{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T05:13:10Z","timestamp":1778217190446,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Immigrant Minority Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-024-01668-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T06:42:29Z","timestamp":1737009749000},"page":"208-214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Displacement Stressors, Trauma Exposure, and Mental Health: A Survey of Asylum Seekers and Refugees"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3841-9715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin Ka Ho","family":"Kwok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4703-5430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace Wing Ka","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"1668_CR1","unstructured":"UNHCR. Figures at a glance. 2023."},{"issue":"9","key":"1668_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003337","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003337","volume":"17","author":"R Blackmore","year":"2020","unstructured":"Blackmore R, Boyle JA, Fazel M, et al. The prevalence of mental illness in refugees and asylum seekers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2020;17(9):e1003337.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1668_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796016000172","volume":"26","author":"KE Miller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miller KE, Rasmussen A. The mental health of civilians displaced by armed conflict: an ecological model of refugee distress. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2017;26(2):129\u201338.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1668_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1793567","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2020.1793567","volume":"11","author":"C Gleeson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gleeson C, Frost R, Sherwood L, et al. Post-migration factors and mental health outcomes in asylum-seeking and refugee populations: a systematic review. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2020;11(1):1793567.","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1668_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1910407","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2021.1910407","volume":"12","author":"VS Boettcher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boettcher VS, Nowak AC, Neuner F. Mental health service utilization and perceived barriers to treatment among adult refugees in Germany. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2021;12(1):1910407.","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1668_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2019.02.007","volume":"123","author":"E Satinsky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Satinsky E, Fuhr DC, Woodward A, et al. Mental health care utilisation and access among refugees and asylum seekers in Europe: A systematic review. Health Policy. 2019;123(9):851\u201363.","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"1668_CR7","unstructured":"HKSAR Government. Vietnamese Refugees and Migrants. 2004."},{"issue":"2","key":"1668_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13481","volume":"9","author":"I Ng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ng I, Chung JWY, Choi SFY, et al. Self-perceived mental health and factors associated with the mental health of Hong Kong\u2019s asylum-seekers and refugees \u2013 A mixed methods study. Heliyon. 2023;9(2):e13481.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"1668_CR9","unstructured":"LCQ9: Non-refoulement claims [press release]. 2020."},{"issue":"2","key":"1668_CR10","first-page":"206","volume":"26","author":"APY Lai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lai APY, Kennedy KJ. Refugees and civic stratification: The \u2018\u201cAsian rejection\u201d\u2019 hypothesis and its implications for protection claimants in Hong Kong. APMJ. 2017;26(2):206\u201323.","journal-title":"APMJ"},{"key":"1668_CR11","unstructured":"UNHCR Hong Kong. Unified Screening Mechanism Procedures. 2014."},{"key":"1668_CR12","unstructured":"Refugee Union. n.d."},{"key":"1668_CR13","unstructured":"HKSAR Government. Hong Kong Poverty Situation Report 2020 2021 [Available from: https:\/\/www.censtatd.gov.hk\/en\/data\/stat_report\/product\/B9XX0005\/att\/B9XX0005E2020AN20E0100.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"1668_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3953-5","volume":"17","author":"WC Wong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wong WC, Cheung S, Miu HY, et al. Mental health of African asylum-seekers and refugees in Hong Kong: using the social determinants of health framework. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):153.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1668_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1080\/15562948.2020.1734893","volume":"18","author":"I Correa-Velez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Correa-Velez I, Green A, Murray K, et al. Social context matters: predictors of quality of life among recently arrived refugee women-at-risk living in Australia. J Immigr Refug Stud. 2020;18(4):498\u2013514.","journal-title":"J Immigr Refug Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"1668_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-017-1003-5","volume":"16","author":"J Jesuthasan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jesuthasan J, Sonmez E, Abels I, et al. Near-death experiences, attacks by family members, and absence of health care in their home countries affect the quality of life of refugee women in Germany: a multi-region, cross-sectional, gender-sensitive study. BMC Med. 2018;16(1):15.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1668_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-018-1651-6","volume":"54","author":"A Leiler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leiler A, Bjarta A, Ekdahl J, et al. Mental health and quality of life among asylum seekers and refugees living in refugee housing facilities in Sweden. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2019;54(5):543\u201351.","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"1668_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-214","volume":"9","author":"M Toar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Toar M, O\u2019Brien KK, Fahey T. Comparison of self-reported health & healthcare utilisation between asylum seekers and refugees: an observational study. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:214.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1668_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000908","volume":"13","author":"P Hyland","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hyland P, Karatzias T, Shevlin M, et al. Does requiring trauma exposure affect rates of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD? Implications for DSM-5. Psychol Trauma. 2021;13(2):133\u201341.","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma"},{"key":"1668_CR20","volume-title":"Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale","author":"SH Lovibond","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF. Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. 2nd ed. Sydney: Psychology Foundation; 1995.","edition":"2"},{"key":"1668_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28711","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v7.28711","volume":"7","author":"D Kartal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kartal D, Kiropoulos L. Effects of acculturative stress on PTSD, depressive, and anxiety symptoms among refugees resettled in Australia and Austria. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2016;7:28711.","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1668_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022118786458","volume":"49","author":"M Lumley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lumley M, Katsikitis M, Statham D. Depression, anxiety, and acculturative stress among resettled Bhutanese refugees in Australia. J Cross-Cult Psychol. 2018;49(8):1269\u201382.","journal-title":"J Cross-Cult Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1668_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12956","volume":"138","author":"M Cloitre","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cloitre M, Shevlin M, Brewin CR, et al. The international trauma questionnaire: development of a self-report measure of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2018;138(6):536\u201346.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"11","key":"1668_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e008784","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-008784","volume":"5","author":"C Schneider","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schneider C, Joos S, Bozorgmehr K. Disparities in health and access to healthcare between asylum seekers and residents in Germany: a population-based cross-sectional feasibility study. BMJ Open. 2015;5(11):e008784.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"1668_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4010","DOI":"10.1093\/jrs\/feab025","volume":"34","author":"R Gautam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gautam R, Rydberg J, Ho I, et al. Psychological distress among Bhutanese refugees living in the northeast region of the United States. J Refug Stud. 2021;34(4):4010\u201333.","journal-title":"J Refug Stud"},{"issue":"9","key":"1668_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-018-1532-z","volume":"53","author":"D Kartal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kartal D, Alkemade N, Eisenbruch M, et al. Traumatic exposure, acculturative stress and cultural orientation: the influence on PTSD, depressive and anxiety symptoms among refugees. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2018;53(9):931\u201341.","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"1668_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114700","volume":"315","author":"D Salihu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Salihu D, Wong EML, Kwan RYC, et al. Anxiety, depression and stress among internally displaced persons and host community in an armed conflict region: a comparative study. Psychiatry Res. 2022;315:114700.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1668_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2022.100081","volume":"5","author":"P Sharif-Esfahani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharif-Esfahani P, Hoteit R, El Morr C, et al. Fear of COVID-19 and depression, anxiety, stress, and PTSD among Syrian refugee parents in Canada. J Migr Health. 2022;5:100081.","journal-title":"J Migr Health"},{"key":"1668_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12914-015-0064-9","volume":"15","author":"M Bogic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bogic M, Njoku A, Priebe S. Long-term mental health of war-refugees: a systematic literature review. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2015;15:1\u201341.","journal-title":"BMC Int Health Hum Rights"},{"key":"1668_CR30","unstructured":"Ho GWK, Chan KL, Wong KH, et al. Physical, mental, and behavioral health after adverse and benevolent childhood experiences: a comparison of two adversity conceptualizations. Psychol Trauma. In press."},{"key":"1668_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145002","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1145002","volume":"11","author":"RA El Arab","year":"2023","unstructured":"El Arab RA, Somerville J, Abuadas FH, et al. Health and well-being of refugees, asylum seekers, undocumented migrants, and internally displaced persons under COVID-19: a scoping review. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1145002.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"1668_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6624","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116624","volume":"19","author":"Z Mengesha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mengesha Z, Alloun E, Weber D, et al. \u201cLived the pandemic twice\u201d: a scoping review of the unequal impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on asylum seekers and undocumented migrants. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:6624.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"issue":"2","key":"1668_CR33","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"NK Syed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Syed NK, Al-kasim MA, Alqahtani S, et al. Migrant workers, migrants, internally displaced persons, asylum seekers and refugees - the silent sufferers of the COVID-19 pandemic: a brief review of media reports. J Con Disord. 2022;4(2):1\u201315.","journal-title":"J Con Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"1668_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1807424","volume":"379","author":"BL Grace","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grace BL, Bais R, Roth BJ. The violence of uncertainty - undermining immigrant and refugee health. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(10):904\u20135.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1668_CR35","unstructured":"HKSAR Government. Waiting Time for New Case Booking at Psychiatry Specialist Out-patient Clinics 2024 [Available from: https:\/\/www.ha.org.hk\/visitor\/ha_visitor_index.asp?Content_ID=214197&Lang=ENG&Dimension=100&Parent_ID=10053."},{"key":"1668_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1388709","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2017.1388709","volume":"8","author":"A Nocon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nocon A, Eberle-Sejari R, Unterhitzenberger J, et al. The effectiveness of psychosocial interventions in war-traumatized refugee and internally displaced minors: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2017;8:1388709.","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1668_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0171030","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171030","volume":"12","author":"M Nose","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nose M, Ballette F, Bighelli I, et al. Psychosocial interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder in refugees and asylum seekers resettled in high-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(2):e0171030.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"1668_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796019000027","volume":"28","author":"G Turrini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Turrini G, Purgato M, Acarturk C, et al. Efficacy and acceptability of psychosocial interventions in asylum seekers and refugees: systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2019;28(4):376\u201388.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10903-024-01668-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10903-024-01668-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10903-024-01668-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T15:08:36Z","timestamp":1741792116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10903-024-01668-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1668"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10903-024-01668-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1557-1912","1557-1920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1557-1912","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-1920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 December 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 January 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors report there are no competing interests to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}