{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T14:13:46Z","timestamp":1791728026148,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Bergen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Gambl Stud"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In 2021, the Norwegian government implemented a policy requiring individuals gambling with the horse betting monopolist, Norsk Rikstoto, to set personal loss limits, capping the maximum loss limit at 20,000 NOK (10 NOK \u223c 1 \u20ac) per month. The present study investigated whether loss limits set in 2021 could predict gambling behavior in 2023, and whether loss limits were associated with the proportion of moderate-to-high risk gamblers.\n                    <jats:italic>Method<\/jats:italic>\n                    : The dataset encompassed the entire population of customers who participated in horse betting in 2021 and at least once in 2023, totaling 104,413 individuals (31.6% women). It included data on expenditure, net winnings, and the number of bets placed, as well as each customer\u2019s classification within a problem gambling risk category for 2023.\u00a0While no clear association was found between 2021 loss limits and 2023 gambling expenditure, higher loss limits predicted more bets, lower net winnings, continued gambling, and a greater likelihood of being classified as moderate-to-high risk gamblers by the operator\u2019s monitoring system.\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n                    : The findings show that loss limits may be a valuable predictor of future gambling behavior at the group level.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-025-10446-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T08:41:18Z","timestamp":1763455278000},"page":"61-75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Loss Limits as a Predictor of Future Gambling Behavior"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Elise Victoria","family":"T\u00f8rdal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Leino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5831-0840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e5le","family":"Pallesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"10446_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12982-015-0029-4","volume":"12","author":"N Alexander","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alexander, N. (2015). What\u2019s more general than a whole population? Emerging Themes in Epidemiology, 12, 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12982-015-0029-4","journal-title":"Emerging Themes inEpidemiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10446_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15449","volume":"116","author":"Y Allami","year":"2021","unstructured":"Allami, Y., Hodgins, D. C., Young, M., Brunelle, N., Currie, S., Dufour, M., Flores-Pajot, M., & Nadeau, L. (2021). A meta-analysis of problem gambling risk factors in the general adult population. Addiction, 116(11), 2968\u20132977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15449","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"4","key":"10446_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-012-9332-y","volume":"29","author":"M Auer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Auer, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2013). Voluntary limit setting and player choice in most intense online gamblers: An empirical study of gambling behaviour. Journal of Gambling Studies, 29(4), 647\u2013660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-012-9332-y","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10446_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Auer, M., Hopfgartner, N., Griffiths, M. D. (2020). The effects of voluntary deposit limit-setting on long-term online gambling expenditure. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(2), 113-118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2019.0202","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2019.0202"},{"key":"10446_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Auer, M., Reiestad, S. H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2018). Global limit setting as a responsible gambling tool: what do players think? International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 18, 14-26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-018-9892-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-018-9892-x"},{"key":"10446_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOGS.0000040281.49444.e2","volume":"20","author":"A Blaszczynski","year":"2004","unstructured":"Blaszczynski, A., Ladouceur, R., & Shaffer, H. J. (2004). A science-based framework for responsible gambling: The Reno Model. Journal of Gambling Studies, 20, 301\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:JOGS.0000040281.49444.e2","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"5","key":"10446_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1968.01740050105018","volume":"18","author":"DW Bolen","year":"1968","unstructured":"Bolen, D. W., & Boyd, W. H. (1968). Gambling and the gambler: a review and preliminary findings. Archives of General Psychiatry, 18(5), 617\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.1968.01740050105018","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10446_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delfabbro, P., & King, D. (2021). The value of voluntary vs. mandatory responsible gambling limit-setting systems: a review of the evidence. International Gambling Studies, 21(2), 255-271, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/14459795.2020.1853196","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2020.1853196"},{"key":"10446_CR9","unstructured":"Focal Research Consultants. (2007). Assessment of the Behavioral Impact of the Responsible Gaming Device (RGD) Features: Analysis of Nova Scotia Player-card Data - WINDSOR TRIAL. https:\/\/www.focalresearch.com\/shared-files\/7438\/Focal-RGD-Analysis-Highlight-Report-Feb-2007-1.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"10446_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1159\/000342311","volume":"19","author":"I Gonz\u00e1lez-Ortega","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ortega, I., Echebur\u00faa, E., Corral, P., Polo-L\u00f3pez, R., & Alberich, S. (2013). Predictors of pathological gambling severity taking gender differences into account. European Addiction Research, 19(3), 146\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000342311","journal-title":"European Addiction Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10446_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1053\/comp.2002.29857","volume":"43","author":"JE Grant","year":"2002","unstructured":"Grant, J. E., & Kim, S. W. (2002). Gender differences in pathological gamblers seeking medication treatment. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 43(1), 56\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/comp.2002.29857","journal-title":"Comprehensive Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10446_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000906","volume":"37","author":"J Jonsson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jonsson, J., Munck, I., Hodgins, D. C., & Carlbring, P. (2023). Reaching out to big losers: exploring intervention effects using individualized follow-up. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 37(7), 886\u2013893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/adb0000906","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10446_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/14459790600644176","volume":"6","author":"RG Kalischuk","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kalischuk, R. G., Nowatzki, N., Cardwell, K., Klein, K., & Solowoniuk, J. (2006). Problem gambling and its impact on families: A literature review. International Gambling Studies, 6(1), 31\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14459790600644176","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10446_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Langeland, E., Johnsen, F. I., S\u00f8mme, K. K., Morgen, A. M., Erevik, E. K., Kolberg, E., Jonsson, J., Mentzoni, R. A., & Pallesen, S. (2022). One size does not fit all. Should gambling loss limits be based on income? Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 1005172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1005172","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1005172"},{"key":"10446_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2747-0","volume":"16","author":"E Langham","year":"2016","unstructured":"Langham, E., Thorne, H., Browne, M., Donaldson, P., Rose, J., & Rockloff, M. (2016). Understanding gambling related harm: a proposed definition, conceptual framework, and taxonomy of harms. BMC Public Health, 16, 80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-016-2747-0","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10446_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marionneau, V., Luoma, E., Turowski, T., & Hayer, T. (2025). Limit-setting in online gambling: a comparative policy review of European approaches. Harm Reduction Journal, 22(1), article no. 15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-024-01150-3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-024-01150-3"},{"key":"10446_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-022-01696-5","volume":"22","author":"R McNulty","year":"2022","unstructured":"McNulty, R. (2022). A logical analysis of null hypothesis significance testing using popular terminology. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 22, 244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-022-01696-5","journal-title":"BMC Medical Research Methodology"},{"key":"10446_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.07.018","volume":"47","author":"H Myrseth","year":"2009","unstructured":"Myrseth, H., Pallesen, S., Molde, H., Johnsen, B. H., & Lorvik, I. M. (2009). Personality factors as predictors of pathological gambling. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 933\u2013937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2009.07.018","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"10446_CR19","unstructured":"Norsk Tipping. (2023, May 31). Norsk Tipping senker tapsgrensen for kunder under 20 \u00e5r. https:\/\/www.norsk-tipping.no\/artikler\/norsk-tipping-senker-tapsgrensen-for-kunder-under-20-ar"},{"key":"10446_CR20","unstructured":"Pallesen, S., Mentzoni, R., Torsheim, T., Erevik, E., Molde, H., & Morken, A. (2020). Omfang av Penge -og dataspillproblemer i Norge 2019 [The prevalence of problem gambling and problem gaming in Norway 2019]. University of Bergen. https:\/\/lottstift.no\/content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Omfang_av_penge-og_dataspillproblemer_i_Norge_2019-1.pdf"},{"key":"10446_CR21","unstructured":"Pallesen, S., Mentzoni, R., Syvertsen, A., Kristensen, J., Erevik, E., & Morken, A. (2023). Omgang av penge -og dataspillproblemer i Norge 2022 [The prevalence of problem gambling and problem gaming in Norway 2022]. University of Bergen. https:\/\/lottstift.no\/content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Omfang-av-Penge-og-dataspillproblemer-i-Norge-2022.pdf"},{"key":"10446_CR22","unstructured":"Rikstoto. (2020, December 17). Har du husket \u00e5 sette nye tapsgrenser?https:\/\/www.rikstoto.no\/Nyheter\/Aktuelt\/20202\/Desember\/17\/Fra-januar-gjelder-nye-spillegrenser"},{"key":"10446_CR23","unstructured":"Rikstoto. (2022). Norsk Rikstoto Ansvarlighetsrapport 2022. [Norsk Rikstoto Responsibility Report 2022]. https:\/\/content.rikstoto.no\/globalassets\/dokumenter\/diverse\/ansvarlighetsrapport-norsk-rikstoto-2022.pdf"},{"issue":"4","key":"10446_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13172","volume":"111","author":"I Rossow","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rossow, I., & Bang Hansen, M. (2016). Gambling and gambling policy in Norway \u2013 an exceptional case. Addiction, 111(4), 593\u2013598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.13172","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10446_CR25","unstructured":"StataCorp. (2023). Stata Statistical Software: Release 18. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC."},{"key":"10446_CR26","unstructured":"Statistics Norway. (n.d.). Likestilling. https:\/\/www.ssb.no\/befolkning\/faktaside\/likestilling"},{"key":"10446_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Syvertsen, A., Leino, T., Pallesen, S., Smith, O. R. F., Mentzoni, R. A., & Erevik, E. K. (2023a). Telescoping and gender differences in high-risk gambling: loss limit behavior in a population of electronic gaming machine players. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 37(3), 499\u2013508.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/adb0000844","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000844"},{"key":"10446_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Syvertsen, A., Leino, T., Pallesen, S., Smith, O. R. F., Mentzoni, R. A., Griffiths, M. D., & Erevik, E. K. (2023b). Age and gender differences in gambling intensity in a Norwegian population of electronic gaming machine players. International Gambling Studies, 24(1), 92\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14459795.2023.2199051","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2023.2199051"},{"key":"10446_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thygesen, L. C., & Ersb\u00f8ll, A. K. (2014). When the entire population is the sample: strengths and limitations in register-based epidemiology. European Journal of Epidemiology, 29(8), 551\u2013558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10654-013-9873-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-013-9873-0"},{"issue":"8","key":"10446_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e594","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00126-9","volume":"9","author":"LT Tran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tran, L. T., Wardle, H., Colledge-Frisby, S., Taylor, S., Lynch, M., Rehm, J., Volberg, R., Marionneau, V., Saxena, S., Bunn, C., Farrell, M., & Degenhardt, L. (2024). The prevalence of gambling and problematic gambling: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. Public Health, 9(8), e594\u2013e613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00126-9","journal-title":"The Lancet. Public Health"},{"key":"10446_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-008-9174-0","volume":"7","author":"HG Wenzel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wenzel, H. G., & Dahl, A. A. (2009). Female pathological gamblers \u2013 a critical review of the clinical findings. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 7, 190\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-008-9174-0","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"key":"10446_CR32","unstructured":"Wood, R. T. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2010). Social responsibility in online gambling: Voluntary limit setting. World Online Gambling Law Report, 9(11), 10-11."}],"container-title":["Journal of Gambling Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10446-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10446-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10446-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T22:01:17Z","timestamp":1774303277000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10446-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10446"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10446-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-3602"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-3602","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Conflict of interestThe authors have no conflicts of interest. The study was supported by the Norwegian Competence Center for Gambling and Gaming Research, University of Bergen, Norway.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosures"}}]}}