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Many of the prisoners Kligman experimented on were awaiting trial and were only in prison because they did not have the money to post bail\u2014money that they could earn by volunteering for Kligman\u2019s experiments.<sup>4<\/sup> Jill Casid (\n                      \n                      ) richly explores how European imperialism was reimagined \u201cnot as conquest but as cultivation\u201d (95) in the eighteenth century in <i>Sowing Empire: Landscape and Colonization<\/i>.<sup>5<\/sup> Because I am focusing on the U.S. prison system, I do not address the many global historical moments in which colonialism and medical practice have overlapped more literally, as colonizing powers have controlled the medical care of their colonial subjects. David Braude Hillel (\n                      \n                      ) discusses just one of these moments in \u201cColonialism, Biko and AIDS: Reflections on the Principle of Beneficence in South African Medical Ethics.\u201d<sup>6<\/sup> In fact, many researchers, like Andrew M. Cislo and Robert Trestman (\n                      \n                      ), feel that these restrictions have deterred even potentially beneficial medical research in prisons and that, as a result, conditions that affect incarcerated people, particularly mental health issues, are often woefully understudied. While acknowledging that prisoners are a vulnerable population and that extra care should be taken to ensure that consent is freely given and informed, David J. Moser agrees that prisoners have become an \u201coverprotected population\u201d and that clinicians are subsequently underinformed about their specific needs. For more on this, see Andrew Cislo and Robert Trestman, \u201cChallenges and Solutions for Conducting Research in Correctional Settings: The U.S. Experience\u201d and David J. Moser et al. (\n                      \n                      ), \u201cCoercion and Informed Consent in Research Involving Prisoners.\u201d<sup>7<\/sup> Tim Holt and Tony Adams (\n                      \n                      ) decried a similar practice in Great Britain when they noticed that medical students were travelling to developing countries and practicing skills \u201cin ways which would be illegal in Britain,\u201d treating people in these countries as \u201ca population of second-class citizens, who, because of their economic predicament, have no choice but to accept the second-rate skills of unqualified students, and who deserve to be taken advantage of in this way\u201d (102).<sup>8<\/sup> For more on this aspect of environmental justice, see Rob Nixon,\n                      \n                      , <i>Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor. Boston<\/i>: Harvard University Press.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Endnotes"}}]}}