related harms. Instead, the evidence suggests that the relationship between loot boxes and gambling might be weaker in the PRC than in Western countries. We identified multiple unique factors about the PRC that might be affecting this relationship. For example, the lotteries are the only legally permitted form of gambling. More gamified electronic gambling products are unavailable. The limited availability of gambling meant that a low level of gambling participation (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200987) was observed, which is a limitation of this study. Additionally, the PRC is presently the only country to legally require loot box probability disclosures as a consumer protection measure. Most loot box purchasers (84.6%) reported seeing loot box probability disclosures, but only 19.3% of this group reported consequently spending less money. Most loot box purchasers (86.9%) thought that pity-timers, which increase the winning probabilities of obtaining rarer rewards, are appropriate for implementation. Future loot box research should give greater consideration to differing cultural contexts and novel consumer protection measures.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-022-10148-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,7]],"date-time":"2022-08-07T07:02:30Z","timestamp":1659855750000},"page":"645-668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Opening Pandora\u2019s Loot Box: Weak Links Between Gambling and Loot Box Expenditure in China, and Player Opinions on Probability Disclosures and Pity-Timers"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0709-0777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leon Y.","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0979-6805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tullia C.","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1660-9254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip W. 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L.Y.X. was not involved with the monetisation of video games by Cheetah Mobile or its subsidiaries. L.Y.X. was the recipient of an AFSG (Academic Forum for the Study of Gambling) Postgraduate Research Support Grant that was derived from \u2018regulatory settlements applied for socially responsible purposes\u2019 received by the UK Gambling Commission and administered by Gambling Research Exchange Ontario (GREO) (March 2022). L.Y.X. has accepted conference travel and attendance grants from the Socio-Legal Studies Association (February 2022), the Current Advances in Gambling Research Conference Organising Committee with support from Gambling Research Exchange Ontario (GREO) (February 2022), and the International Relations Office of the Jagiellonian University\u00a0(Uniwersytet Jagiello\u0144ski), the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange (NAWA; Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej) and the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska) with co-financing from the European Social Fund of the European Commission of the European Union under the Knowledge Education Development Operational Programme (May 2022). L.Y.X. was supported by academic scholarships awarded by The Honourable Society of Lincoln\u2019s Inn and The City Law School, City, University of London. T.C.F. declares no conflict of interest. P.W.S.N. is a member of the Advisory Board for Safer Gambling \u2013 an advisory group of the Gambling Commission in Great Britain, and in 2020 was a special advisor to the House of Lords Select Committee Enquiry on the Social and Economic Impact of the Gambling Industry. In the last five years P.W.S.N. has contributed to research projects funded by the Academic Forum for the Study of Gambling, Clean Up Gambling, GambleAware, Gambling Research Australia, NSW Responsible Gambling Fund, and the Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation. P.W.S.N. has received travel and accommodation funding from the Spanish Federation of Rehabilitated Gamblers, and received open access fee grant income from Gambling Research Exchange Ontario.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}