{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:28:35Z","timestamp":1772119715515,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of New England"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Immigrant Minority Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In Australia, Middle Eastern refugees, notably the Ezidi community (an ethnic and religious minority from Northern Iraq and Syria) are disproportionately affected by high rates of vitamin and iron deficiencies. These deficiencies pose significant health risks and can impact overall well-being. Recent studies have suggested a possible correlation between\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) infection and deficiencies in essential vitamins and iron, highlighting an important area of research that warrants further exploration. Understanding the relationship between H. pylori infection and nutrient deficiencies in newly arrived Ezidi refugees is critical for several reasons. First, it may provide insights into the underlying health challenges faced by this population, who often arrive with pre-existing health issues. Second, establishing this association could inform current screening practices, allowing for targeted interventions that address both H. pylori infection and nutritional deficiencies. Ultimately, this research aims to contribute to the development of effective health strategies that enhance the well-being of Ezidi refugees, ensuring they receive the necessary support to thrive in their new environment. By focusing on this intersection of infectious disease and nutritional health, we can better understand and mitigate the risks faced by this vulnerable group. A retrospective cohort study was performed using data collected from Ezidi refugees in Armidale Medical Centre and Armidale Hospital from 2018 to 2024. The data was analysed to determine the prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    and deficiencies in iron, vitamin B12, and vitamin D. Further analysis was done with data from Armidale Medical Center only, to study any potential association between\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and those same micronutrient deficiencies.\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection was detected in 76.7% of refugees tested. The rates of iron deficiency were 35.2% at Armidale Medical Centre and 41.9% at Armidale Hospital. Vitamin B12 deficiency was found in 50.7% and 58% of individuals, and vitamin D deficiency was present in 79.6% and 82.6%, respectively. No statistically significant associations were found between\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and iron or vitamin D deficiency. However, a statistically significant association was observed between the absence of\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    and vitamin B12 deficiency. There is a\u00a0significantly higher prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, and vitamin D deficiency among Ezidi refugees in Armidale.\u00a0The relationship between\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and micronutrient deficiencies remains unclear. Further research is needed to clarify these associations and guide future screening protocols for Ezidi refugees.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-025-01715-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T09:49:44Z","timestamp":1751363384000},"page":"977-987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Micronutrient Deficiencies in a Clinically Referred Cohort of Ezidi Refugees in Rural Armidale: Findings from a Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Grace","family":"Noh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"McMorran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edric","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00eblle V. F.","family":"Coumans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salma Hago Mustafa","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"1715_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i7.545","volume":"27","author":"VI Reshetnyak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reshetnyak VI, Burmistrov AI, Maev IV. Helicobacter pylori: commensal, symbiont or pathogen? World J Gastroenterol. 2021;27(7):545\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v27.i7.545.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1715_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020332","author":"L Boyanova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Boyanova L, Hadzhiyski P, Gergova R, Markovska R. Evolution of Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics: a topic of increasing concern. Antibiotics (Basel). 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics12020332.","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"issue":"12","key":"1715_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-320839","volume":"69","author":"AC Ford","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ford AC, Yuan Y, Moayyedi P. Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy to prevent gastric cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut. 2020;69(12):2113\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-320839.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"5","key":"1715_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmac051","volume":"13","author":"J Khuri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khuri J, Wang Y, Holden K, Fly AD, Mbogori T, Mueller S, et al. Dietary intake and nutritional status among refugees in host countries: a systematic review. Adv Nutr. 2022;13(5):1846\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/advances\/nmac051.","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1715_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-17694-9","volume":"24","author":"JVF Coumans","year":"2024","unstructured":"Coumans JVF, Wark S. A scoping review on the barriers to and facilitators of health services utilisation related to refugee settlement in regional or rural areas of the host country. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-17694-9.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"1715_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-018-0730-9","volume":"20","author":"C Beukeboom","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beukeboom C, Arya N. Prevalence of nutritional deficiencies among populations of newly arriving government assisted refugee children to Kitchener\/Waterloo, Ontario. Canada J Immigr Minor Health. 2018;20(6):1317\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10903-018-0730-9.","journal-title":"Canada J Immigr Minor Health"},{"key":"1715_CR7","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. National Health Measures Survey, 2022\u201324. Australian Bureau of Statistics; 2025."},{"issue":"9","key":"1715_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.9.1349","volume":"160","author":"K Kaptan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kaptan K, Beyan C, Ural AU, Cetin T, Avcu F, G\u00fcl\u015fen M, et al. Helicobacter pylori\u2014is it a novel causative agent in Vitamin B12 deficiency? Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(9):1349\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.160.9.1349.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"1715_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4713684","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4713684","volume":"2022","author":"A Nabavi-Rad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nabavi-Rad A, Azizi M, Jamshidizadeh S, Sadeghi A, Aghdaei HA, Yadegar A, et al. the effects of vitamins and micronutrients on Helicobacter pylori pathogenicity, survival, and eradication: a crosstalk between micronutrients and immune system. J Immunol Res. 2022;2022:4713684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/4713684.","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"1715_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.781333","volume":"8","author":"X Cai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cai X, Li X, Jin Y, Zhang M, Xu Y, Liang C, et al. Vitamins and Helicobacter pylori: an updated comprehensive meta-analysis and systematic review. Front Nutr. 2021;8: 781333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.781333.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"1715_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010278","author":"A Shafrir","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shafrir A, Shauly-Aharonov M, Katz LH, Paltiel O, Pickman Y, Ackerman Z. The association between serum vitamin D levels and Helicobacter pylori presence and eradication. Nutrients. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13010278.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"5","key":"1715_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12655","volume":"24","author":"L Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang L, He X, Li L, Lu C. Effect of vitamin D on Helicobacter pylori infection and eradication: a meta-analysis. Helicobacter. 2019;24(5): e12655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hel.12655.","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"1715_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12330","author":"L Hudak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hudak L, Jaraisy A, Haj S, Muhsen K. An updated systematic review and meta-analysis on the association between Helicobacter pylori infection and iron deficiency anemia. Helicobacter. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hel.12330.","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"issue":"9","key":"1715_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.29112","volume":"14","author":"J Mulayamkuzhiyil Saju","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mulayamkuzhiyil Saju J, Mandal N, Kham NI, Shahid R, Naik SS, Ramphall S, et al. Is Helicobacter Pylori a reason for unexplained iron deficiency anemia: a systematic review. Cureus. 2022;14(9): e29112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.29112.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"1715_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12360","author":"NR Abdul Rahim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abdul Rahim NR, Benson J, Grocke K, Vather D, Zimmerman J, Moody T, et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in newly arrived refugees attending the Migrant Health Service. South Australia Helicobacter. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hel.12360.","journal-title":"South Australia Helicobacter"},{"key":"1715_CR16","unstructured":"Recommendations for Comprehensive Post-Arrival Health Assessment for people from Refugee-like backgrounds 2016. Available from: https:\/\/asid.au\/products\/refugee-guidelines-2016."},{"key":"1715_CR17","unstructured":"Chaves NPG. Recommendations for comprehensive post-arrival health assessment for people from refugee-like backgrounds - anaemia, iron deficiency and other blood conditions: Refugee Health Network of Australia; 2016. Available from: https:\/\/www.rch.org.au\/uploadedFiles\/Main\/Content\/immigranthealth\/ASID-RHeaNA%20screening%20guidelines.pdf."},{"key":"1715_CR18","unstructured":"Thomas Schulz MK, Cherian S. Helicobacter Pylori 2016. Available from: https:\/\/refugeehealthguide.org.au\/helicobacter-pylori\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"1715_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-019-00620-2","volume":"106","author":"WD Fraser","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fraser WD, Tang JCY, Dutton JJ, Schoenmakers I. Vitamin D measurement, the debates continue, new analytes have emerged, developments have variable outcomes. Calcif Tissue Int. 2020;106(1):3\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00223-019-00620-2.","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"1715_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/05704928.2016.1229325","volume":"52","author":"G Tsiminis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tsiminis G, Schartner EP, Brooks JL, Hutchinson MR. Measuring and tracking vitamin B12: a review of current methods with a focus on optical spectroscopy. Appl Spectrosc Rev. 2017;52(5):439\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/05704928.2016.1229325.","journal-title":"Appl Spectrosc Rev"},{"key":"1715_CR21","unstructured":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Evaluation of precision performance of clinical chemistry devices. 2nd ed. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards; 1992."},{"key":"1715_CR22","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Evaluation of detection capability for clinical laboratory measurement procedures; Approved guideline. 2nd ed. Wayne: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institue; 2012."},{"issue":"4","key":"1715_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i4.1305","volume":"21","author":"M Ferwana","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ferwana M, Abdulmajeed I, Alhajiahmed A, Madani W, Firwana B, Hasan R, et al. Accuracy of urea breath test in Helicobacter pylori infection: meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(4):1305\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v21.i4.1305.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1715_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2011.00863.x","volume":"16","author":"YA Leal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leal YA, Flores LL, Fuentes-Panan\u00e1 EM, Cedillo-Rivera R, Torres J. 13C-urea breath test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter. 2011;16(4):327\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2011.00863.x.","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"issue":"5","key":"1715_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1515\/labmed-2023-0004","volume":"47","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Yang S, Zhou J, Li Z, Wang L, Dong Q. Diagnostic accuracy of stool sample-based PCR in detecting Helicobacter pylori infection: a meta-analysis. Journal of Laboratory Medicine. 2023;47(5):187\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/labmed-2023-0004.","journal-title":"Journal of Laboratory Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"1715_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.12.022","volume":"166","author":"Y-C Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Y-C, Malfertheiner P, Yu H-T, Kuo C-L, Chang Y-Y, Meng F-T, et al. Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and incidence of gastric cancer between 1980 and 2022. Gastroenterology. 2024;166(4):605\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.12.022.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1715_CR27","unstructured":"Schulz T, Kay M, Cherian S. Recommendations for comprehensive post-arrival health assessment for people from refugee-like backgrounds\u2014Helicobacter pylori: Refugee Health Network of Australia; 2016. Available from: https:\/\/refugeehealthguide.org.au\/helicobacter-pylori\/#:~:text=Routine%20screening%20for%20Helicobacter%20pylori,recommended%20(EBR%20%E2%80%93%20C3).&text=Screening%20with%20either%20stool%20antigen,adults%20from%20high%2Drisk%20groups."},{"key":"1715_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcpsp.2023.100423","author":"MT Ha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ha MT, Le VT, Huynh PD, Nguyen TA. Anemia among active Helicobacter pylori infection at the University Medical Center Ho Chi Minh City: a case\u2013control study. Medicina Cl\u00ednica Pr\u00e1ctica. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcpsp.2023.100423.","journal-title":"Medicina Cl\u00ednica Pr\u00e1ctica"},{"issue":"8","key":"1715_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2022.102353","volume":"34","author":"MA Mubaraki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mubaraki MA, Alalhareth AS, Aldawood E, Albouloshi A, Aljarah MS, Hafiz TA, et al. The iron deficiency anemia in association to Helicobacter pylori infection in Najran city, Saudi Arabia. J King Saud Univ Sci. 2022;34(8): 102353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jksus.2022.102353.","journal-title":"J King Saud Univ Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"1715_CR30","first-page":"546","volume":"17","author":"BF Zuberi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zuberi BF, Afsar S, Qadeer R, Baloch I, Quraishy MS, Kumar A, et al. Hemoglobin, ferritin, vitamin B12 and Helicobacter pylori infection: a study in patients who underwent upper GI endoscopy at civil hospital Karachi. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2007;17(9):546\u20139.","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"key":"1715_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11247351","author":"S Kato","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kato S, Gold BD, Kato A. Helicobacter pylori-associated iron deficiency anemia in childhood and adolescence-pathogenesis and clinical management strategy. J Clin Med. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11247351.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1715_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children9091324","author":"A Lupu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lupu A, Miron IC, Cianga AL, Cernomaz AT, Lupu VV, Munteanu D, et al. The relationship between anemia and Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Children (Basel). 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children9091324.","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1715_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3849-y","volume":"19","author":"B Hou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hou B, Zhang M, Liu M, Dai W, Lin Y, Li Y, et al. Association of active Helicobacter pylori infection and anemia in elderly males. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-019-3849-y.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"1715_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.17925","volume":"13","author":"G Kishore","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kishore G, Ejaz M, Kumar J, Lal A, Tahir H, Anjum Z, et al. Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and serum iron profile. Cureus. 2021;13(9): e17925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.17925.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"9","key":"1715_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxx031","volume":"29","author":"KF Kernan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kernan KF, Carcillo JA. Hyperferritinemia and inflammation. Int Immunol. 2017;29(9):401\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/intimm\/dxx031.","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1715_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061442","volume":"12","author":"CN Seifu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Seifu CN, Fahey PP, Atlantis E. Micronutrient deficiencies and anaemia associated with body mass index in Australian adults: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2022;12(12): e061442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061442.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"1715_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-011-0348-2","volume":"16","author":"C Mirkazemi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mirkazemi C, Peterson GM, Tenni PC, Jackson SL. Vitamin B12 deficiency in Australian residential aged care facilities. J Nutr Health Aging. 2012;16(3):277\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12603-011-0348-2.","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"issue":"14","key":"1715_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4397","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980021001695","volume":"24","author":"AJ Benham","year":"2021","unstructured":"Benham AJ, Gallegos D, Hanna KL, Hannan-Jones MT. Intake of vitamin B(12) and other characteristics of women of reproductive age on a vegan diet in Australia. Public Health Nutr. 2021;24(14):4397\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1368980021001695.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1715_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057998","volume":"8","author":"J Benson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Benson J, Phillips C, Kay M, Webber MT, Ratcliff AJ, Correa-Velez I, et al. Low vitamin B12 levels among newly-arrived refugees from Bhutan, Iran and Afghanistan: a multicentre Australian study. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(2): e57998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0057998.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1715_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ali U, Abbasi W, Huda N. Vitamin B12 Deficiency among cases of Helicobacter pylori gastritis: a cross sectional study. Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Research. 2024;4:553\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.61919\/jhrr.v4i2.907","DOI":"10.61919\/jhrr.v4i2.907"},{"key":"1715_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3126\/ajms.v8i4.17280","volume":"8","author":"R Krishnegowda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krishnegowda R, Joseph J, Thomas D. Helicobacter pylori infection and vitamin B-12 deficiency\u2014a cross sectional study. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2017;8:16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3126\/ajms.v8i4.17280.","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"1715_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-200380","author":"HB Gowdappa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gowdappa HB, Mahesh M, Murthy KV, Narahari MG. Helicobacter pylori associated vitamin B12 deficiency, pernicious anaemia and subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord. BMJ Case Rep. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2013-200380.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"1715_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-5378.2002.00106.x","volume":"7","author":"E Serin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Serin E, G\u00fcm\u00fcrd\u00fcl\u00fc Y, Ozer B, Kayasel\u00e7uk F, Yilmaz U, Ko\u00e7ak R. Impact of Helicobacter pylori on the development of vitamin B12 deficiency in the absence of gastric atrophy. Helicobacter. 2002;7(6):337\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1523-5378.2002.00106.x.","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"issue":"5","key":"1715_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.194","volume":"2","author":"AS Sarari","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sarari AS, Farraj MA, Hamoudi W, Essawi TA. Helicobacter pylori, a causative agent of vitamin B12 deficiency. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2008;2(5):346\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3855\/jidc.194.","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"issue":"6","key":"1715_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-012-9603-9","volume":"14","author":"K Penrose","year":"2012","unstructured":"Penrose K, Hunter Adams J, Nguyen T, Cochran J, Geltman PL. Vitamin D deficiency among newly resettled refugees in Massachusetts. J Immigr Minor Health. 2012;14(6):941\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10903-012-9603-9.","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"key":"1715_CR46","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Health Survey: Biomedical Results for Nutrients, 2011\u201312: Vitamin D 2013. Available from: https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/articles\/vitamin-d."},{"issue":"6","key":"1715_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12081","volume":"2","author":"MS El Shahawy","year":"2018","unstructured":"El Shahawy MS, Hemida MH, El Metwaly I, Shady ZM. The effect of vitamin D deficiency on eradication rates of Helicobacter pylori infection. JGH Open. 2018;2(6):270\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jgh3.12081.","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"key":"1715_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S\u0103s\u0103ran MO, M\u0103rginean CO, Lupu A, Koller AM. Vitamin D and its association with H. pylori prevalence and eradication: a comprehensive review. Nutrients. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15163549","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15163549"},{"key":"1715_CR49","unstructured":"Australian Government Department of Home Affairs. Humanitarian Settlement Program: Humanitarian Settlement in Regional Australia; 2024. Available from: https:\/\/immi.homeaffairs.gov.au\/settling-in-australia\/humanitarian-settlement-program\/about-the-program\/humanitarian-settlement-regional-australia."}],"container-title":["Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10903-025-01715-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10903-025-01715-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10903-025-01715-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T09:50:33Z","timestamp":1764582633000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10903-025-01715-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1715"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10903-025-01715-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5469028\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1557-1912","1557-1920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1557-1912","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-1920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 June 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"There is no competing interest to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"All authors consent for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}]}}