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A person\u2019s final sexual attitude is not decided until after puberty and is the result of a number of factors, not all of which are yet known; some are of a constitutional nature but others are accidental\u201d (Freud 1962, n1, 12).While the connection to the medicalization of gender has already been discussed in Bieber\u2019s work on the etiology of homosexuality in the post-war years, the descriptions of GIDC in theDSM-IIIandDSM-IVlist such diagnostic criteria as a preference for cross-dressing or simulating female attire in boys, an insistence on wearing only stereotypically masculine clothing in girls; strong and persistent preferences for cross-sex roles in make-believe play or persistent fantasies of being the other sex; intense desires to participate in the stereotypical games and pastimes of the other sex, and a strong preference for playmates of the other sex (APA 1994, 537). TheDSM-Vdoes stipulate that the clinical problem is on dysphoria and not on gender identity per se (APA 2013).For the German language text to which Proctor is referring, see J. Lange, 1938.For the German source to which Proctor refers, see \u201cStaatsfeinde sind auszumerzen!\u201dInformationsdienst, June 20, 1938.As I have argued elsewhere, the social use of biomedical discourses relegated homosexuals under National Socialism as threats to the economic and political well-being of the German nation-state, and played a role in justifying persecutions against them, including the revision of Paragraph 175 of the Reich Penal Code. See Spurlin, 2009,Lost Intimacies: Rethinking Homosexuality under National Socialism, especially Chapters 2 and 3.For example, an article on HIV\/AIDS in southern Africa inThe Economistin 2002 begins with a voyeuristic narrative of sexual practices in Botswana, describing some indigenous men\u2019s preferences for \u201cdry sex\u201d whereby women, in order to provide more pleasure for their male partners, insert toothpaste or herbs into their vaginas in order to prevent lubrication, which can lead to tears in vaginal tissues and bleeding during penetration and thereby allow the human immunodeficiency virus to penetrate the tissue. While the practice, provided the male partner is HIV-infected, can place the woman at risk for infection, beginning an article about HIV\/AIDS in southern Africa with \u201cdry sex\u201d reproduces textually an orientalist erotics that imagines non-western exotic otherness as a site of sexual deviance or excess, supposedly far removed from the sexual epistemologies and practices of the West. See \u201cFighting Back. Special Report: AIDS in Southern Africa\u201d 2002.McRuer also links able-bodied identity and heterosexual identity as performative given that each identity \u201cis simultaneously the ground on which all identities supposedly rest (as natural, as given) and an impressive achievement that is always deferred and thus never really guaranteed\u201d (2010, 386; parentheses mine). This calls to mind Butler\u2019s theory of gender performativity through the citation and embodiment of gender norms, which creates the illusion of gender as a substance of being instead of as \u201ca complexity whose totality is permanently deferred, never fully what it is at any given juncture in time\u2019 (Butler 1999, 22).As examples, the study indicated that cervical cancer and genital human papillomavirus often go untreated in lesbians, high rates of hepatitis remain high among gay men, and transgendered individuals who take unprescribed hormones in the later stages of gender transitioning risk infection and other side effects. See Juno Obedin-Maliver, Elizabeth S. Goldsmith, Leslie Stewart, et al., 2011.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Endnotes"}}]}}