{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T04:38:09Z","timestamp":1793939889102,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Gambl Stud"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Gambling among young people is a growing public health concern, particularly as gambling becomes more accessible through changing policy and increased online gambling platforms. College students are a high-risk population for problem gambling, yet limited research has synthesized evidence on its academic implications. This scoping review examined the association between gambling behavior and academic performance among undergraduate college students in order to summarize findings, identify methodological patterns, and highlight gaps to inform future research. Eligible studies included peer-reviewed, empirical research that quantitatively assessed the relationship between gambling and academic performance (i.e., grades) among undergraduate college students worldwide. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The majority of studies found a negative association between gambling and academic performance in college, with both general gambling behavior and pathological gambling consistently linked to lower grade point average (GPA). There is a vital need for updated research in the context of a rapidly changing gambling landscape, as the majority of studies in this review were over ten years old. To address methodological limitations of existing research on the relationship between gambling and academic performance among college students, future research should prioritize longitudinal data collection, standardized measures of gambling behavior, and the use of rigorous statistical methods that account for potential covariates. Gambling may impair academic performance in college students, and additional research is needed to better understand this relationship and inform campus-based prevention, harm reduction, and treatment strategies to bolster student success.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-025-10440-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T03:46:30Z","timestamp":1761191190000},"page":"1517-1531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Links Between Gambling and Academic Performance Among Undergraduate College Students: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9742-4018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah K.","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tonya","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Becky","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Dennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"10440_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.04.003","volume":"184","author":"MW Abbott","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abbott, M. W. (2020). The changing epidemiology of gambling disorder and gambling-related harm: Public health implications. Public Health, 184, 41\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.04.003","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10440_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ep2402","DOI":"10.30935\/jdet\/14039","volume":"4","author":"SJ Avenyo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Avenyo, S. J., Kwashie, N. S., & Demuyakor, J. (2024). Online sports betting in universities: Does online sports betting addictions impact the academic achievements and social relations of students? Journal of Digital Educational Technology, 4(1), ep2402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30935\/jdet\/14039","journal-title":"Journal of Digital Educational Technology"},{"key":"10440_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1177\/070674379904400509","volume":"44","author":"CM Beaudoin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Beaudoin, C. M., & Cox, B. J. (1999). Characteristics of problem gambling in a Canadian context: A preliminary study using a DSM-IV based questionnaire. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 44, 483\u2013487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/070674379904400509","journal-title":"The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10440_CR4","unstructured":"Bisson, J. (2025). U.S. sports betting revenue and handle: Tracking betting market data 2025. Sportsbook Review. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.sportsbookreview.com\/news\/us-betting-revenue-tracker. Accessed 6\/1\/25"},{"key":"10440_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.024","volume":"179","author":"KM Caldeira","year":"2017","unstructured":"Caldeira, K. M., Arria, A. M., O\u2019Grady, K. E., Vincent, K. B., Robertson, C., & Welsh, C. J. (2017). Risk factors for gambling and substance use among recent college students. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 179, 280\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.024","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"4","key":"10440_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1111\/ppc.13047","volume":"58","author":"S Celik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Celik, S., \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, A., Kes, E., & Kurt, A. (2022). The relationship of gambling with sensation-seeking behavior and psychological resilience in university students. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 58(4), 2199\u20132207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ppc.13047","journal-title":"Perspectives in Psychiatric Care"},{"key":"10440_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.10.008","volume":"51","author":"NA Dowling","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dowling, N. A., Merkouris, S. S., Greenwood, C. J., Oldenhof, E., Toumbourou, J. W., & Youssef, G. J. (2017). Early risk and protective factors for problem gambling: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 51, 109\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.10.008","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"10440_CR8","unstructured":"Ferris, J., & Wynne, W. (2001). The Canadian problem gambling index: Final Report."},{"key":"10440_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"George, S., Jaisoorya, T. S., Nair, S., Rani, A., Menon, P., Madhavan, R., ... & Petry, N. M. (2016). A cross-sectional study of problem gambling and its correlates among college students in South India.\u00a0BJPsych Open,\u00a02(3), 199\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjpo.bp.115.002519","DOI":"10.1192\/bjpo.bp.115.002519"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10440_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/10720160500203856","volume":"12","author":"JE Grant","year":"2005","unstructured":"Grant, J. E., & Steinberg, M. A. (2005). Compulsive sexual behavior and pathological gambling. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 12(2\u20133), 235\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10720160500203856","journal-title":"Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity"},{"issue":"1","key":"10440_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2018.1436715","volume":"23","author":"JE Grant","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grant, J. E., Lust, K., Christenson, G. A., Redden, S. A., & Chamberlain, S. R. (2019). Gambling and its clinical correlates in university students. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 23(1), 33\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13651501.2018.1436715","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice"},{"key":"10440_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4309\/jgi.2013.28.5","volume":"28","author":"NM Harris","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harris, N. M., Mazmanian, D., & Jamieson, J. (2013). Trust in Internet gambling and its association with problem gambling in university students. Journal of Gambling Issues, 28, 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4309\/jgi.2013.28.5","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Issues"},{"issue":"6","key":"10440_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547211036758","volume":"26","author":"C Henning","year":"2022","unstructured":"Henning, C., Summerfeldt, L. J., & Parker, J. D. (2022). ADHD and academic success in university students: The important role of impaired attention. Journal of Attention Disorders, 26(6), 893\u2013901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10870547211036758","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"key":"10440_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijedudev.2025.103227","volume":"113","author":"FA Kitole","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kitole, F. A., Kihwele, J. E., Kalimasi, P. J., Ojo, T. O., Elhindi, K. M., & Kassem, H. S. (2025). Exploring the influence of sports betting on academic performance among students in higher learning institutions in Tanzania. International Journal of Educational Development, 113, 103227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijedudev.2025.103227","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Development"},{"key":"10440_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kurilla, A., Hawley, C. E., Cathers, L., & Iwanaga, K. (2022). Can the relationship between problem gambling and class attendance of college students be explained by alcohol and drug use? A brief report. Rehabilitation Counselors and Educators Journal, 11(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52017\/001c.36758","DOI":"10.52017\/001c.36758"},{"issue":"2","key":"10440_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/07448480309595725","volume":"52","author":"RA LaBrie","year":"2003","unstructured":"LaBrie, R. A., Shaffer, H. J., LaPlante, D. A., & Wechsler, H. (2003). Correlates of college student gambling in the United States. Journal of American College Health, 52(2), 53\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07448480309595725","journal-title":"Journal of American College Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10440_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1177\/08901171241255768","volume":"38","author":"AM Lederer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lederer, A. M., Oswalt, S. B., Hoban, M. T., & Rosenthal, M. N. (2024). Health-related behaviors and academic achievement among college students. American Journal of Health Promotion, 38(8), 1129\u20131139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08901171241255768","journal-title":"American Journal of Health Promotion"},{"issue":"1","key":"10440_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/15213260802669458","volume":"12","author":"JS Lemmens","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lemmens, J. S., Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2009). Development and validation of a game addiction scale for adolescents. Media Psychology, 12(1), 77\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15213260802669458","journal-title":"Media Psychology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10440_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.9.1184","volume":"144","author":"HR Lesieur","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lesieur, H. R., & Blume, S. B. (1987). The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): A new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144(9), 1184\u20131188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.144.9.1184","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10440_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(91)90059-q","volume":"16","author":"HR Lesieur","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lesieur, H. R., Cross, J., Frank, M., Welch, M., White, C. M., Rubenstein, G., Moseley, K., & Mark, M. (1991). Gambling and pathological gambling among university students. Addictive Behaviors, 16(6), 517\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0306-4603(91)90059-q","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10440_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00828-4","volume":"20","author":"V Marionneau","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marionneau, V., Ruohio, H., & Karlsson, N. (2023). Gambling harm prevention and harm reduction in online environments: A call for action. Harm Reduction Journal, 20, 92. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-023-00828-4","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10440_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-023-10195-1","volume":"39","author":"D Moreira","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moreira, D., Azeredo, A., & Dias, P. (2023). Risk factors for gambling disorder: A systematic review. Journal of Gambling Studies, 39(2), 483\u2013511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-023-10195-1","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10440_CR23","unstructured":"National Council on Problem Gambling. (2023). National detailed report: National survey on gambling attitudes and gambling experiences 2.0. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ncpgsurvey.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/FINAL_NGAGE2.0-text-charts.pdf. Accessed 6\/1\/25"},{"key":"10440_CR24","volume-title":"National Study on Collegiate Wagering and Social Environments","author":"NCAA","year":"2023","unstructured":"NCAA. (2023). National Study on Collegiate Wagering and Social Environments. National Collegiate Athletic Association."},{"issue":"2","key":"10440_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-017-9726-y","volume":"34","author":"DE Nowak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nowak, D. E. (2018). A meta-analytical synthesis and examination of pathological and problem gambling rates and associated moderators among college students, 1987\u20132016. Journal of Gambling Studies, 34(2), 465\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-017-9726-y","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"16","key":"10440_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168314","volume":"18","author":"CKY Ong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ong, C. K. Y., Hutchesson, M. J., Patterson, A. J., & Whatnall, M. C. (2021). Is there an association between health risk behaviors and academic achievement among university students? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), Article 8314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18168314","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10440_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.11124\/jbies-20-00167","volume":"18","author":"MD Peters","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peters, M. D., Marnie, C., Tricco, A. C., Pollock, D., Munn, Z., Alexander, L., McInerney, P., Godfrey, C. M., & Khalil, H. (2020). Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evidence Synthesis, 18(10), 2119\u20132126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11124\/jbies-20-00167","journal-title":"JBI Evidence Synthesis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10440_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.11124\/jbies-21-00242","volume":"20","author":"MD Peters","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peters, M. D., Godfrey, C., McInerney, P., Khalil, H., Larsen, P., Marnie, C., Peters, M. D. J., Pollock, D., Tricco, A. C., & Munn, Z. (2022). Best practice guidance and reporting items for the development of scoping review protocols. JBI Evidence Synthesis, 20(4), 953\u2013968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11124\/jbies-21-00242","journal-title":"JBI Evidence Synthesis"},{"key":"10440_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-013-9432-3","volume":"31","author":"NM Petry","year":"2015","unstructured":"Petry, N. M., & Gonzalez-Ibanez, A. (2015). Internet gambling in problem gambling college students. Journal of Gambling Studies, 31, 397\u2013408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-013-9432-3","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10440_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Petry, N. M., & Weinstock, J. (2007). Internet gambling is common in college students and associated with poor mental health. American Journal on Addictions, 16(5), 325\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10550490701525673","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490701525673"},{"issue":"1","key":"10440_CR31","first-page":"25","volume":"14","author":"RJ Rychlak","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rychlak, R. J. (2023). Mobile sports betting on college campuses: Limiting the risks. UNLV Gaming Law Journal, 14(1), 25\u201347.","journal-title":"UNLV Gaming Law Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"10440_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1080\/14659891.2023.2238310","volume":"29","author":"MA Sen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sen, M. A., & Pirincci, E. (2024). Examination of hookah usage and gambling status of university students. Journal of Substance Use, 29(6), 1042\u20131049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14659891.2023.2238310","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Use"},{"issue":"12","key":"10440_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1080\/10668926.2016.1233142","volume":"41","author":"RT Sherba","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sherba, R. T., & Gersper, B. E. (2017). Community college and university student gambling beliefs, motives, and behaviors. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 41(12), 823\u2013841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10668926.2016.1233142","journal-title":"Community College Journal of Research and Practice"},{"key":"10440_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-009-9135-y","volume":"25","author":"M Toce-Gerstein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Toce-Gerstein, M., Gerstein, D. R., & Volberg, R. A. (2009). The NODS\u2013CLiP: A rapid screen for adult pathological and problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 25, 541\u2013555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-009-9135-y","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10440_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00126-9","volume":"9","author":"LT Tran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tran, L. T., Wardle, H., Colledge-Frisby, S., Taylor, S., Lynch, M., Rehm, J., & Degenhardt, L. (2024). The prevalence of gambling and problematic gambling: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 9, Article e594\u2013613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00126-9","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"10440_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O\u2019Brien, K. K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., & Straus, S. E. (2018). PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169(7), 467\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M18-0850","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10440_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-017-9736-9","volume":"34","author":"F Vitaro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., Girard, A., Dionne, G., & Boivin, M. (2018). Longitudinal links between gambling participation and academic performance in youth: A test of four models. Journal of Gambling Studies, 34, 881\u2013892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-017-9736-9","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10440_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wardle, H., Degenhardt, L., Marionneau, V., Reith, G., Livingstone, C., Sparrow, M., \u2026 & Saxena, S. (2024). The Lancet public health commission on gambling. Lancet Public Health, 9, e950-e994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2468-2667(20)30289-9","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468-2667(20)30289-9"},{"issue":"5","key":"10440_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3200\/jach.56.5.513-522","volume":"56","author":"J Weinstock","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weinstock, J., Whelan, J. P., & Meyers, A. (2008). College students\u2019 gambling behavior: When does it become harmful? Journal of American College Health, 56(5), 513\u2013522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3200\/jach.56.5.513-522","journal-title":"Journal of American College Health"},{"key":"10440_CR40","volume-title":"Diagnostic interview for gambling severity (DIGS)","author":"KC Winters","year":"1996","unstructured":"Winters, K. C., Specker, S., & Stinchfield, R. D. (1996). Diagnostic interview for gambling severity (DIGS). University of Minnesota Medical School."},{"issue":"2","key":"10440_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.12.2.127","volume":"12","author":"KC Winters","year":"1998","unstructured":"Winters, K. C., Bengston, P., Door, D., & Stinchfield, R. (1998). Prevalence and risk factors of problem gambling among college students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 12(2), 127\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0893-164X.12.2.127","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10440_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-012-1495-z","volume":"110","author":"M Yani-de-Soriano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yani-de-Soriano, M., Javed, U., & Yousafzai, S. (2012). Can an industry be socially responsible if its products harm consumers? The case of online gambling. Journal of Business Ethics, 110, 481\u2013497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-012-1495-z","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10440_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031816-044628","volume":"39","author":"A Zajacova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zajacova, A., & Lawrence, E. M. (2018). The relationship between education and health: Reducing disparities through a contextual approach. Annual Review of Public Health, 39(1), 273\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031816-044628","journal-title":"Annual Review of Public Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Gambling Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10440-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10440-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10440-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T05:15:04Z","timestamp":1764134104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10440-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10440"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10440-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-3602"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-3602","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}]}}