{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T23:09:31Z","timestamp":1788995371488,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Gambl Stud"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Gambling-related harm among armed forces (AF) personnel is a growing concern, yet public perceptions remain underexplored. Anticipated public stigma (the fear of how others perceive you) of gambling among the AF is a potential barrier to help-seeking. Understanding how the public perceives gambling in the AF is essential for shaping stigma-reduction strategies. A randomised, online 2\u2009\u00d7\u20092 between-subjects experiment was conducted. A representative sample of the United Kingdom public (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009396) was recruited through Prolific and randomly assigned to view a vignette featuring either an AF member or non-AF civilian who was described as engaging in either harmful or non-harmful gambling. Following exposure to their assigned vignette, participants completed measures assessing stigma and empathy towards the depicted individual. Participants perceived individuals from the AF as significantly more dangerous (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.002) compared to non-AF civilians. When the vignette depicted gambling-related harm, as opposed to recreational gambling, participants reported significantly higher stigma across seven of the ten stigma measures (all\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). This study highlights how public stigma towards gambling harm is strong and can be shaped by military status, with AF personnel facing increased perceptions of dangerousness. Findings underscore the need for public stigma-reduction strategies that address both gambling-related and military-specific misconceptions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-025-10463-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T07:22:20Z","timestamp":1765264940000},"page":"181-198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Public Perceptions of Gambling in the UK Armed Forces: Understanding Stigma Via a Vignette Experiment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Dymond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5001-4126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie","family":"Torrance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"10463_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahern, J., Worthen, M., Masters, J., Lippman, S. A., Ozer, E. J., &Moos, R. (2015). The challenges of Afghanistan and Iraq veterans\u2019 transition from military tocivilian life and approaches to reconnection. PloS one, 10(7),e0128599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0128599","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128599"},{"key":"10463_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"10463_CR3","unstructured":"Ashubwe, A. F., & Miano, P. W. (2018). Gambling disorder: An overview with emphasis on psychological treatments. https:\/\/repository.dkut.ac.ke:8080\/xmlui\/handle\/123456789\/742"},{"key":"10463_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2173638","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2173638","volume":"2019","author":"C Ate\u015f","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ate\u015f, C., Kaymaz, \u00d6., Kale, H. E., & Tekindal, M. A. (2019). Comparison of test statistics of nonnormal and unbalanced samples for multivariate analysis of variance in terms of type-I error rates. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine, 2019, 2173638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/2173638","journal-title":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine"},{"key":"10463_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batson, C. D., Duncan, B. D., Ackerman, P., Buckley, T., & Birch,K. (1981). Is empathic emotion a source of altruistic motivation?. Journal of personality andSocial Psychology, 40(2), 290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.40.2.290","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.40.2.290"},{"key":"10463_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-025-10413-y","author":"F Barthels","year":"2025","unstructured":"Barthels, F., Hanewinkel, R., & Morgenstern, M. (2025). Stigmatisation of gambling disorder, alcohol use disorder and internet use disorder: Results of an experimental vignette study. Journal of Gambling Studies. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10413-y. Advance online publication.","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10463_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00426.x","volume":"55","author":"CD Batson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Batson, C. D., Fultz, J., & Schoenrade, P. A. (1987). Distress and empathy: Two qualitatively distinct vicarious emotions with different motivational consequences. Journal of Personality, 55(1), 19\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00426.x","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"issue":"7","key":"10463_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167297237008","volume":"23","author":"CD Batson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Batson, C. D., Early, S., & Salvarani, G. (1997). Perspective taking: Imagining how another feels versus imagining how you would feel. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(7), 751\u2013758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167297237008","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"10463_CR9","unstructured":"Biggar, B., & Wardle, H. (2024). Words matter: A Language guide for respectful reporting on gambling. University of Glasgow. https:\/\/www.grg.scot\/resources\/2024\/07\/Words-Matter_main_digital-file.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"10463_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-019-09890-9","volume":"36","author":"KL Brown","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brown, K. L., & Russell, A. M. T. (2020). What can be done to reduce the public stigma of gambling disorder? Lessons from other stigmatised conditions. Journal of Gambling Studies, 36(1), 23\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-019-09890-9","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10463_CR11","unstructured":"Canva. (2024). Canva [Online platform].https:\/\/www.canva.com"},{"key":"10463_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003457","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1003457","volume":"13","author":"H Champion","year":"2022","unstructured":"Champion, H., Pritchard, A., Dighton, G., & Dymond, S. (2022). Gambling problems and help-seeking in serving united Kingdom military personnel: A qualitative study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 1003457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1003457","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"10463_CR13","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"issue":"11","key":"10463_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717000356","volume":"47","author":"SJ Coleman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Coleman, S. J., Stevelink, S. A. M., Hatch, S. L., Denny, J. A., & Greenberg, N. (2017). Stigma-related barriers and facilitators to help seeking for mental health issues in the armed forces: A systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative literature. Psychological Medicine, 47(11), 1880\u20131892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291717000356","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10463_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1037\/sah0000222","volume":"6","author":"DN Correll","year":"2021","unstructured":"Correll, D. N., Engle, K. M., Lin, S. S. H., Lac, A., & Samuelson, K. W. (2021). The effects of military status and gender on public stigma toward posttraumatic stress disorder. Stigma and Health, 6(2), 134\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/sah0000222","journal-title":"Stigma and Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10463_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1093\/clipsy.7.1.48","volume":"7","author":"P Corrigan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Corrigan, P. (2000). Mental health stigma as social attribution: Implications for research methods and attitude change. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7(1), 48\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clipsy.7.1.48","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice"},{"issue":"7","key":"10463_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.52.7.953","volume":"52","author":"P Corrigan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Corrigan, P., Green, A., Lundin, R., Kubiak, M. A., & Penn, D. L. (2001). Familiarity with and social distance from people who have serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 52(7), 953\u2013958. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.52.7.953","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"issue":"2","key":"10463_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.2307\/1519806","volume":"44","author":"P Corrigan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Corrigan, P., Markowitz, F. E., Watson, A., Rowan, D., & Kubiak, M. A. (2003). An attribution model of public discrimination towards persons with mental illness. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44(2), 162\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1519806","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"issue":"10","key":"10463_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201100529","volume":"63","author":"P Corrigan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Corrigan, P., Morris, S. B., Michaels, P. J., Rafacz, J. D., & R\u00fcsch, N. (2012). Challenging the public stigma of mental illness: A meta-analysis of outcome studies. Psychiatric Services, 63(10), 963\u2013973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.201100529","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"key":"10463_CR20","unstructured":"Dandeker, C. 2010. \u201cRecruiting the All-Volunteer Force:Continuity and Change in the British Army, 1963\u20132008.\u201d In The new citizen armies: Israel\u2019sarmed forces in comparative perspective, edited by S. Cohen. London, New York: Routledge."},{"key":"10463_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dighton, G., Roberts, E., Hoon, A. E., & Dymond, S. (2018).Gambling problems and the impact of family in UK armed forces veterans. Journal of behavioraladdictions, 7(2), 355-365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.7.2018.25","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.25"},{"issue":"1","key":"10463_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2022.2063923","volume":"23","author":"G Dighton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dighton, G., Wood, K., Armour, C., Fossey, M., Hogan, L., Kitchiner, N., Larcombe, J., Rogers, R. D., & Dymond, S. (2023). Gambling problems among united Kingdom armed forces veterans: Associations with gambling motivation and posttraumatic stress disorder. International Gambling Studies, 23(1), 35\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14459795.2022.2063923","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10463_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edmunds, T. (2012). British civil\u2014military relations and theproblem of risk. International affairs, 88(2), 265-282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2346.2012.01070.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2346.2012.01070.x"},{"key":"10463_CR24","unstructured":"Eldredge, L. K. B., Markham, C. M., Ruiter, R. A.,Fern\u00e1\u00e1ndez, M. E., Kok, G., & Parcel, G. S. (2016). Planning health promotion programs: anintervention mapping approach. John Wiley & Sons."},{"issue":"2","key":"10463_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.22038\/jmrh.2020.41650.1472","volume":"8","author":"F Erfanian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Erfanian, F., Roudsari, R. L., Haidari, A., & Bahmani, M. N. D. (2020). A narrative on the use of vignette: Its advantages and drawbacks. Journal of Midwifery & Reproductive Health, 8(2), 2134\u20132145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22038\/jmrh.2020.41650.1472","journal-title":"Journal of Midwifery & Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10463_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1027\/1614-1881.1.1.27","volume":"1","author":"H Finch","year":"2005","unstructured":"Finch, H. (2005). Comparison of the performance of nonparametric and parametric MANOVA test statistics when assumptions are violated. Methodology, 1(1), 27\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1614-1881.1.1.27","journal-title":"Methodology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10463_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2022.00019","volume":"11","author":"C Gartner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gartner, C., Bickl, A., H\u00e4rtl, S., Loy, J. K., & H\u00e4ffner, L. (2022). Differences in problem and pathological gambling: A narrative review considering sex and gender. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 11(2), 291\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.2022.00019","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"key":"10463_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gourlay, A., Mshana, G., Birdthistle, I., Bulugu, G., Zaba, B., & Urassa, M. (2014). Using vignettes in qualitative research to explore barriers and facilitating factors to the uptake of prevention of mother-to-child transmission services in rural tanzania: A critical analysis. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 14(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2288-14-21","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-21"},{"key":"10463_CR29","unstructured":"Gribble, R. J. (2012). The UK Armed Forces: Public Supportfor the Troops but not for the Missions? In British Social Attitudes 2012 NatCen National Centrefor Social Research. http:\/\/bsa-29.natcen.ac.uk"},{"issue":"3","key":"10463_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckaa013","volume":"30","author":"C Henderson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Henderson, C., Potts, L., & Robinson, E. J. (2020). Mental illness stigma after a decade of time to change england: Inequalities as targets for further improvement. European Journal of Public Health, 30(3), 497\u2013503.","journal-title":"European Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10463_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2021.2022636","volume":"31","author":"S Hermaszewska","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hermaszewska, S., Sweeney, A., & Sin, J. (2022). Time to change course in stigma research? Journal of Mental Health, 31(1), 1\u20134.","journal-title":"Journal of Mental Health"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10463_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e598","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usab283","volume":"187","author":"RE Heyman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Heyman, R. E., Slep, A. M. S., Parsons, A. M., Ellerbeck, E. L., & McMillan, K. K. (2022). Systematic review of the military career impact of mental health evaluation and treatment. Military Medicine, 187(5\u20136), e598\u2013e618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/usab283","journal-title":"Military Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10463_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1177\/0095327X14559975","volume":"41","author":"LA Hines","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hines, L. A., Gribble, R., Wessely, S., Dandeker, C., & Fear, N. T. (2015). Are the armed forces understood and supported by the public? A view from the united Kingdom. Armed Forces & Society, 41(4), 688\u2013713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0095327X14559975","journal-title":"Armed Forces & Society"},{"key":"10463_CR34","unstructured":"Hing, N. (2015). The stigma of problem gambling: Causes, characteristics and consequences. Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation. https:\/\/responsiblegambling.vic.gov.au\/resources\/publications\/the-stigma-of-problem-gambling-causes-characteristics-and-consequences-351\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"10463_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2014.896388","volume":"14","author":"N Hing","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hing, N., Holdsworth, L., Tiyce, M., & Breen, H. (2014). Stigma and problem gambling: Current knowledge and future research directions. International Gambling Studies, 14(2), 207\u2013218.","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"10463_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.5.2016.057","volume":"5","author":"N Hing","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hing, N., Russell, A. M. T., & Gainsbury, S. M. (2016a). Unpacking the public stigma of problem gambling: The process of stigma creation and predictors of social distancing. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(3), 448\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.5.2016.057","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"issue":"3","key":"10463_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-015-9580-8","volume":"32","author":"N Hing","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hing, N., Russell, A. M. T., Gainsbury, S. M., & Nuske, E. (2016b). The public stigma of problem gambling: Its nature and relative intensity compared to other health conditions. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(3), 847\u2013864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-015-9580-8","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10463_CR38","unstructured":"Holden, R. R., & Passey, J. (2009). Social desirability. In M. R. Leary, & R. H. Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in social behavior (pp. 441\u2013454). The Guilford Press."},{"issue":"5","key":"10463_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2008.27.5.505","volume":"27","author":"J Horch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Horch, J., & Hodgins, D. C. (2008). Public stigma of disordered gambling: Social distance, dangerousness, and familiarity. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(5), 505\u2013528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/jscp.2008.27.5.505","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10463_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2005.05.004","volume":"61","author":"PS Houts","year":"2006","unstructured":"Houts, P. S., Doak, C. C., Doak, L. G., & Loscalzo, M. J. (2006). The role of pictures in improving health communication: A review of research on attention, comprehension, recall, and adherence. Patient Education and Counselling, 61(2), 173\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pec.2005.05.004","journal-title":"Patient Education and Counselling"},{"issue":"1","key":"10463_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1921\/swssr.v11i1.428","volume":"11","author":"R Hughes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hughes, R., & Huby, M. (2004). The construction and interpretation of vignettes in social research. Social Work and Social Sciences Review, 11(1), 36\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1921\/swssr.v11i1.428","journal-title":"Social Work and Social Sciences Review"},{"key":"10463_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Iversen, A. C., van Staden, L., Hughes, J. H., Greenberg, N., Hotopf, M., Rona, R. J., Thornicroft, G., Wessely, S., & Fear, N. T. (2011). The stigma of mental health problems and other barriers to care in the UK armed forces. BMC Health Services Research, 11(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6963-11-31. Article 31.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-11-31"},{"key":"10463_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/military-2024-002726","author":"M Jones","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jones, M., Champion, H., Dighton, G., Larcombe, J., Fossey, M., & Dymond, S. (2024). Demographic characteristics, gambling engagement, mental health, and associations with harmful gambling risk among UK armed forces serving personnel. BMJ Military Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/military-2024-002726. Advance online publication.","journal-title":"BMJ Military Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10463_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/socf.12166","volume":"30","author":"M Kleykamp","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kleykamp, M., & Hipes, C. (2015). Coverage of veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan in the U.S. Media. Sociological Forum, 30(2), 348\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/socf.12166","journal-title":"Sociological Forum"},{"issue":"3","key":"10463_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2015.1077155","volume":"10","author":"G Kok","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kok, G., Gottlieb, N. H., Peters, G. J. Y., Mullen, P. D., Parcel, G. S., Ruiter, R. A. C., Fern\u00e1ndez, M. E., Markham, C., & Bartholomew, L. K. (2016). A taxonomy of behaviour change methods: An intervention mapping approach. Health Psychology Review, 10(3), 297\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17437199.2015.1077155","journal-title":"Health Psychology Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10463_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.363","volume":"27","author":"BG Link","year":"2001","unstructured":"Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 363\u2013385.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10463_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.9.1328","volume":"89","author":"BG Link","year":"1999","unstructured":"Link, B. G., Phelan, J. C., Bresnahan, M., Stueve, A., & Pescosolido, B. A. (1999). Public conceptions of mental illness: labels, causes, dangerousness, and social distance. American Journal of Public Health, 89(9), 1328\u20131333.","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10463_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/14751798.2011.557213","volume":"27","author":"H McCartney","year":"2011","unstructured":"McCartney, H. (2011). Hero, victim or villain? The public image of the British soldier and its implications for defence policy. Defence & Security Analysis, 27(1), 43\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14751798.2011.557213","journal-title":"Defence & Security Analysis"},{"key":"10463_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.12.010","volume":"126","author":"EE McGinty","year":"2015","unstructured":"McGinty, E. E., Goldman, H. H., Pescosolido, B., & Barry, C. L. (2015). Portraying mental illness and drug addiction as treatable health conditions: Effects of a randomised experiment on stigma and discrimination. Social Science & Medicine, 126, 73\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.12.010","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10463_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/13645579.2021.1901440","volume":"25","author":"LB McInroy","year":"2022","unstructured":"McInroy, L. B., & Beer, O. W. J. (2022). Adapting vignettes for internet-based research: Eliciting realistic responses to the digital milieu. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 25(3), 335\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13645579.2021.1901440","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Research Methodology"},{"key":"10463_CR51","unstructured":"Ministry of Defence (2025, February 11). Armed forces workforce. GOV.UK. https:\/\/www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk\/workforce-and-business\/workforce-diversity\/armed-forces-workforce\/latest\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"10463_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-01045-w","volume":"5","author":"N Muggleton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Muggleton, N., Parpart, P., Newall, P., Leake, D., Gathergood, J., & Stewart, N. (2021). The association between gambling and financial, social and health outcomes in big financial data. Nature Human Behaviour, 5(3), 319\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-020-01045-w","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"issue":"4","key":"10463_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2014-000344","volume":"161","author":"D Murphy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Murphy, D., & Busuttil, W. (2015). PTSD, stigma and barriers to help-seeking within the UK armed forces. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 161(4), 322\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jramc-2014-000344","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps"},{"key":"10463_CR54","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2025). Gambling-related harms: Identification, assessment and management (NICE Guideline No. 248). https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng248\/chapter\/recommendations#improving-access-to-treatment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10463_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1080\/21635781.2017.1355282","volume":"6","author":"L O\u2019Donnell","year":"2018","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell, L., Karlin, B., Landon, M. K., Dash, K., & Reed, G. (2018). Soldiers\u2019 recognition and response to mental health problems: Using vignettes to elicit attitudes and barriers to help seeking. Military Behavioral Health, 6(1), 82\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21635781.2017.1355282","journal-title":"Military Behavioral Health"},{"key":"10463_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paciello, M., Fida, R., Cerniglia, L., Tramontano, C., & Cole, E. (2013). High cost helping scenario: The role of empathy, prosocial reasoning and moraldisengagement on helping behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(1), 3-7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2012.11.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2012.11.004"},{"issue":"4","key":"10463_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1177\/0095327X18784238","volume":"45","author":"S Parrott","year":"2019","unstructured":"Parrott, S., Albright, D. L., Dyche, C., & Steele, H. G. (2019). Hero, charity case, and victim: How U.S. News media frame military veterans on Twitter. Armed Forces & Society, 45(4), 702\u2013722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0095327X18784238","journal-title":"Armed Forces & Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"10463_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1177\/17506352221113958","volume":"16","author":"K Parry","year":"2023","unstructured":"Parry, K., & Pitchford-Hyde, J. (2023). We May have bad days. That doesn\u2019t make Us killers\u2019: How military veterans perceive contemporary British media representations of military and post-military life. Media War & Conflict, 16(3), 440\u2013458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17506352221113958","journal-title":"Media War & Conflict"},{"issue":"1","key":"10463_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-018-9775-x","volume":"35","author":"SC Peter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peter, S. C., Li, Q., Pfund, R. A., Whelan, J. P., & Meyers, A. W. (2019). Public stigma across addictive behaviors: Casino gambling, eSports gambling, and internet gaming. Journal of Gambling Studies, 35(1), 247\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-018-9775-x","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"10463_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1177\/0095327X211070321","volume":"49","author":"RH Phillips","year":"2023","unstructured":"Phillips, R. H., Connelly, V., & Burgess, M. (2023). How do sociodemographic characteristics influence UK civilian opinions of UK armed forces Iraq and Afghanistan veterans? A mixed-method approach. Armed Forces & Society, 49(2), 419\u2013445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0095327X211070321","journal-title":"Armed Forces & Society"},{"key":"10463_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pritchard, A., & Dymond, S. (2022). Gambling problems and associated harms in United Kingdom Royal Air Force personnel. Addictive Behaviours, 126., Article 107200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107200"},{"key":"10463_CR62","unstructured":"Prolific Academic Ltd (2023). Prolific [Online research recruitment platform]. https:\/\/www.prolific.co"},{"key":"10463_CR63","unstructured":"Qualtrics (2023). Qualtrics [Survey software]. https:\/\/www.qualtrics.com"},{"issue":"4","key":"10463_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-022-00437-4","volume":"9","author":"L Quigley","year":"2022","unstructured":"Quigley, L. (2022). Gambling disorder and stigma: Opportunities for treatment and prevention. Current Addiction Reports, 9(4), 410\u2013419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40429-022-00437-4","journal-title":"Current Addiction Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"10463_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.21061\/jvs.v6i1.156","volume":"6","author":"H Schmidt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schmidt, H. (2020). Hero-worship or manipulative and oversimplifying: How america\u2019s current and former military service members perceive military-related news reporting. Journal of Veterans Studies, 6(1), 47\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21061\/jvs.v6i1.156","journal-title":"Journal of Veterans Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10463_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxu012","volume":"37","author":"ML Sharp","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sharp, M. L., Fear, N. T., Rona, R. J., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., Jones, N., & Goodwin, L. (2015). Stigma as a barrier to seeking health care among military personnel with mental health problems. Epidemiologic Reviews, 37(1), 144\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/epirev\/mxu012","journal-title":"Epidemiologic Reviews"},{"issue":"11","key":"10463_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e950","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00167-1","volume":"9","author":"H Wardle","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wardle, H., Degenhardt, L., Marionneau, V., Reith, G., Livingstone, C., Sparrow, M., Tran, L. T., Biggar, B., Bunn, C., Farrell, M., Kesaite, V., Poznyak, V., Quan, J., Rehm, J., Rintoul, A., Sharma, M., Shiffman, J., Siste, K., Ukhova, D., & Saxena, S. (2024). The lancet public health commission on gambling. The Lancet Public Health, 9(11), e950\u2013e994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00167-1","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"10463_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wilcox, R. R. (2003). Summarising data. In R. R. Wilcox (Ed.), Applying contemporary statistical techniques (pp. 55\u201391). Academic Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-012751541-0\/50024-9","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012751541-0\/50024-9"},{"key":"10463_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang, L., Zhang, X., & Chen, J. (2024). Winsorization greatly reduces false positives by popular differential expression methods when analyzing human population samples. Genome Biology, 25(1). Article 282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13059-024-03230-w.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-024-03230-w"},{"key":"10463_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, O. Y., Greene, D., & Dolnicar, S. (2024). Should the risk ofsocial desirability bias in survey studies be assessed at the level of each pro-environmentalbehaviour?. Tourism Management, 104,104933.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tourman.2024.104933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2024.104933"}],"container-title":["Journal of Gambling Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10463-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10463-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10463-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T22:02:17Z","timestamp":1774303337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10463-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10463"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10463-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-3602"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-3602","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosures"}}]}}