{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:01:36Z","timestamp":1790359296171,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Community Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-026-01598-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T17:17:34Z","timestamp":1784135854000},"page":"838-843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends in Selective Childhood Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) Vaccine Nonreceipt Surrounding the MMR-Autism Controversy: National Immunization Survey Analyses, 1996\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5362-5568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Talia","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Kuperstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cora","family":"MacPherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1598_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-092818-015515","volume":"6","author":"F DeStefano","year":"2019","unstructured":"DeStefano, F., & Shimabukuro, T. T. (2019). The MMR Vaccine and Autism. Annu Rev Virol, 6(1), 585\u2013600.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Virol"},{"issue":"29","key":"1598_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.04.085","volume":"32","author":"LE Taylor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Taylor, L. E., Swerdfeger, A. L., & Eslick, G. D. (2014). Vaccines are not associated with autism: an evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies. Vaccine, 32(29), 3623\u20133629.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"8","key":"1598_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-2101","volume":"170","author":"A Hviid","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hviid, A., Hansen, J. V., Frisch, M., & Melbye, M. (2019). Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccination and Autism: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Annals Of Internal Medicine, 170(8), 513\u2013520.","journal-title":"Annals Of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"19","key":"1598_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021134","volume":"347","author":"KM Madsen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Madsen, K. M., Hviid, A., Vestergaard, M., Schendel, D., Wohlfahrt, J., Thorsen, P., Olsen, J., & Melbye, M. (2002). A population-based study of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. New England Journal Of Medicine, 347(19), 1477\u20131482.","journal-title":"New England Journal Of Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"1598_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e836","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1760","volume":"121","author":"MJ Smith","year":"2008","unstructured":"Smith, M. J., Ellenberg, S. S., Bell, L. M., & Rubin, D. M. (2008). Media coverage of the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and autism controversy and its relationship to MMR immunization rates in the United States. Pediatrics, 121(4), e836\u2013843.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"1598_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0256395","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256395","volume":"16","author":"M Motta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Motta, M. (2021). D. (Ed.), Quantifying the effect of Wakefield (1998) on skepticism about MMR vaccine safety in the U.S. PLoS One 16 8 e0256395.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9103","key":"1598_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)11096-0","volume":"351","author":"AJ Wakefield","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wakefield, A. J., Murch, S. H., Anthony, A., Linnell, J., Casson, D. M., Malik, M., Berelowitz, M., Dhillon, A. P., Thomson, M. A., Harvey, P., et al. (1998). RETRACTED: Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. The Lancet, 351(9103), 637\u2013641.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"1598_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c7452","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c7452","volume":"342","author":"F Godlee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Godlee, F., Smith, J., & Marcovitch, H. (2011). Wakefield\u2019s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent. Bmj, 342, c7452.","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"issue":"17","key":"1598_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6817e1","volume":"68","author":"M Patel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Patel, M., Lee, A. D., Redd, S. B., Clemmons, N. S., McNall, R. J., Cohn, A. C., & Gasta\u00f1aduy, P. A. (2019). Increase in Measles Cases - United States, January 1-April 26, 2019. Mmwr. Morbidity And Mortality Weekly Report, 68(17), 402\u2013404.","journal-title":"Mmwr. Morbidity And Mortality Weekly Report"},{"issue":"1","key":"1598_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000003499","volume":"112","author":"A Johnson","year":"2026","unstructured":"Johnson, A., Penmetsa, S., & Nazir, A. (2026). Measles resurgence in the United States: epidemiological and clinical observations from 2025. International Journal Of Surgery, 112(1), 2110\u20132111.","journal-title":"International Journal Of Surgery"},{"issue":"24","key":"1598_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2504516","volume":"393","author":"LAH Do","year":"2025","unstructured":"Do, L. A. H., & Mulholland, K. (2025). Measles 2025. New England Journal Of Medicine, 393(24), 2447\u20132458.","journal-title":"New England Journal Of Medicine"},{"issue":"34","key":"1598_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.04.036","volume":"33","author":"NE MacDonald","year":"2015","unstructured":"MacDonald, N. E. (2015). Vaccine hesitancy: Definition, scope and determinants. Vaccine, 33(34), 4161\u20134164.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"19","key":"1598_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.01.081","volume":"32","author":"HJ Larson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Larson, H. J., Jarrett, C., Eckersberger, E., Smith, D. M., & Paterson, P. (2014). Understanding vaccine hesitancy around vaccines and vaccination from a global perspective: a systematic review of published literature, 2007\u20132012. Vaccine, 32(19), 2150\u20132159.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1598_CR14","unstructured":"The 2019 National Immunization Survey - Child. (2020). In: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases."},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"1598_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(01)00285-9","volume":"20","author":"PJ Smith","year":"2001","unstructured":"Smith, P. J., Battaglia, M. P., Huggins, V. J., Hoaglin, D. C., Rod\u00e9n, A., Khare, M., Ezzati-Rice, T. M., & Wright, R. A. (2001). Overview of the sampling design and statistical methods used in the National Immunization Survey. American Journal Of Preventive Medicine, 20(4 Suppl), 17\u201324.","journal-title":"American Journal Of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"1598_CR16","unstructured":"Wolter, K. K., Smith, P. J., Khare, M., Welch, B., Copeland, K. R., Pineau, V. J., & Davis, N. (2017). Statistical Methodology of the National Immunization Survey, 2005\u20132014. Vital Health Stat 1 (61):1\u2013107."},{"key":"1598_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2021.02.025","volume":"194","author":"G Troiano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Troiano, G., & Nardi, A. (2021). Vaccine hesitancy in the era of COVID-19. Public Health, 194, 245\u2013251.","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1598_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2715","volume":"135","author":"TA Lieu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lieu, T. A., Ray, G. T., Klein, N. P., Chung, C., & Kulldorff, M. (2015). Geographic clusters in underimmunization and vaccine refusal. Pediatrics, 135(2), 280\u2013289.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"1598_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.28596","volume":"10","author":"SE Williams","year":"2014","unstructured":"Williams, S. E. (2014). What are the factors that contribute to parental vaccine-hesitancy and what can we do about it? Hum Vaccin Immunother, 10(9), 2584\u20132596.","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"issue":"4","key":"1598_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-0538","volume":"122","author":"DA Gust","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gust, D. A., Darling, N., Kennedy, A., & Schwartz, B. (2008). Parents with doubts about vaccines: which vaccines and reasons why. Pediatrics, 122(4), 718\u2013725.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"1598_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490512000306","volume":"120","author":"AM Kennedy","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kennedy, A. M., Brown, C. J., & Gust, D. A. (2005). Vaccine beliefs of parents who oppose compulsory vaccination. Public Health Reports, 120(3), 252\u2013258.","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"1598_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.1.187","volume":"114","author":"PJ Smith","year":"2004","unstructured":"Smith, P. J., Chu, S. Y., & Barker, L. E. (2004). Children who have received no vaccines: who are they and where do they live? Pediatrics, 114(1), 187\u2013195.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Journal of Community Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10900-026-01598-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10900-026-01598-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10900-026-01598-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:38:00Z","timestamp":1790357880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10900-026-01598-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1598"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10900-026-01598-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-5145","1573-3610"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-5145","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3610","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 July 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors have no financial or non-financial interests to declare.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Obtained during initial NIS survey data collection, subsequent publicly available datasets are deidentified to protect participant and patient privacy.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed Consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Research involving Human and Animal Participants","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}