{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T16:04:14Z","timestamp":1789574654650,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604880000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["(F31CA221096)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(F31CA221096)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Sigma Theta Tau International-Nu Beta Chapter","award":["Not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not applicable"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Immigrant Minority Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-020-01119-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T16:06:28Z","timestamp":1604937988000},"page":"840-856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Understanding the Pap Testing Behaviors of African Immigrant Women in Developed Countries: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9861-059X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joycelyn","family":"Cudjoe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manka","family":"Nkimbeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth-Alma","family":"Turkson-Ocran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Commodore-Mensah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hae-Ra","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"1119_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO guidelines for screening and treatment of precancerous lesions for cervical cancer prevention (2013). Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/reproductivehealth\/publications\/cancers\/screening_and_treatment_of_precancerous_lesions\/en\/"},{"key":"1119_CR2","unstructured":"Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention \u2013 national breast and cervical cancer early detection program. CDC. (2016). Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/cancer\/nbccedp\/about.htm. Accessed 16 Aug 2016"},{"key":"1119_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Cervical cancer common amongst African women. World Health. (2015). Available: https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/news\/cervical-cancer-common-amongst-african-women. Accessed 17 July 2018"},{"key":"1119_CR4","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer. GLOBOCAN cancer fact sheets: cervical cancer. (2015). Available: http:\/\/globocan.iarc.fr\/old\/FactSheets\/cancers\/cervix-new.asp. Accessed 01 Aug 2016"},{"key":"1119_CR5","first-page":"31","volume":"7","author":"NI Ebu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ebu NI, Mupepi SC, Siakwa MP, Sampselle CM. Knowledge, practice, and barriers toward cervical cancer screening in Elmina, Southern Ghana. Int J Women\u2019s Health. 2015;7:31\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1119_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1007\/s13187-015-0852-x","volume":"31","author":"C Binka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Binka C, Nyarko SH, Doku DT. Cervical cancer knowledge, perceptions and screening behaviour among female University Students in Ghana. J Cancer Educ. 2015;31(2):322\u20137.","journal-title":"J Cancer Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"1119_CR7","first-page":"410","volume":"23","author":"KL Levinson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Levinson KL, et al. The Peru cervical cancer prevention study (PERCAPS): community based participatory research in Manchay, Peru. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2014;23(1):410\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"1119_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-018-0776-8","volume":"21","author":"R Kerani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kerani R, Narita M, Lipira L, Endeshaw M, Holmes KK, Golden MR. Challenges in recruiting African-Born, US-based participants for HIV and tuberculosis research. J Immigr Minor Health. 2019;21(3):533\u20139.","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"key":"1119_CR9","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. At leaest a million sub-Saharan Africans moved to Europe since 2010. (2018). Available: hhttp:\/\/www.pewglobal.org\/2018\/03\/22\/at-least-a-million-sub-saharan-africans-moved-to-europe-since-2010\/. Accessed 07 Mar 2019"},{"key":"1119_CR10","unstructured":"Anderson M. African immigrant population in U.S. steadily climbs. 2015. Available: http:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2015\/11\/02\/african-immigrant-population-in-u-s-steadily-climbs\/"},{"key":"1119_CR11","unstructured":"Choe J. African migration to Europe. Council on Foreign Relations. Available: https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/backgrounder\/african-migration-europe. Accessed 08 Dec 2018"},{"key":"1119_CR12","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Prevention of cervical cancer \u2013 WHO | Regional Office for Africa. 2015. Available: http:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/en\/ghana\/ghana-publications\/1906-prevention-of-cervical-cancer.html. Accessed 27 Apr 2017"},{"issue":"5","key":"1119_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1177\/1043659616661612","volume":"28","author":"A Adegboyega","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adegboyega A, Hatcher J. Factors influencing pap screening use among African immigrant women. J Transcult Nurs. 2017;28(5):479\u201387.","journal-title":"J Transcult Nurs"},{"key":"1119_CR14","unstructured":"Zong J, Batalova J. Sub-Saharan African immigrants in the United States. Migration Policy Institute. (2017). Available: https:\/\/www.migrationpolicy.org\/article\/sub-saharan-african-immigrants-united-states. Accessed 25 Jan 2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"1119_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-009-9243-x","volume":"13","author":"H Venters","year":"2011","unstructured":"Venters H, Gany F. African immigrant health. J Immigr Minor Health. 2011;13(2):333\u201344.","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"key":"1119_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2014.07.006","volume":"67","author":"A Hurtado-de-Mendoza","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hurtado-de-Mendoza A, Song M, Kigen O, Jennings Y, Nwabukwu I, Sheppard VB. Addressing cancer control needs of African-born immigrants in the US: a systematic literature review. Prev Med (Baltim). 2014;67:89\u201399.","journal-title":"Prev Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"10","key":"1119_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.07.026","volume":"73","author":"TG Hamilton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hamilton TG, Hummer RA. Immigration and the health of U.S. black adults: does country of origin matter? Soc Sci Med. 2011;73(10):1551\u201360.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"1119_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2015.05.012","volume":"2","author":"VB Sheppard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sheppard VB, Hurtado-de-Mendoza A, Song M, Hirpa F, Nwabukwu I. The role of knowledge, language, and insurance in endorsement of cancer screening in women of African origin. Prev Med Rep. 2015;2:517\u201323.","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"1119_CR19","unstructured":"The Joanna Briggs Institute. Critical appraisal tools-Joanna Briggs Institute. 2018. Available: http:\/\/joannabriggs.org\/research\/critical-appraisal-tools.html. Accessed 20 Oct 2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"1119_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-012-9766-4","volume":"16","author":"N Harcourt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Harcourt N, Ghebre RG, Whembolua G-L, Zhang Y, Warfa Osman S, Okuyemi KS. Factors associated with breast and cervical cancer screening behavior among African immigrant women in Minnesota. J Immigr Minor Health. 2014;16(3):450\u20136.","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"1119_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000311","volume":"26","author":"KA M\u00f8en","year":"2017","unstructured":"M\u00f8en KA, Kumar B, Qureshi S, Diaz E. Differences in cervical cancer screening between immigrants and nonimmigrants in Norway: a primary healthcare register-based study. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2017;26(6):521\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"10","key":"1119_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2006.0279","volume":"16","author":"J Tsui","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tsui J, Saraiya M, Thompson T, Dey A, Richardson L. Cervical cancer screening among foreign-born women by birthplace and duration in the United States. J Women\u2019s Health. 2007;16(10):1447\u201357.","journal-title":"J Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"1119_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2017.08.005","volume":"121","author":"F Gallo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gallo F, Caprioglio A, Castagno R, Ronco G, Segnan N, Giordano L. Inequalities in cervical cancer screening utilisation and results: a comparison between Italian natives and immigrants from disadvantaged countries. Health Policy (New York). 2017;121(10):1072\u20138.","journal-title":"Health Policy (New York)"},{"issue":"11","key":"1119_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2013.770002","volume":"34","author":"TB Morrison","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morrison TB, Flynn PM, Weaver AL, Wieland ML. Cervical cancer screening adherence among Somali immigrants and refugees to the United States. Health Care Women Int. 2013;34(11):980\u20138.","journal-title":"Health Care Women Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"1119_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.429","volume":"4","author":"B Sewali","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sewali B, et al. Cervical cancer screening with clinic-based Pap test versus home HPV test among Somali immigrant women in Minnesota: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Cancer Med. 2015;4(4):620\u201331.","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1119_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-015-0267-0","volume":"18","author":"A Forney-Gorman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Forney-Gorman A, Kozhimannil KB. Differences in cervical cancer screening between African-American versus African-born black women in the United States. J Immigr Minor Health. 2016;18(6):1371\u20137.","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"key":"1119_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-8-30","volume":"8","author":"PS Samuel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Samuel PS, Pringle JP, James NW, Fielding SJ, Fairfield KM. Breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening rates amongst female Cambodian, Somali, and Vietnamese immigrants in the USA. Int J Equity Health. 2009;8:30.","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"1119_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2019.0067","volume":"30","author":"A Adebgoyega","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adebgoyega A, Dignam M, Hatcher J. Correlates of Pap screening among sub-Saharan immigrant (SAI) women. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2019;30(3):940\u201350.","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"issue":"20","key":"1119_CR29","first-page":"1","volume":"11","author":"AK Lofters","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lofters AK, Moineddin R, Hwang SW, Glazier RH. Predictors of low cervical cancer screening among immigrant women in Ontario, Canada. BMC Womens Health. 2011;11(20):1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"1119_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-17-0323","volume":"26","author":"AK Lofters","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lofters AK, Vahabi M, Kim E, Ellison L, Graves E, Glazier RH. Cervical cancer screening among women from Muslim-majority countries in Ontario, Canada. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2017;26(10):1493\u20139.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev"},{"issue":"6","key":"1119_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102011000600003","volume":"45","author":"B Sanz-Barbero","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sanz-Barbero B, Regidor E, Galindo S. Impact of geographic origin on gynecological cancer screening in Spain. Rev Saude Publica. 2011;45(6):1019\u201326.","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica"},{"key":"1119_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2013.00297","volume":"3","author":"V Rodr\u00edguez-Sal\u00e9s","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Sal\u00e9s V, Roura E, Iba\u00f1ez R, Peris M, Bosch FX, de Sanjos\u00e9 S. Coverage of cervical cancer screening in catalonia for the period 2008\u20132011 among immigrants and Spanish-Born women. Front Oncol. 2013;3:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1119_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016306","volume":"7","author":"A Bianco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bianco A, Larosa E, Pileggi C, Nobile CGA, Pavia M. Cervical and breast cancer screening participation and utilisation of maternal health services: a cross-sectional study among immigrant women in Southern Italy. BMJ Open. 2017;7(10):e016306.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"1119_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.12063","volume":"22","author":"O Ogunsiji","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ogunsiji O, Wilkes L, Peters K, Jackson D. Knowledge, attitudes and usage of cancer screening among West African migrant women. J Clin Nurs. 2013;22(7\u20138):1026\u201333.","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"1119_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-017-0375-1","volume":"17","author":"EE Idehen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Idehen EE, et al. Factors associated with cervical cancer screening participation among immigrants of Russian, Somali and Kurdish origin: a population-based study in Finland. BMC Womens Health. 2017;17(1):1\u201310.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"1119_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1071\/HE16017","volume":"28","author":"JA Anaman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anaman JA, Correa-Velez I, King J. A survey of cervical screening among refugee and non-refugee African immigrant women in Brisbane, Australia. Heal Promot J Aust. 2017;28(3):217\u201324.","journal-title":"Heal Promot J Aust"},{"key":"1119_CR37","volume-title":"A behavioral model of families\u2019 use of health services","author":"R Andersen","year":"1968","unstructured":"Andersen R. A behavioral model of families\u2019 use of health services. Chicago: Center for Health Administration Studies University of Chicago Press; 1968."},{"key":"1119_CR38","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"B Babitsch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Babitsch B, Gohl D, Von Lengerke T. Re-revisiting Andersen\u2019s behavioral model of health services use: a systematic review of studies from 1998\u20132011. Psycho-Social-Medicine. 2012;9:1\u201315.","journal-title":"Psycho-Social-Medicine"},{"key":"1119_CR39","volume-title":"Health promotion planning: an educational and environmental approach","author":"LW Green","year":"1991","unstructured":"Green LW, Kreuter MW. Health promotion planning: an educational and environmental approach. 2nd ed. Palo Alto: Mayfield Publishing; 1991.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"3","key":"1119_CR40","first-page":"825","volume":"19","author":"CC Nwabichie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nwabichie CC, Manaf RA, Ismail SB. Factors affecting uptake of cervical cancer screening among African women in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2018;19(3):825\u201331.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"11","key":"1119_CR41","first-page":"1182","volume":"12","author":"LS Caplan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Caplan LS, McQueen DV, Qualters JR, Leff M, Garrett C, Calonge N. Validity of women\u2019s self-reports of cancer screening test utilization in a managed care population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2003;12(11):1182\u20137.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev"},{"issue":"12","key":"1119_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-17-0660","volume":"26","author":"J Malhotra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Malhotra J, Rotter D, Tsui J, Llanos AAM, Balasubramanian BA, Demissie K. Impact of patient\u2013provider race, ethnicity, and gender concordance on cancer screening: findings from Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2017;26(12):1804\u201311.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev"},{"issue":"8","key":"1119_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-0078","volume":"17","author":"JH Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang JH, Sheppard VB, Schwartz MD, Liang W, Mandelblatt JS. Disparities in cervical cancer screening between Asian American and non-Hispanic White women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2008;17(8):1968\u201373.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev"},{"key":"1119_CR44","unstructured":"Australian Government Department of Health. National Cervical Screening Program. (2017). Available: http:\/\/www.cancerscreening.gov.au\/internet\/screening\/publishing.nsf\/Content\/cervical-screening-1. Accessed 10 Oct 2017"},{"key":"1119_CR45","unstructured":"American Cancer Society. The American Cancer Society guidelines for the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer. (2018). Available: https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/cancer\/cervical-cancer\/prevention-and-early-detection\/cervical-cancer-screening-guidelines.html. Accessed 03 Aug 2019"},{"key":"1119_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.3883","volume":"25","author":"K Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim K, Han H-R. Potential links between health literacy and cervical cancer screening behaviors: a systematic review. Psychooncology. 2016;25:122\u201330.","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1119_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1177\/2150131914529307","volume":"5","author":"S-KA Hui","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hui S-KA, et al. Psychosocial barriers to follow-up adherence after an abnormal cervical cytology test result among low-income, inner-city women. J Prim Care Community Health. 2014;5(4):234\u201341.","journal-title":"J Prim Care Community Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1119_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2014.936569","volume":"19","author":"H-R Han","year":"2014","unstructured":"Han H-R, Huh B, Kim MT, Kim J, Nguyen T. Development and validation of the assessment of health literacy in breast and cervical cancer screening. J Health Commun. 2014;19(2):267\u201384.","journal-title":"J Health Commun"},{"key":"1119_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1551-6","volume":"15","author":"D Guzys","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guzys D, Kenny A, Dickson-Swift V, Threlkeld G. A critical review of population health literacy assessment. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:215.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10903-020-01119-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10903-020-01119-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10903-020-01119-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T16:23:37Z","timestamp":1624638217000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10903-020-01119-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1119"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10903-020-01119-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1557-1912","1557-1920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1557-1912","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-1920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 October 2020","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 November 2020","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study is a systematic review where no identifiable, personal data was gathered. Therefore obtaining informed consents was not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research Involving Human Participants and\/or Animals"}}]}}