{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T15:38:31Z","timestamp":1789486711100,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005743","name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005743","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Gambl Stud"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-026-10479-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T08:52:56Z","timestamp":1772614376000},"page":"905-924","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Patterns of Gambling and Other Risky Behaviors among Adolescents. A Latent Class Analysis Study on the 2021\/22 Health Behaviors in School Children Survey Data"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5974-4106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Aresi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8067-1988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Arienti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2119-5148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Marta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1391-5667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corrado","family":"Celata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9746-1417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giusi","family":"Gelmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The HBSC Lombardy Committee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Leoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Crottogini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Lobascio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Pirrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danilo","family":"Cereda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana","family":"Volta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Chinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuliana","family":"Rocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ornella","family":"Perego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Ghidini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Impagliazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alida","family":"Bonacina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Stefania","family":"Bellesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorella","family":"Vicari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Rubagotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilenia","family":"Fontana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Di Cosimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Molteni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Ghislanzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Cremonesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Manna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Stampini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Sacchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annarita","family":"Fumarola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Casalini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maristella","family":"Colombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"10479_CR1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5","author":"APA","year":"2013","unstructured":"APA. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. American Psychiatric Association."},{"key":"10479_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aresi, G., & Bloomfield, K. (2021). Cultural differences in alcohol consumption: The state of the art and new perspectives on drinking culture research. In R. Cooke, D. Conroy, E. L. Davies, M. S. Hagger, & R. de Visser (Eds.), The palgrave handbook of psychological perspectives on alcohol consumption (pp. 159\u2013184). Palgrave Macmillan. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-66941-6_7","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-66941-6_7"},{"issue":"3","key":"10479_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1080\/15332640.2021.1956391","volume":"22","author":"G Aresi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aresi, G., Cleveland, M. J., Beccaria, F., & Marta, E. (2023a). Variations in acceptability of heavy alcohol use and gender double standards across drinking cultures. A U.S.A. \u2013 Italy study. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 22(3), 516\u2013532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15332640.2021.1956391","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse"},{"issue":"3","key":"10479_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agx109","volume":"53","author":"G Aresi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aresi, G., Cleveland, M. J., Marta, E., & Alfieri, S. (2018). Patterns of alcohol use in Italian emerging adults: A latent class analysis study. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 53(3), 294\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/alcalc\/agx109","journal-title":"Alcohol and Alcoholism"},{"issue":"5","key":"10479_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.2704","volume":"33","author":"G Aresi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aresi, G., Ferrari, V., Marta, E., & Sim\u00f5es, F. (2023b). Youth involvement in alcohol and drug prevention: A systematic review. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 33(5), 1256\u20131279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/casp.2704","journal-title":"Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10479_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1080\/13676261.2015.1059931","volume":"19","author":"G Aresi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aresi, G., & Pedersen, E. R. (2016). \u2018That right level of intoxication\u2019: A grounded theory study on young adults\u2019 drinking in nightlife settings. Journal of Youth Studies, 19(2), 204\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13676261.2015.1059931","journal-title":"Journal of Youth Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"10479_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s10935-022-00675-2","volume":"43","author":"G Aresi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aresi, G., Sorgente, A., Cleveland, M. J., & Marta, E. (2022). Patterns of alcohol use among Italian young adults before and during a COVID-19 lockdown: A latent class analysis study. Journal of Prevention, 43(2), 191\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10935-022-00675-2","journal-title":"Journal of Prevention"},{"issue":"3","key":"10479_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e143","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00026-8","volume":"6","author":"R Armitage","year":"2021","unstructured":"Armitage, R. (2021). Gambling among adolescents: An emerging public health problem. The Lancet Public Health, 6(3), e143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00026-8","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10479_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-023-01167-y","volume":"23","author":"B Armoon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Armoon, B., Griffiths, M. D., Fleury, M.-J., Mohammadi, R., & Bayat, A.-H. (2025). The global prevalence of problem and pathological gambling and its associated factors among individuals with substance use disorders: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 23(2), 1241\u20131274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-023-01167-y","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"10479_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260503500202","volume":"35","author":"JJ Arnett","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arnett, J. J. (2005). The developmental context of substance use in emerging adulthood. Journal of Drug Issues, 35(2), 235\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002204260503500202","journal-title":"Journal of Drug Issues"},{"key":"10479_CR11","unstructured":"Badura, P. C. E., Garc\u00eda-Moya, I., L\u00f6fstedt P., Melkumova, M., Sotiroska, K., Wilson, M., Brown, J., & Inchley, J. (2024). A focus on adolescent social contexts in Europe, central Asia and Canada. Health Behaviour in School-aged Children international report from the 2021\/2022 survey. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/379486. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/379486"},{"key":"10479_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2018.02.007","volume":"51","author":"PB Barr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barr, P. B. (2018). Neighborhood conditions and trajectories of alcohol use and misuse across the early life course. Health & Place, 51, 36\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthplace.2018.02.007","journal-title":"Health & Place"},{"key":"10479_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/yd.20086","author":"GJ Botvin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Botvin, G. J., & Griffin, K. W. (2014a). Life skills training: Preventing substance misuse by enhancing individual and social competence. New Directions for Youth Development. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/yd.20086","journal-title":"New Directions for Youth Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"10479_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-014-0461-7","volume":"15","author":"GJ Botvin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Botvin, G. J., & Griffin, K. W. (2014b). Toward the development of preventive interventions to reduce HRSB, HIV\/AIDS, and multiple problem behaviors. Prevention Science, 15(1), 81\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-014-0461-7","journal-title":"Prevention Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10479_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntw133","volume":"19","author":"MT Braverman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Braverman, M. T., Stawski, R. S., Samdal, O., & Aar\u00f8, L. E. (2016). Daily smoking and subjective health complaints in adolescence. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 19(1), 102\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntw133","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10479_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-22262-w","volume":"25","author":"MM Brennan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brennan, M. M., Mongan, D., Doyle, A., Millar, S. R., Cavallaro, M., Zgaga, L., Smyth, B. P., Nixon, E., Ivers, J.-H., Galvin, B., Walsh, C., McCrory, C., & McCarthy, N. D. (2025). Early and risky adolescent alcohol use independently predict alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other drug use in early adulthood in Ireland: A longitudinal analysis of a nationally representative cohort. BMC Public Health, 25(1), Article 1129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-025-22262-w","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10479_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (2007). The bioecological model of human development. In W. Damon, R. M. Lerner, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (pp. 795\u2013825). Wiley. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780470147658.chpsy0114","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470147658.chpsy0114"},{"issue":"3","key":"10479_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.043","volume":"6","author":"A Buja","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buja, A., Lion, C., Scioni, M., Vian, P., Genetti, B., Vittadello, F., Sperotto, M., Simeoni, E., & Baldo, V. (2017). SOGS-RA gambling scores and substance use in adolescents. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(3), 425\u2013433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.6.2017.043","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"key":"10479_CR19","volume-title":"The pattern of human concern","author":"H Cantril","year":"1965","unstructured":"Cantril, H. (1965). The pattern of human concern. Rutgers University Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"10479_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/1757975919848925","volume":"27","author":"V Cassetti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cassetti, V., Powell, K., Barnes, A., & Sanders, T. (2020). A systematic scoping review of asset-based approaches to promote health in communities: Development of a framework. Global Health Promotion, 27(3), 15\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1757975919848925","journal-title":"Global Health Promotion"},{"key":"10479_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.03.020","volume":"72","author":"SR Chamberlain","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chamberlain, S. R., Stochl, J., Redden, S. A., Odlaug, B. L., & Grant, J. E. (2017). Latent class analysis of gambling subtypes and impulsive\/compulsive associations: Time to rethink diagnostic boundaries for gambling disorder? Addictive Behaviors, 72, 79\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.03.020","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10479_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029987","volume":"27","author":"F Chiesi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chiesi, F., Donati, M. A., Galli, S., & Primi, C. (2013). The suitability of the South Oaks Gambling Screen-Revised for Adolescents (SOGS-RA) as a screening tool: IRT-based evidence. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(1), 287\u2013293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0029987","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"2","key":"10479_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-025-10387-x","volume":"41","author":"C Davis","year":"2025","unstructured":"Davis, C., Davidson, K., Arden-Close, E., Bolat, E., & Panourgia, C. (2025). Mitigating gambling-related harms in children and young people: A scoping review of interventions. Journal of Gambling Studies, 41(2), 515\u2013566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-025-10387-x","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"10479_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-016-0105-z","volume":"3","author":"P Delfabbro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Delfabbro, P., King, D. L., & Derevensky, J. L. (2016). Adolescent gambling and problem gambling: Prevalence, current issues, and concerns. Current Addiction Reports, 3(3), 268\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40429-016-0105-z","journal-title":"Current Addiction Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"10479_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-005-0887-2","volume":"15","author":"KB DeSalvo","year":"2006","unstructured":"DeSalvo, K. B., Fisher, W. P., Tran, K., Bloser, N., Merrill, W., & Peabody, J. (2006). Assessing measurement properties of two single-item general health measures. Quality of Life Research, 15(2), 191\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-005-0887-2","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10479_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-014-9501-2","volume":"31","author":"JD Edgerton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Edgerton, J. D., Melnyk, T. S., & Roberts, L. W. (2015). Problem gambling and the youth-to-adulthood transition: Assessing problem gambling severity trajectories in a sample of young adults. Journal of Gambling Studies, 31(4), 1463\u20131485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-014-9501-2","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10479_CR27","unstructured":"ESPAD. (2025). Key findings from the 2024 European school survey project on alcohol and other drugs (ESPAD). Retrieved 2025-10-01 https:\/\/www.euda.europa.eu\/publications\/data-factsheets\/espad-2024-key-findings_en"},{"issue":"1","key":"10479_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04218-1","volume":"22","author":"A Gerdner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gerdner, A., & H\u00e5kansson, A. (2022). Prevalence and comorbidity in a Swedish adolescent community sample \u2013 gambling, gaming, substance use, and other psychiatric disorders. BMC Psychiatry, 22(1), Article 594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-022-04218-1","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10479_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2013.824468","volume":"49","author":"TD Gilreath","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gilreath, T. D., Astor, R. A., Estrada, J. N., Johnson, R. M., Benbenishty, R., & Unger, J. B. (2014). Substance use among adolescents in California: A latent class analysis. Substance Use & Misuse, 49(1\u20132), 116\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10826084.2013.824468","journal-title":"Substance Use & Misuse"},{"issue":"suppl_1","key":"10479_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i11","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdr112","volume":"34","author":"DR Hale","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hale, D. R., & Viner, R. M. (2012). Policy responses to multiple risk behaviours in adolescents. Journal of Public Health, 34(suppl_1), i11\u2013i19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pubmed\/fdr112","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10479_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20365","volume":"37","author":"PA Hasking","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hasking, P. A., Scheier, L. M., & Abdallah, A. B. (2011). The three latent classes of adolescent delinquency and the risk factors for membership in each class. Aggressive Behavior, 37(1), 19\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ab.20365","journal-title":"Aggressive Behavior"},{"issue":"5","key":"10479_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2016.1197031","volume":"38","author":"K-w Ho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ho, K.-w. (2017). Risk factors of adolescent pathological gambling: Permissive gambling culture and individual factors. Deviant Behavior, 38(5), 533\u2013548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01639625.2016.1197031","journal-title":"Deviant Behavior"},{"issue":"7","key":"10479_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.27361","volume":"14","author":"H Hsiung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hsiung, H., Patel, K., Hundal, H., Baccouche, B. M., & Tsao, K. W. (2022). Preventing substance abuse in adolescents: A review of high-impact strategies. Cureus, 14(7), Article e27361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.27361","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10479_CR34","volume-title":"Health behaviour in school-aged children (HBSC) study protocol: Background, methodology and mandatory items for the 2021\/22 survey","author":"J Inchley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Inchley, J., Currie, D., Samdal, O., J\u00e5stad, A., Cosma, A., & Nic Gabhainn, S. (2023). Health behaviour in school-aged children (HBSC) study protocol: Background, methodology and mandatory items for the 2021\/22 survey. MRC\/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit."},{"issue":"4","key":"10479_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-2297(92)90014-S","volume":"12","author":"R Jessor","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jessor, R. (1992). Risk behavior in adolescence: A psychosocial framework for understanding and action. Developmental Review, 12(4), 374\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0273-2297(92)90014-S","journal-title":"Developmental Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"10479_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113541","volume":"117","author":"GA Kaplan","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kaplan, G. A., & Camacho, T. (1983). Perceived health and mortality: A nine-year follow-up of the human population laboratory cohort. American Journal of Epidemiology, 117(3), 292\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113541","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10479_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1097\/adm.0000000000000074","volume":"8","author":"G Kong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kong, G., Tsai, J., Krishnan-Sarin, S., Cavallo, D. A., Hoff, R. A., Steinberg, M. A., Rugle, L., & Potenza, M. N. (2014). A latent class analysis of pathological-gambling criteria among high school students: Associations with gambling, risk and health\/functioning characteristics. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 8(6), 421\u2013430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/adm.0000000000000074","journal-title":"Journal of Addiction Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10479_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-018-9754-2","volume":"34","author":"DT Kryszajtys","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kryszajtys, D. T., Hahmann, T. E., Schuler, A., Hamilton-Wright, S., Ziegler, C. P., & Matheson, F. I. (2018). Problem gambling and delinquent behaviours among adolescents: A scoping review. Journal of Gambling Studies, 34(3), 893\u2013914. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-018-9754-2","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10479_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1360-y","volume":"15","author":"R Langford","year":"2015","unstructured":"Langford, R., Bonell, C., Jones, H., Pouliou, T., Murphy, S., Waters, E., Komro, K., Gibbs, L., Magnus, D., & Campbell, R. (2015). The World Health Organization\u2019s health promoting schools framework: A Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 15(1), Article 130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-015-1360-y","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10479_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12163","volume":"10","author":"ST Lanza","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lanza, S. T., & Cooper, B. R. (2016). Latent class analysis for developmental research. Child Development Perspectives, 10(1), 59\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdep.12163","journal-title":"Child Development Perspectives"},{"key":"10479_CR41","unstructured":"Lanza,S. T., Dziak, J. J., Huang, L., Xu, S., & Collins, L. M. (2011). PROC LCA & PROC LTA users\u2019 guide (Version 1.2. 7). The Methodology Center, Penn State. Retrieved from http:\/\/methodology.psu.edu http:\/\/methodology.psu.edu"},{"issue":"1","key":"10479_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2293-2","volume":"19","author":"G Livazovi\u0107","year":"2019","unstructured":"Livazovi\u0107, G., & Boj\u010di\u0107, K. (2019). Problem gambling in adolescents: What are the psychological, social and financial consequences? BMC Psychiatry, 19(1), Article 308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-019-2293-2","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10479_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2019.02.022","volume":"170","author":"A Marques","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marques, A., Peralta, M., Santos, T., Martins, J., & de Gaspar Matos, M. (2019). Self-rated health and health-related quality of life are related with adolescents\u2019 healthy lifestyle. Public Health, 170, 89\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2019.02.022","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10479_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-018-09824-x","volume":"35","author":"V Mart\u00ednez-Loredo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Loredo, V., Grande-Gosende, A., Fern\u00e1ndez-Artamendi, S., Secades-Villa, R., & Fern\u00e1ndez-Hermida, J. R. (2019). Substance use and gambling patterns among adolescents: Differences according to gender and impulsivity. Journal of Gambling Studies, 35(1), 63\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-018-09824-x","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10479_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2016.60718","volume":"14","author":"J Mazur","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mazur, J., Szkultecka-D\u0119bek, M., Dzielska, A., Drozd, M., & Ma\u0142kowska-Szkutnik, A. (2018). What does the Cantril Ladder measure in adolescence? Archives of Medical Science, 14(1), 182\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/aoms.2016.60718","journal-title":"Archives of Medical Science"},{"issue":"13","key":"10479_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2018.1455702","volume":"53","author":"GJ Merrin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Merrin, G. J., & Leadbeater, B. (2018). Do classes of polysubstance use in adolescence differentiate growth in substances used in the transition to young adulthood? Substance Use & Misuse, 53(13), 2112\u20132124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10826084.2018.1455702","journal-title":"Substance Use & Misuse"},{"issue":"3","key":"10479_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031630","volume":"19","author":"J Mihi\u0107","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mihi\u0107, J., Skinner, M., Novak, M., Feri\u0107, M., & Kran\u017eeli\u0107, V. (2022). The importance of family and school protective factors in preventing the risk behaviors of youth. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), Article 1630.","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10479_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1177\/1356389018803219","volume":"25","author":"GF Moore","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moore, G. F., Evans, R. E., Hawkins, J., Littlecott, H., Melendez-Torres, G. J., Bonell, C., & Murphy, S. (2019). From complex social interventions to interventions in complex social systems: Future directions and unresolved questions for intervention development and evaluation. Evaluation, 25(1), 23\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1356389018803219","journal-title":"Evaluation"},{"key":"10479_CR49","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n, L. K., & Muth\u00e9n, B. O. (1998\u20132015). Mplus User's Guide (Seventh ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n."},{"issue":"1","key":"10479_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-024-00720-3","volume":"25","author":"M Paradisi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Paradisi, M., Matera, C., & Nerini, A. (2024). Feeling important, feeling well. The association between mattering and well-being: A meta-analysis study. Journal of Happiness Studies, 25(1), Article 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10902-024-00720-3","journal-title":"Journal of Happiness Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10479_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-020-00323-x","volume":"8","author":"K Punia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Punia, K., DeVillaer, M., MacKillop, J., & Balodis, I. M. (2021). Understanding the overlap between Cannabis use and gambling behaviour: A systematic review of empirical findings and consideration of policy implications. Current Addiction Reports, 8(1), 35\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40429-020-00323-x","journal-title":"Current Addiction Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"10479_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-012-9298-9","volume":"29","author":"S Raisamo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Raisamo, S., Halme, J., Murto, A., & Lintonen, T. (2013). Gambling-related harms among adolescents: A population-based study. Journal of Gambling Studies, 29(1), 151\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-012-9298-9","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"key":"10479_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2023.100603","author":"R Rodr\u00edguez-Cano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Cano, R., Kypriotakis, G., Cort\u00e9s-Garc\u00eda, L., Bakken, A., & von Soest, T. (2023). Polysubstance use and its correlation with psychosocial and health risk behaviours among more than 95,000 Norwegian adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic (January to May 2021): A latent profile analysis. The Lancet Regional Health - Europe. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanepe.2023.100603","journal-title":"The Lancet Regional Health - Europe"},{"issue":"1","key":"10479_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4473\/TPM26.1.3","volume":"26","author":"A Sorgente","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sorgente, A., Lanz, M., Serido, J., Tagliabue, S., & Shim, S. (2019). Latent transition analysis: Guidelines and an application to emerging adults\u2019 social development. TPM: Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 26(1), 39\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4473\/TPM26.1.3","journal-title":"TPM: Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10479_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.4278\/0890-1171-10.4.282","volume":"10","author":"D Stokols","year":"1996","unstructured":"Stokols, D. (1996). Translating social ecological theory into guidelines for community health promotion. American Journal of Health Promotion, 10(4), 282\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4278\/0890-1171-10.4.282","journal-title":"American Journal of Health Promotion"},{"issue":"2","key":"10479_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-015-9547-9","volume":"32","author":"J Studer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Studer, J., Baggio, S., Mohler-Kuo, M., Simon, O., Daeppen, J.-B., & Gmel, G. (2016). Latent class analysis of gambling activities in a sample of young Swiss men: Association with gambling problems, substance use outcomes, personality traits and coping strategies. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 421\u2013440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-015-9547-9","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"5","key":"10479_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-009-9445-5","volume":"39","author":"CJ Sullivan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sullivan, C. J., Childs, K. K., & O\u2019Connell, D. (2010). Adolescent risk behavior subgroups: An empirical assessment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(5), 541\u2013562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-009-9445-5","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"issue":"5","key":"10479_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2019.1701035","volume":"55","author":"K Tan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tan, K., P., D. J., C., S. D., & Yang, W. (2020). Individual, family, and school correlates across patterns of high school poly-substance use. Substance Use & Misuse, 55(5), 743\u2013751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10826084.2019.1701035","journal-title":"Substance Use & Misuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"10479_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s10728-013-0265-0","volume":"24","author":"P-A Tengland","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tengland, P.-A. (2016). Behavior change or empowerment: On the ethics of health-promotion goals. Health Care Analysis, 24(1), 24\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10728-013-0265-0","journal-title":"Health Care Analysis"},{"key":"10479_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.035","volume":"160","author":"S Tomczyk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tomczyk, S., Isensee, B., & Hanewinkel, R. (2016). Latent classes of polysubstance use among adolescents\u2014a systematic review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 160, 12\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.035","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10479_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1080\/21683603.2019.1660284","volume":"8","author":"A Twum-Antwi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Twum-Antwi, A., Philip, J., & Ungar, M. (2020). Promoting child and youth resilience by strengthening home and school environments: A literature review. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 8(2), 78\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21683603.2019.1660284","journal-title":"International Journal of School & Educational Psychology"},{"key":"10479_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evalprogplan.2015.03.002","volume":"52","author":"V Velasco","year":"2015","unstructured":"Velasco, V., Griffin, K. W., Antichi, M., & Celata, C. (2015). A large-scale initiative to disseminate an evidence-based drug abuse prevention program in Italy: Lessons learned for practitioners and researchers. Evaluation and Program Planning, 52, 27\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.evalprogplan.2015.03.002","journal-title":"Evaluation and Program Planning"},{"issue":"4","key":"10479_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-017-0776-2","volume":"18","author":"V Velasco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Velasco, V., Griffin, K. W., Botvin, G. J., Celata, C., Velasco, V., Antichi, M., Mercuri, F., Paganini, E., Brasca, S., Giovanetti, E., Valenti, R., Biffi, L., Marella, M., Agostini, W. D., Lis\u00e8, L., Pellegrini, C., Zagheno, C., Drusetta, V., Duregon, P., \u2026 Lombardia, G. L. (2017). Preventing adolescent substance use through an evidence-based program: Effects of the Italian adaptation of Life Skills Training [journal article]. Prevention Science, 18(4), 394\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-017-0776-2","journal-title":"Prevention Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10479_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798420930932","volume":"46","author":"BE Weller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weller, B. E., Bowen, N. K., & Faubert, S. J. (2020). Latent class analysis: A guide to best practice. Journal of Black Psychology, 46(4), 287\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0095798420930932","journal-title":"Journal of Black Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10479_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-10140-6","volume":"21","author":"V Whitaker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Whitaker, V., Oldham, M., Boyd, J., Fairbrother, H., Curtis, P., Meier, P., & Holmes, J. (2021). Clustering of health-related behaviours within children aged 11\u201316: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 21(1), Article 137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-10140-6","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10479_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2017). Shanghai declaration on promoting health in the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Retrieved 2024-01-10, https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/359526\/WHO-NMH-PND-17.8-eng.pdf?sequence=1","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daw103"},{"issue":"4","key":"10479_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-020-09931-8","volume":"36","author":"ZW Zhai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhai, Z. W., Duenas, G. L., Wampler, J., & Potenza, M. N. (2020). Gambling, substance use and violence in male and female adolescents. Journal of Gambling Studies, 36(4), 1301\u20131324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-020-09931-8","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"}],"container-title":["Journal of Gambling Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10899-026-10479-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10899-026-10479-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10899-026-10479-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:14:17Z","timestamp":1789478057000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10899-026-10479-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10479"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-026-10479-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-3602"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-3602","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethics Board of the Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 (Superior Health Institute), protocol AOO-ISS 0040602, on November 22, 2021.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Consent was obtained from educational institutions and informed consent was collected from adolescents and their families, in accordance with the HBSC protocol's international guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed Consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no potential conflict of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}