{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:26:19Z","timestamp":1786123579427,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764374400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008899","name":"University of South Carolina","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008899","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Immigrant Minority Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Amid the recent global refugee crisis, the United States (U.S.) hosts over 200,000 Afghan refugees, many struggling to integrate into U.S. society. The COVID-19 pandemic and its subsequent health and social sequelae have severely affected Afghan refugees\u2019 lives, especially women, further complicating their integration. This study examines how the pandemic has influenced Afghan refugee women\u2019s integration through challenges and facilitators at various socio-ecological levels. Semi-structured interviews with 34 Afghan refugee women and 18 service providers in California were conducted. Interview data were analyzed using the thematic framework to identify themes indicating the impacts of COVID-19 on refugee women\u2019s integration based on Ager and Stange\u2019s integration framework. Findings revealed multifaceted challenges in refugee women\u2019s integration across multiple socio-ecological levels exacerbated by the pandemic including changes in roles, financial illiteracy, language barriers, cultural adaptation issues, inefficient policies, patriarchal culture, administrative overload, and systemic barriers in employment and education. However, factors like empowerment through education and employment, family\/friends\/community support, socializing, childcare support, awareness of laws and women\u2019s rights, and access to culturally competent job opportunities facilitated their integration. This study recommends policies and programs addressing Afghan refugee women\u2019s integration challenges and facilitators impacted by the pandemic for better integration into the U.S.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-025-01827-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T09:34:21Z","timestamp":1764408861000},"page":"794-808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Post-Pandemic Multidimensional Integration of Afghan Refugee Women in the U.S."],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Atefeh","family":"Aghaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Koga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1827_CR1","first-page":"14","volume":"6","author":"S Kurnia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kurnia S, Febriana R. The implication of UNHCR in addressing the problem of Afghan refugees against global security stability. TRANSBORDERS: Inter Relat J. 2022;6(1):14\u201331.","journal-title":"TRANSBORDERS: Inter Relat J"},{"key":"1827_CR2","unstructured":"Parvaz D. Since the Taliban takeover, Afghans hoping to leave Afghanistan have few ways out. NPR, NPR, 03-Oct-2022."},{"issue":"4","key":"1827_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1177\/17579139221093159","volume":"143","author":"B Badanta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Badanta B, Gonz\u00e1lez-Cano-Caballero M, Fern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda E, Lucchetti G, de Diego-Corro R. The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on the refugee population: a rapid review. Perspect Public Health. 2023;143(4):225\u201341.","journal-title":"Perspect Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"1827_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s10447-022-09476-y","volume":"44","author":"BN Kiteki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kiteki BN, Lou S, Liu T. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns on refugee mental health: a narrative review. Int J Adv Couns. 2022;44(3):395\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10447-022-09476-y.","journal-title":"Int J Adv Couns"},{"key":"1827_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.838965","volume":"10","author":"J Yoosefi Lebni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yoosefi Lebni J, Enayat H, Irandoost SF, Dehghan AA. Exploring the challenges of Afghan refugee women facing COVID-19: a qualitative study in Iran. Front Public Health. 2022;10:838965.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"1827_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Penninx R, Garc\u00e9s-Mascare\u00f1as B. The concept of integration as an analytical tool and as a policy concept. In: Integration processes and policies in Europe. Cham: Springer; 2016. p. 11\u201329.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-21674-4_2"},{"issue":"2","key":"1827_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1177\/1468796815616158","volume":"16","author":"C Diehl","year":"2016","unstructured":"Diehl C, Lubbers M, M\u00fchlau P, Platt L. Starting out: new migrants\u2019 socio-cultural integration trajectories in four European destinations. Ethnicities. 2016;16(2):157\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1468796815616158.","journal-title":"Ethnicities"},{"key":"1827_CR8","volume-title":"Integrating refugees into host country labor markets: challenges and policy options","author":"MV Desiderio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Desiderio MV. Integrating refugees into host country labor markets: challenges and policy options. Washington DC: Migration Policy Institute; 2016."},{"issue":"3","key":"1827_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11077-016-9248-y","volume":"49","author":"JJL Candel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Candel JJL, Biesbroek R. Toward a processual understanding of policy integration. Policy Sci. 2016;49(3):211\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11077-016-9248-y.","journal-title":"Policy Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1827_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40878-017-0069-8","volume":"6","author":"R Kreichauf","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kreichauf R. From forced migration to forced arrival: the campization of refugee accommodation in European cities. Comp Migr Stud. 2018;6(1):7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40878-017-0069-8.","journal-title":"Comp Migr Stud"},{"issue":"4","key":"1827_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691619898838","volume":"15","author":"G Echterhoff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Echterhoff G, Hellmann JH, Back MD, K\u00e4rtner J, Morina N, Hertel G. Psychological antecedents of refugee integration (PARI). Perspect Psychol Sci. 2020;15(4):856\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1745691619898838.","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"1827_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0047279416000775","author":"SY Cheung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheung SY, Phillimore J. Gender and refugee integration: a quantitative analysis of integration and social policy outcomes. J Soc Policy. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0047279416000775.","journal-title":"J Soc Policy"},{"issue":"10231","key":"1827_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30792-3","volume":"395","author":"D Devakumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Devakumar D, Shannon G, Bhopal SS, Abubakar I. Racism and discrimination in COVID-19 responses. Lancet. 2020;395(10231):1194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30792-3.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1827_CR14","unstructured":"Oryem R. Xenophobia and behavioural responses to COVID-19 in Uganda. Africa at LSE, 01-May-2020. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/africaatlse\/2020\/05\/01\/xenophobia-racism-ebola-behavioural-change-covid19-uganda\/. Accessed 02 Jan 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"1827_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1093\/jrs\/feab044","volume":"35","author":"VM Mutambara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mutambara VM, Crankshaw TL, Freedman J. Assessing the impacts of COVID-19 on women refugees in South Africa. J Refug Stud. 2021;35(1):704\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jrs\/feab044.","journal-title":"J Refug Stud"},{"key":"1827_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.001","volume":"277","author":"J Xiong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiong J, Lipsitz O, Nasri F, Lui LMW, Gill H, Phan L, et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2020;277:55\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.001.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"1827_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1177\/1474904117719593","volume":"17","author":"D Kontowski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kontowski D, Leitsberger M. Hospitable universities and integration of refugees: first responses from Austria and Poland. Eur Educ Res J. 2018;17(2):248\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1474904117719593.","journal-title":"Eur Educ Res J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1827_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/jrs\/fen016","volume":"21","author":"A Ager","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ager A, Strang A. Understanding integration: a conceptual framework. J Refug Stud. 2008;21(2):166\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jrs\/fen016.","journal-title":"J Refug Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"1827_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.17294\/2330-0698.1577","volume":"5","author":"F Kotovicz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kotovicz F, Getzin A, Vo T. Challenges of refugee health care: perspectives of medical interpreters, case managers, and pharmacists. J Patient Cent Res Rev. 2018;5(1):28\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17294\/2330-0698.1577.","journal-title":"J Patient Cent Res Rev"},{"key":"1827_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.so.11.080185.001233","volume":"11","author":"JW Schneider","year":"1985","unstructured":"Schneider JW. Social problems theory: the constructionist view. Annu Rev Sociol. 1985;11:209\u201329.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Sociol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1827_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000146739.26187.15","volume":"192","author":"CJ Laban","year":"2004","unstructured":"Laban CJ, Gernaat HBPE, Komproe IH, Schreuders BA, De Jong JTVM. Impact of a long asylum procedure on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Iraqi asylum seekers in The Netherlands. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2004;192(12):843\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.nmd.0000146739.26187.15.","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"1827_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2019.08.004","volume":"61","author":"L-M L\u00f6bel","year":"2020","unstructured":"L\u00f6bel L-M. Family separation and refugee mental health\u2013a network perspective. Soc Netw. 2020;61:20\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socnet.2019.08.004.","journal-title":"Soc Netw"},{"issue":"5","key":"1827_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-018-1651-6","volume":"54","author":"A Leiler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leiler A, Bj\u00e4rt\u00e5 A, Ekdahl J, Wasteson E. Mental health and quality of life among asylum seekers and refugees living in refugee housing facilities in Sweden. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2019;54(5):543\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-018-1651-6.","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1827_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-019-00968-5","volume":"22","author":"L Walther","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walther L, Fuchs LM, Schupp J, von Scheve C. Living conditions and the mental health and well-being of refugees: evidence from a large-scale German survey. J Immigr Minor Health. 2020;22(5):903\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10903-019-00968-5.","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1827_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461518789538","volume":"56","author":"D Kartal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kartal D, Alkemade N, Kiropoulos L. Trauma and mental health in resettled refugees: mediating effect of host language acquisition on posttraumatic stress disorder, depressive and anxiety symptoms. Transcult Psychiatry. 2019;56(1):3\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1363461518789538.","journal-title":"Transcult Psychiatry"},{"key":"1827_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14091036","author":"A Ziersch","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ziersch A, Walsh M, Due C, Duivesteyn E. Exploring the relationship between housing and health for refugees and asylum seekers in South Australia: a qualitative study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph14091036.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"1827_CR27","unstructured":"Strang A, Quinn N. Integration or isolation?: Mapping social connections and well-being amongst refugees in Glasgow.s 2014."},{"key":"1827_CR28","unstructured":"Batalova JBJ. Afghan Immigrants in the United States. 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.migrationpolicy.org\/article\/afghan-immigrants-united-states. Accessed 15 Mar 2024."},{"key":"1827_CR29","unstructured":"Judson A. I would\u2019ve been in grave danger. KXTV, 22-Nov-2021. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.abc10.com\/article\/news\/local\/abc10-originals\/state-department-afghan-refugees-sacramento-housing-crisis\/103-758b2722-69d0-488a-a309-1f2e531c4dd9. Accessed 25 Sept 2023."},{"key":"1827_CR30","unstructured":"Afghanistan situation. Global Focus. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/reporting.unhcr.org\/operational\/situations\/afghanistan-situation. Accessed 25 Sept 2023."},{"key":"1827_CR31","unstructured":"Sabouni F. Exploring the psychosocial needs of Syrian refugees in the UK: Accounts of community service providers. 2019."},{"issue":"9","key":"1827_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1177\/1077800411423192","volume":"17","author":"M Bosworth","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bosworth M, Hoyle C, Dempsey MM. Researching trafficked women: on institutional resistance and the limits to feminist reflexivity. Qual Inquiry. 2011;17(9):769\u201379.","journal-title":"Qual Inquiry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1827_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/jrs\/fes002","volume":"26","author":"K Block","year":"2013","unstructured":"Block K, Warr D, Gibbs L, Riggs E. Addressing ethical and methodological challenges in research with refugee-background young people: reflections from the field. J Refug Stud. 2013;26(1):69\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jrs\/fes002.","journal-title":"J Refug Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"1827_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1704846","volume":"13","author":"V Braun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. To saturate or not to saturate? Questioning data saturation as a useful concept for thematic analysis and sample-size rationales. Qual Res Sport Exerc Health. 2021;13(2):201\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1704846.","journal-title":"Qual Res Sport Exerc Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1827_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","volume":"3","author":"V Braun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa.","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol"},{"key":"1827_CR36","volume-title":"Basics of qualitative research: techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory","author":"J Corbin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Corbin J, Strauss A. Basics of qualitative research: techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Sage publications; 2014."},{"issue":"6","key":"1827_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732303013006008","volume":"13","author":"L Ayres","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ayres L, Kavanaugh K, Knafl KA. Within-case and across-case approaches to qualitative data analysis. Qual Health Res. 2003;13(6):871\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049732303013006008.","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"issue":"21","key":"1827_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4872","DOI":"10.1080\/1369183X.2020.1724420","volume":"47","author":"C Stempel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stempel C, Alemi Q. Challenges to the economic integration of Afghan refugees in the U.S. J Ethn Migr Stud. 2021;47(21):4872\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369183X.2020.1724420.","journal-title":"J Ethn Migr Stud"},{"key":"1827_CR39","unstructured":"Gender Data Portal. World Bank Gender Data Portal. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/genderdata.worldbank.org\/countries\/afghanistan\/. Accessed 26 Nov 2023."},{"key":"1827_CR40","unstructured":"Acaye R. Relief aid dependency syndromes: a case for disaster-prone Moroto district in Uganda. search.proquest.com, 2015."},{"key":"1827_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou YR, Sinding C, Lisa Watt (1972\u20132018), Gahagan J, Micollier E. Gender and trajectories of marital breakdown: accounts of Chinese immigrant women in Canada. Affilia. 2022;37(4):701\u2013716.","DOI":"10.1177\/08861099211070914"},{"issue":"4","key":"1827_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrmr.2021.100877","volume":"32","author":"QT Dang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dang QT, Rammal HG, Michailova S. Expatriates\u2019 families: a systematic literature review and research agenda. Hum Resour Manage Rev. 2022;32(4):100877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrmr.2021.100877.","journal-title":"Hum Resour Manage Rev"},{"key":"1827_CR43","unstructured":"Myadar O, Adkins A, Ingram M, Iroz-Elardo N. Understanding connections between mobility, transportation, and quality of life in refugee communities in Tucson, Arizona. 2023."},{"key":"1827_CR44","unstructured":"Peterman A, et al. Pandemics and violence against women and children. 2020."},{"key":"1827_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.576481","volume":"9","author":"L Walther","year":"2021","unstructured":"Walther L, Rayes D, Amann J, Flick U, Ta TMT, Hahn E, et al. Mental health and integration: a qualitative study on the struggles of recently arrived refugees in Germany. Front Public Health. 2021;9:576481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.576481.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1827_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.75.1.51","volume":"75","author":"RA Deyo","year":"1985","unstructured":"Deyo RA, Diehl AK, Hazuda H, Stern MP. A simple language-based acculturation scale for Mexican Americans: validation and application to health care research. Am J Public Health. 1985;75(1):51\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.75.1.51.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"1827_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2020.100020","volume":"1","author":"D Costa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Costa D, Biddle L, M\u00fchling C, Bozorgmehr K. Subjective social status mobility and mental health of asylum seekers and refugees: population-based, cross-sectional study in a German federal state. J Migr Health. 2020;1:100020.","journal-title":"J Migr Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1827_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.24.1.1","volume":"24","author":"A Portes","year":"1998","unstructured":"Portes A. Social capital: its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annu Rev Sociol. 1998;24(1):1\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.soc.24.1.1.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Sociol"},{"key":"1827_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520924376","volume-title":"Fragmented ties: Salvadoran immigrant networks in America","author":"C Menj\u00edvar","year":"2000","unstructured":"Menj\u00edvar C. Fragmented ties: Salvadoran immigrant networks in America. University of California Press; 2000."},{"key":"1827_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashemi N, Amiry S. Uncovering the nexus of identity and forced migration: a collaborative autoethnographic study of Afghan women\u2019s experiences in diaspora. Comp Int Educ. 2024.","DOI":"10.5206\/cie-eci.v53i2.17000"},{"key":"1827_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrs\/fez002","author":"M Umer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Umer M, Elliot DL. Being hopeful: exploring the dynamics of post-traumatic growth and hope in refugees. J Refugee Stud. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jrs\/fez002.","journal-title":"J Refugee Stud"}],"container-title":["Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10903-025-01827-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10903-025-01827-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10903-025-01827-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:43:23Z","timestamp":1786117403000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10903-025-01827-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1827"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10903-025-01827-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1557-1912","1557-1920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1557-1912","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-1920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}