{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T15:38:31Z","timestamp":1789486711115,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bavarian State Ministry of Public Health and Care Services","award":["Bavarian State Ministry of Public Health and Care Services"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Bavarian State Ministry of Public Health and Care Services"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Gambl Stud"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Gambling Disorder (GD) is a behavioural addiction with complex, detrimental psychological, economic, and social consequences. Previous research has examined gender differences in the prevalence of distinct gambling motives and has linked gambling motives to at-risk behaviour. Whether motives affect probabilities of transition to higher GD severity levels differently in males and females remains unclear.\u00a0Using an online self-test, we assessed the prevalence distinct GD severity levels according to the DSM-5 criteria and gambling motives with items addressing domains of the \u201cGambling Motives Questionnaire \u2013 Financial\u201d (GFQ-F). Associations between motives and GD severity at three transition points (no GD to mild, mild to moderate, moderate to severe GD) were analysed using age-adjusted logistic adjacent category regression models. Interaction terms (motive*gender) were examined to detect gender-specific \u201ceffects\u201d. Furthermore gender-stratified models were run.\u00a0No significant gender*motive interactions emerged. In the total sample, a transition to a higher GD severity level was predicted by: \u201c(to) Forget worries\u201d, \u201cWhen depressed,\u201d and \u201c(to) Earn money\u201d at each transition point; \u201cThrill\u201d and \u201cStress\u201d at the first two points, and \u201cBoredom\u201d at the first point. In males, the results were nearly identical. In females only \u201cThrill\u201d, \u201cBoredom\u201d, and \u201c(to) Earn money\u201d were predictive at the first transition point.\u00a0Given the prevalence of coping motives in females and the consistent detrimental \u201ceffect\u201d of coping and financial motives in males, these motives should be prioritized in treatment and support offers for both genders. For prevention, strategies targeting enhancement motives may be particularly effective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-025-10470-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T14:21:44Z","timestamp":1771856504000},"page":"1207-1221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations Between Gambling Motives and More Severe Gambling Disorder \u2013 Does Gender Matter?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9402-7700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larissa","family":"Schwarzkopf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Rosenboom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Pitzschel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2333-9846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas Manuel","family":"Bickl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"10470_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-024-01354-5","author":"O Alaba-Ekpo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alaba-Ekpo, O., Caudwell, K. M., & Flack, M. (2024). Examining the strength of the association between problem gambling and gambling to escape. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-024-01354-5. Advance online publication.","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"issue":"11","key":"10470_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15449","volume":"116","author":"Y Allami","year":"2021","unstructured":"Allami, Y., Hodgins, D. C., Young, M., Brunelle, N., Currie, S., Dufour, M., Flores-Pajot, M. C., & Nadeau, L. (2021). A meta-analysis of problem gambling risk factors in the general adult population. Addiction, 116(11), 2968\u20132977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15449","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"10470_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-024-10356-w","volume":"41","author":"Y Allami","year":"2025","unstructured":"Allami, Y., Gooding, N. B., Young, M. M., & Hodgins, D. C. (2025). Why you gamble matters: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between gambling motivation and problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 41(1), 37\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-024-10356-w","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10470_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric, A.","year":"2022","unstructured":"American Psychiatric, A. (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"issue":"5","key":"10470_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00015.x","volume":"97","author":"A Blaszczynski","year":"2002","unstructured":"Blaszczynski, A., & Nower, L. (2002). A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling. Addiction, 97(5), 487\u2013499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00015.x","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"10470_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1990.67.1.35","volume":"67","author":"A Blaszczynski","year":"1990","unstructured":"Blaszczynski, A., McConaghy, N., & Frankova, A. (1990). Boredom proneness in pathological gambling. Psychological Reports, 67(1), 35\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pr0.1990.67.1.35","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"10470_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1009213726","volume":"16","author":"L Breiman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Breiman, L. (2001). Statistical modeling: The two cultures (with comments and a rejoinder by the author). Statistical Science, 16(3), 199\u2013231.","journal-title":"Statistical Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10470_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245918823199","volume":"2","author":"PC B\u00fcrkner","year":"2019","unstructured":"B\u00fcrkner, P. C., & Vuorre, M. (2019). Ordinal regression models in psychology: A tutorial. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 2(1), 77\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2515245918823199","journal-title":"Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10470_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000060","volume":"29","author":"N Canale","year":"2015","unstructured":"Canale, N., Vieno, A., Griffiths, M. D., Rubaltelli, E., & Santinello, M. (2015). How do impulsivity traits influence problem gambling through gambling motives? The role of perceived gambling risk\/benefits. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 29(3), 813\u2013823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/adb0000060","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10470_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-023-01238-0","volume":"23","author":"KM Caudwell","year":"2025","unstructured":"Caudwell, K. M., Bacovic, I., & Flack, M. (2025). What role do maladaptive coping and escape expectancies play in the relationship between stress and problem gambling? Testing a moderated mediation model. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 23, 2446\u20132459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-023-01238-0","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"key":"10470_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18105180","author":"J Choi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choi, J., & Kim, K. (2021). The relationship between impulsiveness, self-esteem, irrational gambling belief and problem gambling moderating effects of gender. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18105180","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10470_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fmch-2019-000262","volume":"8","author":"MZI Chowdhury","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chowdhury, M. Z. I., & Turin, T. C. (2020). Variable selection strategies and its importance in clinical prediction modelling. Family Medicine and Community Health, 8(1), Article e000262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/fmch-2019-000262","journal-title":"Family Medicine and Community Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10470_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.8.2019.29","volume":"8","author":"M Ciccarelli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ciccarelli, M., Cosenza, M., Griffiths, M. D., D\u2019Olimpio, F., & Nigro, G. (2019). The interplay between chasing behavior, time perspective, and gambling severity: An experimental study. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(2), 259\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.8.2019.29","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"issue":"1","key":"10470_CR14","first-page":"17","volume":"37","author":"DC Clarke","year":"2008","unstructured":"Clarke, D. C., J (2008). Gambling behaviour and motivation in an urban sample of older adult gamblers. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 37(1), 17\u201327.","journal-title":"New Zealand Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10470_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/14459790701601455","volume":"7","author":"D Clarke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Clarke, D., Tse, S., Abbott, M. W., Townsend, S., Kingi, P., & Manaia, W. (2007). Reasons for starting and continuing gambling in a mixed ethnic community sample of pathological and non-problem gamblers. International Gambling Studies, 7(3), 299\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14459790701601455","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10470_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2012.10.001","volume":"36","author":"MA Donati","year":"2013","unstructured":"Donati, M. A., Chiesi, F., & Primi, C. (2013). A model to explain at-risk\/problem gambling among male and female adolescents: Gender similarities and differences. Journal of Adolescence, 36(1), 129\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2012.10.001","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10470_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-010-9205-1","volume":"27","author":"E Echeburua","year":"2011","unstructured":"Echeburua, E., Gonzalez-Ortega, I., de Corral, P., & Polo-Lopez, R. (2011). Clinical gender differences among adult pathological gamblers seeking treatment. Journal of Gambling Studies, 27(2), 215\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-010-9205-1","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"6","key":"10470_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15060598","volume":"15","author":"E Emir","year":"2025","unstructured":"Emir, E., Ak\u00e7a, E., Badau, A., & Badau, D. (2025). The dark side of leisure time: Analysis of the predictive effects between boredom, internet usage habits, and gambling behaviors. Brain Sciences, 15(6), 598.","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"10470_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2022.2088822","volume":"22","author":"MA Ferrari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ferrari, M. A., Limbrick-Oldfield, E. H., & Clark, L. (2022). Behavioral analysis of habit formation in modern slot machine gambling. International Gambling Studies, 22(2), 317\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14459795.2022.2088822","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"10470_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3416","volume":"14","author":"L Ferro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ferro, L., Monaci, M. G., & Scacchi, L. (2024). Emotions and motivations of gambling: A comparison between scratch card, slot-machines, and casino gamblers. Brain and Behavior, 14(3), Article e3416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.3416","journal-title":"Brain and Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"10470_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2018.1505936","volume":"19","author":"M Flack","year":"2018","unstructured":"Flack, M., & Stevens, M. (2018). Gambling motivation: Comparisons across gender and preferred activity. International Gambling Studies, 19(1), 69\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14459795.2018.1505936","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"10470_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-025-10374-2","volume":"41","author":"CG Floyd","year":"2025","unstructured":"Floyd, C. G., Connolly, A. J., Tahk, R. K., Stall, L. M., Kraus, S. W., & Grubbs, J. B. (2025). The role of social deficits in the link between social gambling motives and problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 41(3), 1145\u20131162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10374-2","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"10470_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-009-9162-8","volume":"26","author":"EE Fortune","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fortune, E. E., & Goodie, A. S. (2010). The relationship between pathological gambling and sensation seeking: The role of subscale scores. Journal of Gambling Studies, 26(3), 331\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-009-9162-8","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"10470_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124109346162","volume":"38","author":"AS Fullerton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fullerton, A. S. (2009). A conceptual framework for ordered logistic regression models. Sociological Methods & Research, 38(2), 306\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0049124109346162","journal-title":"Sociological Methods & Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10470_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124115613781","volume":"47","author":"AX Fullerton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fullerton, A. X., J (2015). Constrained and unconstrained partial adjacent category logit models for ordinal response variables. Sociological Methods & Research, 47(2), 169\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0049124115613781","journal-title":"Sociological Methods & Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10470_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.36131\/cnfioritieditore20240407","volume":"21","author":"N Girone","year":"2024","unstructured":"Girone, N., Limosani, I., Ciliberti, C., Turco, M., Longo, L., Colletti, M. A., Cocchi, M., Zita, G., Fiocchi, M. I., Benatti, B., Vigan\u00f2, C., Percudani, M., & Dell\u2019Osso, B. (2024). Gender differences in gambling disorder: Results from an Italian Multicentric Study. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 21(4), 313\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36131\/cnfioritieditore20240407","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropsychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10470_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1159\/000342311","volume":"19","author":"I Gonz\u00e1lez-Ortega","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ortega, I., Echebur\u00faa, E., Corral, P., Polo-L\u00f3pez, R., & Alberich, S. (2013). Predictors of pathological gambling severity taking gender differences into account. European Addiction Research, 19(3), 146\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000342311","journal-title":"European Addiction Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10470_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2022.00003","volume":"11","author":"H Hagfors","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hagfors, H., Castren, S., & Salonen, A. H. (2022). How gambling motives are associated with socio-demographics and gambling behavior - A Finnish population study. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 11(1), 63\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.2022.00003","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"issue":"4","key":"10470_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-014-9507-9","volume":"31","author":"N Hing","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hing, N., Russell, A., Blaszczynski, A., & Gainsbury, S. M. (2015). What\u2019s in a name? Assessing the accuracy of self-identifying as a professional or semi-professional gambler. Journal of Gambling Studies, 31(4), 1799\u20131818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-014-9507-9","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"10470_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-015-9548-8","volume":"32","author":"N Hing","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hing, N., Russell, A., Tolchard, B., & Nower, L. (2016). Risk factors for gambling problems: An analysis by gender. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 511\u2013534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-015-9548-8","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"6","key":"10470_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-015-9572-z","volume":"13","author":"DC Hodgins","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hodgins, D. C., & Holub, A. (2015). Components of impulsivity in gambling disorder. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 13(6), 699\u2013711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-015-9572-z","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"issue":"6","key":"10470_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.19087","volume":"72","author":"JH Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim, J. H. (2019). Multicollinearity and misleading statistical results. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 72(6), 558\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4097\/kja.19087","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10470_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.38","volume":"7","author":"K Krause","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krause, K., Bischof, A., Lewin, S., Guertler, D., Rumpf, H. J., John, U., & Meyer, C. (2018). Explaining the relation between pathological gambling and depression: Rumination as an underlying common cause. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(2), 384\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.7.2018.38","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"issue":"1","key":"10470_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2005.08.017","volume":"144","author":"DM Ledgerwood","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ledgerwood, D. M., & Petry, N. M. (2006). Psychological experience of gambling and subtypes of pathological gamblers. Psychiatry Research, 144(1), 17\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2005.08.017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"10470_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2023.107742","volume":"144","author":"BN Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee, B. N., & Grubbs, J. B. (2023). Problem gambling within sexual and gender minorities: A systematic review. Addictive Behaviors, 144, 107742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2023.107742","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"8","key":"10470_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.03.038","volume":"68","author":"J Lloyd","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lloyd, J., Doll, H., Hawton, K., Dutton, W. H., Geddes, J. R., Goodwin, G. M., & Rogers, R. D. (2010). How psychological symptoms relate to different motivations for gambling: An online study of internet gamblers. Biological Psychiatry, 68(8), 733\u2013740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.03.038","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10470_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-023-10272-5","volume":"40","author":"ML Malkin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Malkin, M. L., & Stacey, M. (2024). Gambling behavior among LGBTQ\u2009+\u2009individuals: The role of gender and gender identity. Journal of Gambling Studies, 40(2), 1037\u20131060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-023-10272-5","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10470_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08822-2","volume":"20","author":"A Mazar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mazar, A., Zorn, M., Becker, N., & Volberg, R. A. (2020). Gambling formats, involvement, and problem gambling: Which types of gambling are more risky? BMC Public Health, 20(1), 711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-08822-2","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10470_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-019-0284-8","volume":"16","author":"S McCarthy","year":"2019","unstructured":"McCarthy, S., Thomas, S. L., Bellringer, M. E., & Cassidy, R. (2019). Women and gambling-related harm: A narrative literature review and implications for research, policy, and practice. Harm Reduction Journal, 16(1), 18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-019-0284-8","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"issue":"9","key":"10470_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2012.12.004","volume":"66","author":"R Mizerski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mizerski, R., Mizerski, K., Lam, D., & Lee, A. (2013). Gamblers\u2019 habit. Journal of Business Research, 66(9), 1605\u20131611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2012.12.004","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"10470_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.10.002","volume":"65","author":"H Myrseth","year":"2017","unstructured":"Myrseth, H., & Notelaers, G. (2017). Is the gambling motives questionnaire really three-dimensional? A proposition of a four-dimensional gambling motives questionnaire - Revised. Addictive Behaviors, 65, 68\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.10.002","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"10470_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2023.01.004","volume":"27","author":"K Neophytou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Neophytou, K., Theodorou, M., Artemi, T. F., Theodorou, C., & Panayiotou, G. (2023). Gambling to escape: A systematic review of the relationship between avoidant emotion regulation\/coping strategies and gambling severity. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 27, 126\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcbs.2023.01.004","journal-title":"Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"10470_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2002.10812.x","volume":"17","author":"MN Potenza","year":"2002","unstructured":"Potenza, M. N., Fiellin, D. A., Heninger, G. R., Rounsaville, B. J., & Mazure, C. M. (2002). Gambling: An addictive behavior with health and primary care implications. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 17(9), 721\u2013732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2002.10812.x","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10470_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000399","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmed-2022-000399","volume":"2","author":"JE Rudolph","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rudolph, J. E., Zhong, Y., Duggal, P., Mehta, S. H., & Lau, B. (2023). Defining representativeness of study samples in medical and population health research. BMJ Medicine, 2(1), e000399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjmed-2022-000399","journal-title":"BMJ Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10470_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2015.1088559","volume":"16","author":"BJI Schellenberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schellenberg, B. J. I., McGrath, D. S., & Dechant, K. (2015). The gambling motives questionnaire financial: Factor structure, measurement invariance, and relationships with gambling behaviour. International Gambling Studies, 16(1), 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14459795.2015.1088559","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10470_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3233\/KES-221622","volume":"27","author":"PS Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh, P. S., & Parprzycki, S., M (2023). Detection and elimination of multicollinearity in regression analysis. International Journal of Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Engineering Systems, 27(1), 105\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/KES-221622","journal-title":"International Journal of Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Engineering Systems"},{"key":"10470_CR47","unstructured":"Staatsvertrag zur Neuregulierung\u00a0des Gl\u00fccksspielwesens in Deutschland\u00a0(Gl\u00fccksspielstaatsvertrag 2021 \u2013 Gl\u00fcStV 2021).\u00a0Bundesratsbeschluss, Drucksache209\/21 (Beschluss). available from\u00a0https:\/\/www.bundesrat.de\/SharedDocs\/drucksachen\/2021\/0201-0300\/209-21(B).pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1[1]"},{"issue":"2","key":"10470_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.22.2.257","volume":"22","author":"SH Stewart","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stewart, S. H., Zack, M., Collins, P., & Klein, R. M. (2008). Subtyping pathological gamblers on the basis of affective motivations for gambling: Relations to gambling problems, drinking problems, and affective motivations for drinking. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22(2), 257\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0893-164X.22.2.257","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10470_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.1.180","volume":"160","author":"R Stinchfield","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stinchfield, R. (2003). Reliability, validity, and classification accuracy of a measure of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(1), 180\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.1.180","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10470_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-016-9607-9","volume":"32","author":"K Sundqvist","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sundqvist, K., Jonsson, J., & Wennberg, P. (2016). Gambling motives in a representative Swedish sample of risk gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(4), 1231\u20131241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-016-9607-9","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"8","key":"10470_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15080794","volume":"15","author":"G Tagliaferri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tagliaferri, G., Mart\u00ed-Vilar, M., Frisari, F. V., Quaglieri, A., Mari, E., Burrai, J., Giannini, A. M., & Cricenti, C. (2025). Connected by boredom: A systematic review of the role of trait boredom in problematic technology use. Brain Sciences, 15(8), 794.","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"key":"10470_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17238986","author":"F Tani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tani, F., Ponti, L., & Ghinassi, S. (2020). Sensation seeking and gambling behavior in adolescence: Can externalizing problems moderate this relationship? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17238986","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10470_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e594","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00126-9","volume":"9","author":"LT Tran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tran, L. T., Wardle, H., Colledge-Frisby, S., Taylor, S., Lynch, M., Rehm, J., Volberg, R., Marionneau, V., Saxena, S., Bunn, C., Farrell, M., & Degenhardt, L. (2024). The prevalence of gambling and problematic gambling: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 9(8), e594\u2013e613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00126-9","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"10470_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Timmeren, T., & Clark, L. (2025). Does the habit theory of addictions extend to disordered gambling? https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31219\/osf.io\/s8ukq_v1","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/s8ukq_v1"},{"issue":"2","key":"10470_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/01490400590912042","volume":"27","author":"GJ Walker","year":"2005","unstructured":"Walker, G. J., Hinch, T. D., & Weighill, A. J. (2005). Inter- and intra-gender similarities and differences in motivations for casino gambling. Leisure Sciences, 27(2), 111\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01490400590912042","journal-title":"Leisure Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10470_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-008-9174-0","volume":"7","author":"HG Wenzel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wenzel, H. G., & Dahl, A. A. (2008). Female pathological gamblers\u2014A critical review of the clinical findings. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 7(1), 190\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-008-9174-0","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"10470_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-012-9305-1","volume":"29","author":"G Wong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wong, G., Zane, N., Saw, A., & Chan, A. K. (2013). Examining gender differences for gambling engagement and gambling problems among emerging adults. Journal of Gambling Studies, 29(2), 171\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-012-9305-1","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"6","key":"10470_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-021-06098-5","volume":"239","author":"O Yakobi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yakobi, O., & Danckert, J. (2021). Boredom proneness is associated with noisy decision-making, not risk-taking. Experimental Brain Research, 239(6), 1807\u20131825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-021-06098-5","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"10470_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v032.i10","volume":"32","author":"T Yee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yee, T. (2010). The VGAM package for categorical data analysis. Journal of Statistical Software, 32(10), 1\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v032.i10","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"}],"container-title":["Journal of Gambling Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10470-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10470-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10470-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:14:31Z","timestamp":1789478071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10470-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10470"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10470-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-3602"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-3602","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Analyses were conducted with fully anonymised data. Therefore, approval from an ethics committee is not required. Informational materials on the web page of the self-test indicate the data is used for research, with participation indicating informed consent.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval and Informed Consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors declare they have no financial or immaterial competing interests directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}