{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T05:06:56Z","timestamp":1789189616425,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Humanit"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This paper draws from a framework of virtue ethics and narrative medicine to present a content analysis and teaching resource of virtue-illustrating stories found in medical journals. As acquired dispositions, virtues are cultivated not merely by listening to lectures but through reflection, experience, role-modeling, practice, and internalization. One way to encourage such cultivation is to use narratives to illustrate moral virtues in action. With this in mind, we identified a literature-based taxonomy of 12 core virtues in medicine, selected a sample of 180 narratives published in medical journals to perform a content analysis and frequency calculation of core virtues they illustrate, and identified a collection of 24 of these narratives to illustrate the 12 core virtues. In decreasing order of frequency, the 12 core virtues found in these narratives were benevolence, humility, practical wisdom, courage, respectfulness, trustworthiness, altruism, cooperativeness, temperance, honesty, integrity, and justice. The taxonomy and bibliographic resource we offer can help medical educators utilize medical narratives to reflect on and discuss core moral virtues in medicine, and the 24 virtue-illustrating narratives are short, accessible, and practical for time-constrained teachers and learners interested in the way stories manifest virtues in medicine. This taxonomical framework and narrative collection can help shine practical light on ethical challenges in medicine\u2014which so often are complex, multilayered, uncertain, and fluid\u2014and on the virtues that enable physicians and other healthcare professionals to respond well to those challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10912-026-10057-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T02:22:11Z","timestamp":1788315731000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Virtues and Narratives in Medicine: An Analysis and Collection of Virtue-Illustrating Stories in Medical Journals"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Lauris C.","family":"Kaldjian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany A.","family":"Bettendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Jotterand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"10057_CR1","unstructured":"AAMC. 2019. Guidelines for writing a letter of evaluation for a medical school applicant. https:\/\/www.aamc.org\/system\/files?file=2019-09\/lettersguidelinesbrochure.pdf. Accessed 3 August 2026."},{"key":"10057_CR2","volume-title":"The morality of happiness","author":"Julia Annas","year":"1993","unstructured":"Annas, Julia. 1993. The morality of happiness. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"17","key":"10057_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3105","volume":"323","author":"M Archambault Carlson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Archambault Carlson, M. 2020. You did not teach me what you thought you did. JAMA 323(17): 1732-1733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.3105","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10057_CR4","unstructured":"Aristotle. 1984. Nicomachean ethics (H. G. Apostle, Trans.). Merrimack, NH: The Peripatetic Press."},{"key":"10057_CR5","unstructured":"Arthur, J., K. Kristj\u00e1nsson, H. Thomas, B. Kotzee, A. Ignatowicz and T. Qiu. 2015. Virtuous medical practice. University of Birmingham, UK. https:\/\/www.jubileecentre.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Virtuous_Medical_Practice.pdf. Accessed 3 August 2026."},{"key":"10057_CR6","unstructured":"Arthur, J., K. Kristj\u00e1nsson, A. Thompson, and A. Fazel. 2023. The Jubilee Centre framework for virtue-based professional ethics. University of Birmingham, UK. https:\/\/www.jubileecentre.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Framework_Virtue_Based_Prof_Ethics.pdf. Accessed 3 August 2026."},{"key":"10057_CR7","volume-title":"Principles of biomedical ethics","author":"Thomas L Beauchamp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beauchamp, Thomas L., and James F. Childress. 2019. Principles of biomedical ethics (8th ed). New York: Oxford University Press.","edition":"8"},{"issue":"7","key":"10057_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2000.06298.x","volume":"15","author":"WT Branch","year":"2000","unstructured":"Branch, W. T. 2000. Supporting the moral development of medical students. Journal of General Internal Medicine 15(7): 503-508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2000.06298.x","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"10057_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1002\/hast.261","volume":"44","author":"H Brody","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brody, H., and M. Clark. 2014. Narrative ethics: a narrative. Hastings Center Report 44(1 Suppl): S7-11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hast.261","journal-title":"Hastings Center Report"},{"issue":"15","key":"10057_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.15597","volume":"322","author":"BJ Buelow","year":"2019","unstructured":"Buelow, B. J., and M. W. Buelow. 2019. When you can't find a heartbeat. JAMA 322(15): 1453-1454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2019.15597","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10057_CR11","volume-title":"In good conscience: Reason and emotion in moral decision making","author":"Sidney Callahan","year":"1991","unstructured":"Callahan, Sidney. 1991. In good conscience: Reason and emotion in moral decision making. New York: Harper Collins."},{"key":"10057_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Capaldi, N. 1999. What\u2019s wrong with solidarity? In Solidarity, ed. K. Bayertz, 39\u201355. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-015-9245-1_3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-9245-1_3"},{"issue":"1","key":"10057_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-134-1-200101020-00024","volume":"134","author":"R Charon","year":"2001","unstructured":"Charon, R. 2001a. Narrative medicine: form, function, and ethics. Annals of Internal Medicine 134(1): 83-87. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-134-1-200101020-00024","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10057_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Charon, R. 2001b. The patient-physician relationship. Narrative medicine: a model for empathy, reflection, profession, and trust. JAMA 286(15): 1897\u20131902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.286.15.1897","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.15.1897"},{"key":"10057_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ACM.0000285307.17430.74","volume":"82","author":"JJ Cohen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cohen, J. J. 2007. Linking professionalism to humanism: what it means, why it matters. Academic Medicine 82: 1029-1032.","journal-title":"Academic Medicine"},{"key":"10057_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Coles, R. 1979. Occasional notes. Medical ethics and living a life. New England Journal of Medicine 301(8): 444\u2013446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejm197908233010831","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm197908233010831"},{"key":"10057_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200510000-00004","volume":"80","author":"J Coulehan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Coulehan, J. 2005. Today's professionalism: engaging the mind but not the heart. Academic Medicine 80: 892-898.","journal-title":"Academic Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10057_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1136\/jmh.2005.000250","volume":"33","author":"J Coulehan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Coulehan, J. 2007. Written role models in professionalism education. Medical Humanities 33(2): 106-109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jmh.2005.000250","journal-title":"Medical Humanities"},{"issue":"3","key":"10057_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ap.35.3.155","volume":"35","author":"JH Coverdale","year":"2011","unstructured":"Coverdale, J. H., R. Balon, and L.W. Roberts. 2011. Cultivating the professional virtues in medical training and practice. Academic Psychiatry 35(3): 155-159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ap.35.3.155","journal-title":"Academic Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10057_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1097\/acm.0000000000000700","volume":"90","author":"RL Cruess","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cruess, R. L., S. R. Cruess, J. D. Boudreau, L. Snell, and Y. Steinert. 2015. A schematic representation of the professional identity formation and socialization of medical students and residents: a guide for medical educators. Academic Medicine 90(6): 718-725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/acm.0000000000000700","journal-title":"Academic Medicine"},{"key":"10057_CR21","unstructured":"Das, K. 2022. On the ethics of writing about social issues (while minimizing harm). https:\/\/lithub.com\/on-the-ethics-of-writing-about-social-issues-while-minimizing-harm\/. Accessed 3 August 2026."},{"key":"10057_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000224025.03658.a2","volume":"449","author":"GP DeRosa","year":"2006","unstructured":"DeRosa, G. P. 2006. Professionalism and virtues. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research 449: 28-33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.blo.0000224025.03658.a2","journal-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10057_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-021-03051-6","volume":"22","author":"DJ Doukas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Doukas, D. J., D. T. Ozar, M. Darragh, J. M. de Groot, B. S. Carter, and N. Stout. 2022. Virtue and care ethics & humanism in medical education: A scoping review. BMC Medical Education 22(1): 131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-021-03051-6","journal-title":"BMC Medical Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"10057_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.7326\/m19-0326","volume":"172","author":"F Faustinella","year":"2020","unstructured":"Faustinella, F. 2020. A very persistent cold. Annals of Internal Medicine 172(2): 155-156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/m19-0326","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10057_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.2691","volume":"171","author":"CC Ferguson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ferguson, C. C. 2017. The emotional fallout from the culture of blame and shame. JAMA Pediatrics 171(12): 1141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.2691","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10057_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/hast.591","volume":"46","author":"AW Frank","year":"2016","unstructured":"Frank, A. W. 2016. Truth telling, companionship, and witness: An agenda for narrative ethics. Hastings Center Report 46(3): 17-21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hast.591","journal-title":"Hastings Center Report"},{"key":"10057_CR27","volume-title":"Ethics","author":"William Frankena","year":"1973","unstructured":"Frankena, William. 1973. Ethics (2nd ed). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.","edition":"2"},{"key":"10057_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galarneau, C. A. 2002. Health care as a community good. Many dimensions, many communities, many views of justice. Hastings Center Report 32(5): 33\u201340.","DOI":"10.2307\/3528711"},{"issue":"50","key":"10057_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1385","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.190464","volume":"191","author":"D Garros","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garros, D. 2019. Cookies with Barbara. Canadian Medical Association Journal 191(50): e1385-e1386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.190464","journal-title":"Canadian Medical Association Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"10057_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1017\/s0963180100008033","volume":"6","author":"CC Gauthier","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gauthier, C. C. 1997. Teaching the virtues: justifications and recommendations. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 6(3): 339-346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0963180100008033","journal-title":"Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics"},{"key":"10057_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/book44746","volume-title":"Bioethics and the human goods: An introduction to natural law bioethics","author":"Alfonso Gomez-Lobo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gomez-Lobo, Alfonso, and John Keown. 2015. Bioethics and the human goods: An introduction to natural law bioethics. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press."},{"issue":"8","key":"10057_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.13581","volume":"52","author":"AM Greiner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Greiner, A. M., and L. C. Kaldjian. 2018. Rethinking medical oaths using the Physician Charter and ethical virtues. Medical Education 52(8): 826-837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/medu.13581","journal-title":"Medical Education"},{"key":"10057_CR33","volume-title":"Democracy and disagreement","author":"Amy Gutmann","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gutmann, Amy and Dennis Thompson. 1998. Democracy and disagreement. London, UK: Belknap Press."},{"key":"10057_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gutmann, Amy and Dennis Thompson. 2014. The spirit of compromise: why governing demands it and campaigning undermines it (updated ed). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt6wpzt8"},{"issue":"11","key":"10057_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-199411000-00001","volume":"69","author":"FW Hafferty","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hafferty, F. W., and R. Franks. 1994. The hidden curriculum, ethics teaching, and the structure of medical education. Academic Medicine 69(11): 861-871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00001888-199411000-00001","journal-title":"Academic Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10057_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-020-02313-z","volume":"20","author":"M Hawking","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hawking, M., J. Kim, M. Jih, C. Hu, and J. D. Yoon. 2020. Can virtue be taught? A content analysis of medical students' opinions of the professional and ethical challenges to their professional identity formation. BMC Medical Education 20(1): 380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-020-02313-z","journal-title":"BMC Medical Education"},{"issue":"9","key":"10057_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687","volume":"15","author":"HF Hsieh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hsieh, H. F. and S. E. Shannon. 2005. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research 15(9): 1277-1288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049732305276687","journal-title":"Qualitative Health Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"10057_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-199509000-00016","volume":"70","author":"KM Hunter","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hunter, K. M., R. Charon, and J. L. Coulehan. 1995. The study of literature in medical education. Academic Medicine 70(9): 787-794.","journal-title":"Academic Medicine"},{"issue":"9060","key":"10057_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(97)03395-3","volume":"349","author":"AH Jones","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jones, A. H. 1997. Literature and medicine: narrative ethics. Lancet 349(9060): 1243-1246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(97)03395-3","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10057_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhac015","volume":"48","author":"F Jotterand","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jotterand, F., R. Spellecy, M. Homan, and A. R. Derse. 2023. Promoting equity in health care through human flourishing, justice, and solidarity. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 48(1): 98-109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jmp\/jhac015","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine and Philosophy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10057_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhae046","volume":"50","author":"F Jotterand","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jotterand, F., A. Derse, R. Spellecy, C. Stawski, and A. Kalet. 2025. Practical wisdom, clinical judgments, and the agential view. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 50(2): 147-158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jmp\/jhae046","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine and Philosophy"},{"key":"10057_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511997891","volume-title":"Practicing medicine and ethics: Integrating wisdom, conscience, and goals of care","author":"Lauris C Kaldjian","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kaldjian, Lauris C. 2014. Practicing medicine and ethics: Integrating wisdom, conscience, and goals of care. New York: Cambridge University Press."},{"issue":"12","key":"10057_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.15108","volume":"57","author":"LC Kaldjian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kaldjian, L. C., J. Yoon, T. K. Ark, L. Shinkunas, and F. Jotterand. 2023. Practical wisdom in medicine through the eyes of medical students and physicians. Medical Education 57(12): 1219-1229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/medu.15108","journal-title":"Medical Education"},{"key":"10057_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kaldjian, L. C., K. Kristj\u00e1nsson, and S. McLoughlin. 2026. Practical wisdom in medicine: defending a multidimensional, integrated view of an indispensable virtue. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics May 23 (online ahead of print). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11017-026-09760-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11017-026-09760-7"},{"issue":"11","key":"10057_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3537","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-06893-4","volume":"36","author":"K Karches","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karches, K., M. DeCamp, M. George, M. Prochaska, M. Saunders, B. Thorsteinsdottir, and E. Dzeng. 2021. Spheres of influence and strategic advocacy for equity in medicine. Journal of General Internal Medicine 36(11): 3537-3540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-021-06893-4","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10057_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/10401334.2023.2209067","volume":"36","author":"DT Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim, D. T., M. K. Applewhite, and W. Shelton. 2024. Professional identity formation in medical education: Some virtue-based insights. Teaching and Learning in Medicine 36(3): 399-409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10401334.2023.2209067","journal-title":"Teaching and Learning in Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10057_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ACM.0000249911.79915.4d","volume":"82","author":"WA Kinghorn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kinghorn, W. A., M. D. McEvoy, A. Michel, and M. Balboni. 2007. Professionalism in modern medicine: Does the emperor have any clothes? Academic Medicine 82(1): 40-45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.ACM.0000249911.79915.4d","journal-title":"Academic Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10057_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10730-016-9308-x","volume":"29","author":"B Kotzee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kotzee, B., A. Ignatowicz, and H. Thomas. 2017. Virtue in medical practice: An exploratory study. HEC Forum 29(1): 1-19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10730-016-9308-x","journal-title":"HEC Forum"},{"issue":"5","key":"10057_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.06.041","volume":"76","author":"A Landry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Landry, A., and K. Ouchi. 2020. Why we searched for a photo. Annals of Emergency Medicine 76(5): 681-682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.06.041","journal-title":"Annals of Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10057_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2005.03.013","volume":"138","author":"GL Larkin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Larkin, G. L., M. P. McKay, and P. Angelos. 2005. Six core competencies and seven deadly sins: A virtues-based approach to the new guidelines for graduate medical education. Surgery 138(3): 490-497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surg.2005.03.013","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"10057_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2008.00315.x","volume":"16","author":"GL Larkin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Larkin, G. L., K. Iserson, Z. Kassutto, G. Freas, K. Delaney, J. Krimm, T. Schmidt, J. Simon, A. Calkins, and J. Adams. 2009. Virtue in emergency medicine. Academic Emergency Medicine 16(1): 51-55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2008.00315.x","journal-title":"Academic Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"10057_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511570612","volume-title":"Aristotle: The desire to understand","author":"Jonathan Lear","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lear, Jonathan. 1988. Aristotle: The desire to understand. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"10057_CR53","volume-title":"A time to build: From family and community to congress and the campus, how recommitting to our institutions can revive the American dream","author":"Y Levin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Levin, Y. 2020. A time to build: From family and community to congress and the campus, how recommitting to our institutions can revive the American dream. New York: Basic Books."},{"key":"10057_CR54","volume-title":"After virtue","author":"Alasdair MacIntyre","year":"1984","unstructured":"MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1984. After virtue. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press."},{"key":"10057_CR55","volume-title":"Whose justice? Which rationality?","author":"Alasdair MacIntyre","year":"1988","unstructured":"MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1988. Whose justice? Which rationality? Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press."},{"key":"10057_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316816967","volume-title":"Ethics in the conflicts of modernity: an essay on desire, practical reasoning, and narrative","author":"Alasdair MacIntyre","year":"2016","unstructured":"MacIntyre, Alasdair. 2016. Ethics in the conflicts of modernity: an essay on desire, practical reasoning, and narrative. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press."},{"issue":"11 Suppl","key":"10057_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s5","DOI":"10.1097\/acm.0000000000000894","volume":"90","author":"MA Martimianakis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Martimianakis, M. A., B. Michalec, J. Lam, C. Cartmill, J. S. Taylor, and F. W. Hafferty. 2015. Humanism, the hidden curriculum, and educational reform: A scoping review and thematic analysis. Academic Medicine 90(11 Suppl): s5-s13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/acm.0000000000000894","journal-title":"Academic Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10057_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.7326\/m24-0842","volume":"177","author":"CL Matchett","year":"2024","unstructured":"Matchett, C. L., E. L. Usher, J. T. Ratelle, D. A. Suarez, A. N. Leep Hunderfund, A. M. Aragon Sierra, and A. P. Sawatsky. 2024. Physician humility: A review and call to revive virtue in medicine. Annals of Internal Medicine 177(9): 1251-1258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/m24-0842","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10057_CR59","volume-title":"The theory and practice of virtue","author":"Gilbert C Meilaender","year":"1984","unstructured":"Meilaender, Gilbert C. 1984. The theory and practice of virtue. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press."},{"issue":"7","key":"10057_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159x.2019.1584274","volume":"41","author":"MM Milota","year":"2019","unstructured":"Milota, M. M., G. van Thiel, and J. J. M. van Delden. 2019. Narrative medicine as a medical education tool: A systematic review. Medical Teacher 41(7): 802-810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0142159x.2019.1584274","journal-title":"Medical Teacher"},{"key":"10057_CR61","volume-title":"American awakening: identity politics and other afflictions of our time","author":"J Mitchell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mitchell, J. 2020. American awakening: identity politics and other afflictions of our time. New York: Encounter Books."},{"issue":"2","key":"10057_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.5518","volume":"318","author":"T Moniz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moniz, T., L. Lingard, and C. Watling. 2017. Stories doctors tell. JAMA 318(2): 124-125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2017.5518","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10057_CR63","volume-title":"How doctors think: Clinical judgment and the practice of medicine","author":"Kathryn Montgomery","year":"2006","unstructured":"Montgomery, Kathryn. 2006. How doctors think: Clinical judgment and the practice of medicine. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"10057_CR64","first-page":"44","volume":"11","author":"TH Murray","year":"1997","unstructured":"Murray, T. H. 1997. What do we mean by \"narrative ethics\". Medical Humanities Review 11(2): 44-57.","journal-title":"Medical Humanities Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10057_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-006-9017-3","volume":"10","author":"L Nordenfelt","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nordenfelt, L. 2007. The concepts of health and illness revisited. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 10(1): 5-10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11019-006-9017-3","journal-title":"Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy"},{"key":"10057_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/68481","volume":"11","author":"S Parra Larrotta","year":"2025","unstructured":"Parra Larrotta, S., E. H. Hern\u00e1ndez Rinc\u00f3n, D. Ni\u00f1o Correa, C. L. Jaimes Pe\u00f1uela, and A. E. Romero Tapia. 2025. Effects of the hidden curriculum in medical education: Scoping review. JMIR Medical Education 11: e68481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/68481","journal-title":"JMIR Medical Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"10057_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1177\/1363459319889102","volume":"25","author":"A Paton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paton, A., and B. Kotzee. 2021. The fundamental role of storytelling and practical wisdom in facilitating the ethics education of junior doctors. Health (London) 25(4): 417-433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1363459319889102","journal-title":"Health (London)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10057_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510070096044","volume":"270","author":"ED Pellegrino","year":"1993","unstructured":"Pellegrino, E. D. 1993. Compassion needs reason too. JAMA 270(7): 874-875.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10057_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1353\/ken.0.0044","volume":"5","author":"ED Pellegrino","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pellegrino, E. D. 1995. Toward a virtue-based normative ethics for the health professions. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 5(3): 253-277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/ken.0.0044","journal-title":"Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"10057_CR70","first-page":"378","volume":"69","author":"ED Pellegrino","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pellegrino, E. D. 2002. Professionalism, profession and the virtues of the good physician. Mt Sinai Journal of Medicine 69(6): 378-384.","journal-title":"Mt Sinai Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10057_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195082890.001.0001","volume-title":"The virtues in medical practice","author":"Edmund D Pellegrino","year":"1993","unstructured":"Pellegrino, Edmund D., and David C. Thomasma. 1993. The virtues in medical practice. New York: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"10057_CR72","unstructured":"Personal Professional Compass program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa. https:\/\/bioethics.medicine.uiowa.edu\/personal-professional-compass-ppc-1-credit-elective-program-ccom. Accessed 3 August 2026."},{"key":"10057_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-5229-4_6","volume-title":"Virtue and medicine","author":"EL Pincoffs","year":"1985","unstructured":"Pincoffs, E. L. 1985. Two cheers for Meno: the definition of the virtues. In Virtue and medicine, ed. E. E. Shelp, 111-131. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company."},{"issue":"1","key":"10057_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-06169-5","volume":"24","author":"SG Post","year":"2024","unstructured":"Post, S. G., M. A. Basile, R. J. Iuli, P. Migdal, J. S. Trilling, A. Wackett, and L. Strano-Paul. 2024. A tripartite taxonomy of character strengths & virtues: Toward professional identity formation in medical students & physicians. BMC Medical Education 24(1): 1220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-024-06169-5","journal-title":"BMC Medical Education"},{"key":"10057_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sandars, J. 2009. The use of reflection in medical education: AMEE Guide No. 44. Medical Teacher 31(8): 685\u2013695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01421590903050374","DOI":"10.1080\/01421590903050374"},{"issue":"1","key":"10057_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/0090591784012001005","volume":"12","author":"MJ Sandel","year":"1984","unstructured":"Sandel, M. J. 1984. The procedural republic and the unencumbered self. Political Theory 12(1): 81-96.","journal-title":"Political Theory"},{"key":"10057_CR77","volume-title":"Healers: Extraordinary clinicians at work","author":"David Schenck","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schenck, David, and Larry R. Churchill. 2012. Healers: Extraordinary clinicians at work. New York: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"10057_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511840852","volume-title":"Utilitarianism: For and against","author":"JJC Smart","year":"1973","unstructured":"Smart, J. J. C., and Bernard Williams. 1973. Utilitarianism: For and against. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press."},{"issue":"8","key":"10057_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159x.2019.1584275","volume":"41","author":"V Spatoula","year":"2019","unstructured":"Spatoula, V., E. Panagopoulou, and A. Montgomery. 2019. Does empathy change during undergraduate medical education? A meta-analysis. Medical Teacher 41(8): 895-904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0142159x.2019.1584275","journal-title":"A Meta-Analysis. Medical Teacher"},{"issue":"7","key":"10057_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2000.05007.x","volume":"15","author":"DP Sulmasy","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sulmasy, D. P. 2000. Should medical schools be schools for virtue? Journal of General Internal Medicine 15(7): 514-516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2000.05007.x","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10057_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/15.3.269","volume":"15","author":"RM Veatch","year":"1990","unstructured":"Veatch, R. M. 1990. Justice in health care: The contribution of Edmund Pellegrino. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 15(3): 269-287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jmp\/15.3.269","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine and Philosophy"},{"issue":"9","key":"10057_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.1332","volume":"3","author":"S Weinreb","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weinreb, S. 2018. Living on a wire. JAMA Cardiology 3(9): 804-805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.1332","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"10057_CR83","first-page":"16","volume":"9","author":"N Yavari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yavari, N. 2016. Does medical education erode medical trainees' ethical attitude and behavior? Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 9: 16.","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine"},{"issue":"30","key":"10057_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e866","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.200124","volume":"192","author":"G Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, G. 2020. Alternate timelines. Canadian Medical Association Journal 192(30): e866-e867. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.200124","journal-title":"Canadian Medical Association Journal"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Humanities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10912-026-10057-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10912-026-10057-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10912-026-10057-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T04:18:09Z","timestamp":1789186689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10912-026-10057-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["10057"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10912-026-10057-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1041-3545","1573-3645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1041-3545","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 September 2026","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The online version of this article has been updated in PubMed to correct the placement of the middle initials for the first two authors.","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Our research did not involve human subjects.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}