{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:23:32Z","timestamp":1792797812552,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000034","name":"Institute of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Addiction","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJT-056012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-056012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000034","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2023-03528"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2023-03528"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Gambl Stud"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-025-10397-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T10:28:09Z","timestamp":1749724089000},"page":"1725-1742","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of Audiovisual Cues on Game Immersion during Simulated Slot Machine Gambling"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5558-7748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiza","family":"Arshad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario A.","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2780-3578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W. Spencer","family":"Murch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4750-8093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariya V.","family":"Cherkasova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5400-8030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eve H.","family":"Limbrick-Oldfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7032-4471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catharine A.","family":"Winstanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1103-2422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10397_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/10401230600801077","volume":"18","author":"LA Adler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Adler, L. A., Spencer, T., Faraone, S. V., Kessler, R. C., Howes, M. J., Biederman, J., & Secnik, K. (2006). Validity of pilot Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) to rate adult ADHD symptoms. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 18(3), 145\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10401230600801077","journal-title":"Annals of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10397_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2009.10.003","volume":"178","author":"TO Afifi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Afifi, T. O., Cox, B. J., Martens, P. J., Sareen, J., & Enns, M. W. (2010). Demographic and social variables associated with problem gambling among men and women in Canada. Psychiatry Research, 178(2), 395\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2009.10.003","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"10397_CR3","first-page":"319","volume-title":"Sonic Interactions in Virtual Environments","author":"SR Agrawal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Agrawal, S. R., & Bech, S. (2023). Immersion in audiovisual experiences. Sonic Interactions in Virtual Environments (pp. 319\u2013351). Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"10397_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Allami, Y., Hodgins, D. C., Young, M., Brunelle, N., Currie, S., Dufour, M., ... & Nadeau, L. (2021). A meta\u2010analysis of problem gambling risk factors in the general adult population.\u00a0Addiction, 116(11), 2968\u20132977.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15553","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15553"},{"key":"10397_CR5","unstructured":"Arshad, F., Ferrari, M., Murch, W. S., Cherkasova, M., Clark, L., & Winstanley, C. (2019). Immersion and Sensory Feedback [Pre-registration]. OSF. Retrieved from https:\/\/osf.io\/gf53w"},{"key":"10397_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barrus, M. M., Cherkasova, M., & Winstanley, C. A. (2016). Skewed by cues? The motivational role of audiovisual stimuli in modelling substance use and gambling disorders.\u00a0Behavioral Neuroscience of Motivation, 507\u2013529.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-43139-0_22","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-43139-0_22"},{"issue":"1","key":"10397_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1037\/h0082762","volume":"23","author":"DE Berlyne","year":"1969","unstructured":"Berlyne, D. E. (1969). The reward value of light increment under supranormal and subnormal arousal. Canadian Journal of Psychology\/revue Canadienne De Psychologie, 23(1), 11\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0082762","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Psychology\/revue Canadienne De Psychologie"},{"issue":"3","key":"10397_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2017.1360928","volume":"17","author":"P Binde","year":"2017","unstructured":"Binde, P., Romild, U., & Volberg, R. A. (2017). Forms of gambling, gambling involvement and problem gambling: Evidence from a Swedish population survey. International Gambling Studies, 17(3), 490\u2013507.","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"10397_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2012.06.001","volume":"54","author":"DW Black","year":"2013","unstructured":"Black, D. W., Shaw, M., McCormick, B., & Allen, J. (2013). Pathological gambling: Relationship to obesity, self-reported chronic medical conditions, poor lifestyle choices, and impaired quality of life. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54(2), 97\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comppsych.2012.06.001","journal-title":"Comprehensive Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10397_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(99)00052-5","volume":"27","author":"RB Breen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Breen, R. B., & Zuckerman, M. (1999). \u2018Chasing\u2019 in gambling behavior: Personality and cognitive determinants. Personality and Individual Differences, 27(6), 1097\u20131111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0191-8869(99)00052-5","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"10397_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Browne, M., Delfabbro, P., Thorne, H. B., Tulloch, C., Rockloff, M. J., Hing, N., ... & Stevens, M. (2023). Unambiguous evidence that over half of gambling problems in Australia are caused by electronic gambling machines: Results from a large-scale composite population study.\u00a0Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 12(1), 182\u2013193.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.2023.00014","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2023.00014"},{"key":"10397_CR12","unstructured":"Canty, A., & Ripley, B. D. (2023). boot: Bootstrap functions (Originally by Angelo Canty for S) (Version 4.2.2) [R package]. Retrieved from March 24, 2023, from https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=boot"},{"issue":"2","key":"10397_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1080\/16078055.2016.1276885","volume":"59","author":"HH Chang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chang, H. H. (2017). Gender differences in leisure involvement and flow experience in professional extreme sport activities. World Leisure Journal, 59(2), 124\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16078055.2016.1276885","journal-title":"World Leisure Journal"},{"key":"10397_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2023.114865","volume":"461","author":"MV Cherkasova","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cherkasova, M. V., Clark, L., Barton, J. J., Stoessl, A. J., & Winstanley, C. A. (2024). Risk-promoting effects of reward-paired cues in human sign-and goal-trackers. Behavioural Brain Research, 461, 114865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2023.114865","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"10397_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cherkasova, M. V., Clark, L., Barton, J. J., Schulzer, M., Shafiee, M., Kingstone, A., ... & Winstanley, C. A. (2018). Win-concurrent sensory cues can promote riskier choice.\u00a0Journal of Neuroscience, 38(48), 10362\u201310370.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1768-18.2018","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1768-18.2018"},{"key":"10397_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-021-05843-5","volume":"238","author":"CS Chernoff","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chernoff, C. S., Hynes, T. J., & Winstanley, C. A. (2021). Noradrenergic contributions to cue-driven risk-taking and impulsivity. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 238, 1765\u20131779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-021-05843-5","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10397_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1348\/0144665031752934","volume":"43","author":"JR Crawford","year":"2004","unstructured":"Crawford, J. R., & Henry, J. D. (2004). The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): Construct validity, measurement properties, and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43(3), 245\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/0144665031752934","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10397_CR18","unstructured":"Delignette-Muller, M. L., & Dutang, C. (2023). fitdistrplus: Help to fit of a parametric distribution to non-censored or censored data (Version 4.2.2) [R package]. Retrieved March 24, 2023, from https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=fitdistrplus"},{"issue":"3","key":"10397_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/14459790701601471","volume":"7","author":"L Dixon","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dixon, L., Trigg, R., & Griffiths, M. (2007). An empirical investigation of music and gambling behaviour. International Gambling Studies, 7(3), 315\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14459790701601471","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10397_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-013-9408-8","volume":"30","author":"MJ Dixon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dixon, M. J., Harrigan, K. A., Santesso, D. L., Graydon, C., Fugelsang, J. A., & Collins, K. (2014a). The impact of sound in modern multiline video slot machine play. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30, 913\u2013929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-013-9408-8","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"11","key":"10397_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12678","volume":"109","author":"MJ Dixon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dixon, M. J., Graydon, C., Harrigan, K. A., Wojtowicz, L., Siu, V., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2014b). The allure of multi-line games in modern slot machines. Addiction, 109(11), 1920\u20131928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.12678","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10397_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-017-9706-8","volume":"34","author":"MJ Dixon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dixon, M. J., Stange, M., Larche, C. J., Graydon, C., Fugelsang, J. A., & Harrigan, K. A. (2018). Dark flow, depression and multiline slot machine play. Journal of Gambling Studies, 34, 73\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-017-9706-8","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"10397_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.8.2019.45","volume":"8","author":"MJ Dixon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dixon, M. J., Gutierrez, J., Larche, C. J., Stange, M., Graydon, C., Kruger, T. B., & Smith, S. D. (2019a). Reward reactivity and dark flow in slot-machine gambling: \u201cLight\u201d and \u201cdark\u201d routes to enjoyment. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(3), 489\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.8.2019.45","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"issue":"1","key":"10397_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000432","volume":"33","author":"MJ Dixon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dixon, M. J., Gutierrez, J., Stange, M., Larche, C. J., Graydon, C., Vintan, S., & Kruger, T. B. (2019b). Mindfulness problems and depression symptoms in everyday life predict dark flow during slots play: Implications for gambling as a form of escape. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 33(1), 81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/adb0000432","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10397_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00962.x","volume":"100","author":"N Dowling","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dowling, N., Smith, D., & Thomas, T. (2005). Electronic gaming machines: Are they the \u2018crack-cocaine\u2019 of gambling? Addiction, 100(1), 33\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00962.x","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"10397_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2021.2003416","volume":"22","author":"MA Ferrari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ferrari, M. A., Limbrick-Oldfield, E. H., & Clark, L. (2022). Behavioral analysis of habit formation in modern slot machine gambling. International Gambling Studies, 22(2), 317\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14459795.2021.2003416","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10397_CR27","unstructured":"Fox, J., Weisberg, S., & Price, B. (2023). car: Companion to applied regression (Version 4.2.2) [R package]. Retrieved March 24, 2023, from https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=car"},{"issue":"3","key":"10397_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-023-10149-5","volume":"39","author":"E Gabellini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gabellini, E., Lucchini, F., & Gattoni, M. E. (2023). Prevalence of problem gambling: A meta-analysis of recent empirical research (2016\u20132022). Journal of Gambling Studies, 39(3), 1027\u20131057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-023-10149-5","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"6","key":"10397_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.46.6.1303","volume":"46","author":"RG Geen","year":"1984","unstructured":"Geen, R. G. (1984). Preferred stimulation levels in introverts and extroverts: Effects on arousal and performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(6), 1303\u20131312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.46.6.1303","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"10397_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106598","volume":"112","author":"C Graydon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Graydon, C., Dixon, M. J., Gutierrez, J., Stange, M., Larche, C. J., & Kruger, T. B. (2021). Do losses disguised as wins create a \u201csweet spot\u201d for win overestimates in multiline slots play? Addictive Behaviors, 112, 106598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106598","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"2","key":"10397_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01014863","volume":"9","author":"M Griffiths","year":"1993","unstructured":"Griffiths, M. (1993). Fruit machine gambling: The importance of structural characteristics. Journal of Gambling Studies, 9(2), 101\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01014863","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10397_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023071113879","volume":"15","author":"M Griffiths","year":"1999","unstructured":"Griffiths, M., Scarfe, A., & Bellringer, P. (1999). The UK National Telephone Gambling Helpline\u2014results on the first year of operation. Journal of Gambling Studies, 15(1), 83\u201390.","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10397_CR33","unstructured":"Hartig, F. (2023). DHARMa: Residual diagnostics for hierarchical (multi-level\/mixed) regression models (Version 4.2.2) [R package]. Retrieved March 24, 2023, from https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=DHARMa"},{"issue":"4","key":"10397_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.2991\/jsta.2017.16.4.5","volume":"16","author":"EM Hashimoto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hashimoto, E. M., Ortega, E. M., Cordeiro, G. M., & Hamedani, G. G. (2017). The log-gamma-logistic regression model: Estimation, sensitivity and residual analysis. Journal of Statistical Theory and Applications, 16(4), 547\u2013564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2991\/jsta.2017.16.4.5","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Theory and Applications"},{"key":"10397_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-019-00713-9","volume":"19","author":"SN Hellberg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hellberg, S. N., Russell, T. I., & Robinson, M. J. (2019). Cued for risk: Evidence for an incentive sensitization framework to explain the interplay between stress and anxiety, substance abuse, and reward uncertainty in disordered gambling behavior. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 19, 737\u2013758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13415-019-00713-9","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"10397_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1348\/014466505X29657","volume":"44","author":"JD Henry","year":"2005","unstructured":"Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(2), 227\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/014466505X29657","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10397_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-005-3099-3","volume":"21","author":"DC Hodgins","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hodgins, D. C., Peden, N., & Cassidy, E. (2005). The association between comorbidity and outcome in pathological gambling: A prospective follow-up of recent quitters. Journal of Gambling Studies, 21, 255\u2013271.","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10397_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hynes, T. J., Ferland, J. M. M., Feng, T. L., Adams, W. K., Silveira, M. M., Tremblay, M., ... & Winstanley, C. A. (2020). Chemogenetic inhibition of dopaminergic projections to the nucleus accumbens has sexually dimorphic effects in the rat gambling task.\u00a0Behavioral Neuroscience, 134(4), 309\u2013319.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/bne0000391","DOI":"10.1037\/bne0000391"},{"key":"10397_CR39","unstructured":"IJsselsteijn, W. A., De Kort, Y. A., & Poels, K. (2013). The game experience questionnaire. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. Retrieved May 28, 2025, from https:\/\/research.tue.nl\/en\/publications\/the-game-experience-questionnaire"},{"key":"10397_CR40","unstructured":"Jackman, S. (2023). pscl: Political Science Computational Laboratory (Version 4.2.2) [R package]. Retrieved March 24, 2023, from https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=pscl"},{"issue":"1","key":"10397_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01019931","volume":"2","author":"DF Jacobs","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jacobs, D. F. (1986). A general theory of addictions: A new theoretical model. Journal of Gambling Behavior, 2(1), 15\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01019931","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"10397_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01043526","volume":"4","author":"DF Jacobs","year":"1988","unstructured":"Jacobs, D. F. (1988). Evidence for a common dissociative-like reaction among addicts. Journal of Gambling Behavior, 4(1), 27\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01043526","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Behavior"},{"key":"10397_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kennedy, R. D., Spafford, M. M., & Parkinson, M. D. (2019). Gambling-related harm: A public health perspective. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada, 39(2), 43\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24095\/hpcdp.39.2.02","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.39.2.02"},{"issue":"9","key":"10397_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708002900","volume":"38","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kessler, R. C., Hwang, I., LaBrie, R., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Winters, K. C., & Shaffer, H. J. (2008). DSM-IV pathological gambling in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychological Medicine, 38(9), 1351\u20131360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291708002900","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"10397_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kessler, R. C., Adler, L., Ames, M., Demler, O., Faraone, S., Hiripi, E. V. A., ... & Walters, E. E. (2005). The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): A short screening scale for use in the general population.\u00a0Psychological Medicine, 35(2), 245\u2013256.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291704002892","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704002892"},{"key":"10397_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023005115932","volume":"15","author":"DA Korn","year":"1999","unstructured":"Korn, D. A., & Shaffer, H. J. (1999). Gambling and the health of the public: Adopting a public health perspective. Journal of Gambling Studies, 15, 289\u2013365.","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10397_CR47","unstructured":"Lafrontier. (2018). Custom slots framework (1.4). [Compute Software]. https:\/\/discussions.unity.com\/t\/custom-slots-framework\/621602"},{"key":"10397_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-017-9777-y","volume":"16","author":"J Landon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Landon, J., Palmer du Preez, K., Page, A., Bellringer, M., Roberts, A., & Abbott, M. (2018). Electronic gaming machine characteristics: It\u2019s the little things that count. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 16, 251\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-017-9777-y","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"key":"10397_CR49","unstructured":"Lawrence, M. A. (2023).\u00a0ez: Easy analysis and visualization of factorial experiments\u00a0(Version 4.2.2) [R package]. Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=ez"},{"issue":"1","key":"10397_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2005.10.017","volume":"144","author":"DM Ledgerwood","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ledgerwood, D. M., & Petry, N. M. (2006). Psychological experience of gambling and subtypes of pathological gamblers. Psychiatry Research, 144(1), 17\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2005.10.017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10397_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/14459790701601810","volume":"7","author":"C Livingstone","year":"2007","unstructured":"Livingstone, C., & Woolley, R. (2007). Risky business: A few provocations on the regulation of electronic gaming machines. International Gambling Studies, 7(3), 361\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14459790701601810","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"10397_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-U","volume":"33","author":"PF Lovibond","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-U","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10397_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2011.571216","volume":"11","author":"G Meyer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meyer, G., Fiebig, M., H\u00e4feli, J., & M\u00f6rsen, C. (2011). Development of an assessment tool to evaluate the risk potential of different gambling types. International Gambling Studies, 11(2), 221\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14459795.2011.571216","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10397_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01682","volume":"9","author":"L Michailidis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Michailidis, L., Balaguer-Ballester, E., & He, X. (2018). Flow and immersion in video games: The aftermath of a conceptual challenge. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01682","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10397_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000244630.45084.a2","volume":"68","author":"BJ Morasco","year":"2006","unstructured":"Morasco, B. J., Pietrzak, R. H., Blanco, C., Grant, B. F., Hasin, D., & Petry, N. M. (2006). Health problems and medical utilization associated with gambling disorders: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68(6), 976\u2013984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.psy.0000244630.45084.a2","journal-title":"Psychosomatic Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10397_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858415591474","volume":"22","author":"WS Murch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Murch, W. S., & Clark, L. (2016). Games in the brain: Neural substrates of gambling addiction. The Neuroscientist, 22(5), 534\u2013545.","journal-title":"The Neuroscientist"},{"key":"10397_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.08.030","volume":"88","author":"WS Murch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Murch, W. S., & Clark, L. (2019). Effects of bet size and multi-line play on immersion and respiratory sinus arrhythmia during electronic gaming machine use. Addictive Behaviors, 88, 67\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.08.030","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"3","key":"10397_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000279","volume":"31","author":"WS Murch","year":"2017","unstructured":"Murch, W. S., Chu, S. W., & Clark, L. (2017). Measuring the slot machine zone with attentional dual tasks and respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 31(3), 375\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/adb0000279","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"6","key":"10397_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14920","volume":"115","author":"WS Murch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Murch, W. S., Limbrick-Oldfield, E. H., Ferrari, M. A., MacDonald, K. I., Fooken, J., Cherkasova, M. V., & Clark, L. (2020). Zoned in or zoned out? Investigating immersion in slot machine gambling using mobile eye-tracking. Addiction, 115(6), 1127\u20131138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.14920","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"45","key":"10397_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8477","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0856-22.2022","volume":"42","author":"CA Orsini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Orsini, C. A., Brown, T. E., Hodges, T. E., Alonso-Caraballo, Y., Winstanley, C. A., & Becker, J. B. (2022). Neural mechanisms mediating sex differences in motivation for reward: Cognitive bias, food, gambling, and drugs of abuse. Journal of Neuroscience, 42(45), 8477\u20138487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0856-22.2022","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"8","key":"10397_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2017.1306636","volume":"60","author":"JP Plummer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Plummer, J. P., Schuster, D., & Keebler, J. R. (2017). The effects of gender, flow, and video game experience on combat identification training. Ergonomics, 60(8), 1101\u20131111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00140139.2017.1306636","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"10397_CR62","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2022).\u00a0R: A language and environment for statistical computing (Version 4.2.2)\u00a0[Computer software]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.\u00a0https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"10397_CR63","unstructured":"Revelle, W. (2023). psych: Procedures for psychological, psychometric, and personality research (Version 4.2.2) [R package]. Retrieved March 24, 2023, from https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=psych"},{"key":"10397_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.07.010","volume":"75","author":"A Roberts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roberts, A., Sharman, S., Coid, J., Murphy, R., Bowden-Jones, H., Cowlishaw, S., & Landon, J. (2017). Gambling and negative life events in a nationally representative sample of UK men. Addictive Behaviors, 75, 95\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.07.010","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"3","key":"10397_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(93)90013-P","volume":"18","author":"TE Robinson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (1993). The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Research Reviews, 18(3), 247\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0165-0173(93)90013-P","journal-title":"Brain Research Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"10397_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.9611038.x","volume":"96","author":"TE Robinson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2001). Incentive-sensitization and addiction. Addiction, 96(1), 103\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.9611038.x","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10397_CR67","unstructured":"Robinson, D., Hayes, A., & Couch, S. (2023). broom: Convert statistical objects into tidy tibbles (Version 4.2.2) [R package]. Retrieved March 24, 2023, fromhttps:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=broom"},{"key":"10397_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-010-9213-2","volume":"27","author":"MJ Rockloff","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rockloff, M. J., Greer, N., & Fay, C. (2011). The social contagion of gambling: How venue size contributes to player losses. Journal of Gambling Studies, 27, 487\u2013497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-010-9213-2","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10397_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rogier, G., Beomonte Zobel, S., Marini, A., Camponeschi, J., & Velotti, P. (2021). Gambling disorder and dissociative features: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 35(3), 247.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/adb0000693","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000693"},{"key":"10397_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-018-9762-7","volume":"34","author":"S Ronzitti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ronzitti, S., Soldini, E., Smith, N., Bayston, A., Clerici, M., & Bowden-Jones, H. (2018). Are treatment outcomes determined by type of gambling? A UK study. Journal of Gambling Studies, 34, 987\u2013997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-018-9762-7","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"10397_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-021-10089-w","volume":"38","author":"AM Russell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Russell, A. M., Browne, M., Hing, N., Visintin, T., Begg, S., Rawat, V., & Rockloff, M. (2022). Stressful life events precede gambling problems, and continued gambling problems exacerbate stressful life events: A life course calendar study. Journal of Gambling Studies, 38(4), 1405\u20131430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-021-10089-w","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10397_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-019-00256-y","volume":"6","author":"MG Schluter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schluter, M. G., & Hodgins, D. C. (2019). Dissociative experiences in gambling disorder. Current Addiction Reports, 6, 34\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40429-019-00256-y","journal-title":"Current Addiction Reports"},{"key":"10397_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400834656","author":"ND Sch\u00fcll","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcll, N. D. (2012). Addiction by design: Machine gambling in Las Vegas. Princeton University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9781400834656","journal-title":"Princeton University Press"},{"key":"10397_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-009-9221-x","volume":"8","author":"J Spenwyn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Spenwyn, J., Barrett, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2010). The role of light and music in gambling behaviour: An empirical pilot study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 8, 107\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-009-9221-x","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"issue":"9","key":"10397_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15042","volume":"115","author":"ML Spetch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spetch, M. L., Madan, C. R., Liu, Y. S., & Ludvig, E. A. (2020). Effects of winning cues and relative payout on choice between simulated slot machines. Addiction, 115(9), 1719\u20131727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15042","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10397_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-014-9458-4","volume":"31","author":"JA Templeton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Templeton, J. A., Dixon, M. J., Harrigan, K. A., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2015). Upping the reinforcement rate by playing the maximum lines in multi-line slot machine play. Journal of Gambling Studies, 31, 949\u2013964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-014-9458-4","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10397_CR77","unstructured":"Unity Technologies. (2017). Unity [Computer software]. Retrieved from https:\/\/unity.com\/"},{"key":"10397_CR78","unstructured":"Venables, W. N., & Ripley, B. D. (2023). MASS: Support functions and datasets for Venables and Ripley's MASS (Version 4.2.2) [R package]. Retrieved March 24, 2023, from https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=MASS"},{"issue":"6","key":"10397_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.6.1063","volume":"54","author":"D Watson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063\u20131070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.54.6.1063","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"10397_CR80","unstructured":"Wei, T., & Simko, V. (2023). corrplot: Visualization of a correlation matrix (Version 4.2.2) [R package]. Retrieved March 24, 2023, from https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=corrplot"},{"key":"10397_CR81","unstructured":"Wickham, H., Chang, W., Henry, L., Pedersen, T. L., Takahashi, K., Wilke, C., Woo, K., & Yutani, H. (2023). ggplot2: Create elegant data visualisations using the grammar of graphics (Version 4.2.2) [R package]. Retrieved June 9, 2024, from https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=ggplot2"},{"key":"10397_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-012-9292-9","volume":"29","author":"G Wong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wong, G., Zane, N., Saw, A., & Chan, A. K. K. (2013). Examining gender differences for gambling engagement and gambling problems among emerging adults. Journal of Gambling Studies, 29, 171\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-012-9292-9","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"10397_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2020.1868316","volume":"21","author":"S Xuereb","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xuereb, S., Kim, H. S., Clark, L., & Wohl, M. J. (2021). Substitution behaviors among people who gamble during COVID-19 precipitated casino closures. International Gambling Studies, 21(3), 411\u2013425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14459795.2020.1868316","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10397_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30445-7","volume":"5","author":"M Y\u00fccel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Y\u00fccel, M., Carter, A., Harrigan, K., van Holst, R. J., & Livingstone, C. (2018). Hooked on gambling: A problem of human or machine design? The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(1), 20\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30445-7","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Gambling Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10397-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10397-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10397-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T05:15:18Z","timestamp":1764134118000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10397-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10397"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10397-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-3602"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-3602","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 May 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 June 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"LC is the Director of the Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, which is supported by funding from the Province of British Columbia and the British Columbia Lottery Corporation (BCLC), a Canadian Crown Corporation. The Province of BC government and the BCLC had no role in the preparation of this article and impose no constraints on publishing. LC has received remuneration from the International Center for Responsible Gaming (travel and speaker honoraria; reviewing), the Institut fur Glucksspiel und Gesellschaft (Germany; travel and speaker honoraria), GambleAware (UK; academic services), Gambling Research Australia (academic services), Alberta Gambling Research Institute (Canada; academic services), German Foundation for Gambling Research (advisory board; travel and consultancy). He has been remunerated for legal consultancy by the BCLC. He has not received any further direct or indirect payments from the gambling industry or groups substantially funded by gambling. LC receives an honorarium for his role as Co-Editor-in-Chief for International Gambling Studies from Taylor & Francis, and he has received royalties from Cambridge Cognition Ltd. relating to neurocognitive testing. FA has received a commission from Gambling Research Exchange of Ontario (GREO) to write a white paper. CAW has received research funding from the International Centre for Responsible Gaming. WSM previously received training and funding from The Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, a research laboratory jointly supported by the Government of British Columbia and the British Columbia Lottery Corporation (BCLC; a Canadian Crown Corporation). WSM has been awarded a Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Alberta Gambling Research Institute, a joint initiative between Alberta universities and the Government of Alberta. MVC has received research funding from the International Centre for Responsible Gaming and has received a speaker\u2019s honorarium from the Responsible Gaming Association of New Mexico. MAF is an employee of Skillsetter Inc., a software company specializing in counselling and interpersonal skills building; this work began as a paid consulting role. MAF has received doctoral fellowship funding from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). He has received a speaker honorarium from the British Columbia Lottery Corporation (BCLC). MAF has not received any further direct or indirect payments from the gambling industry or groups substantially funded by gambling.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}