{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:16:05Z","timestamp":1792804565910,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#890-2016-3002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#890-2016-3002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#895-2013-1021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#895-2013-1021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Occup Rehabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Deciding whether to disclose a disability to others at work is complex. Many chronic mental and physical health conditions are associated with episodic disability and include times of relative wellness punctuated by intermittent periods of activity limitations. This research draws on the disclosure processes model to examine approach and avoidance disclosure and non-disclosure goals and their association with perceived positive and negative workplace outcomes. Participants were 896 employed individuals (57.7% women) living with a chronic physical or mental health\/cognitive condition. They were recruited from an existing national panel and completed an online, cross-sectional survey. Participants were asked about disclosure decisions, reasons for disclosure\/non-disclosure, demographic, work context and perceived positive and negative disclosure decision outcomes (e.g., support, stress, lost opportunities). About half the sample (51.2%) had disclosed a disability to their supervisor. Decisions included both approach and avoidance goals. Approach goals (e.g., desire support, want to build trust, maintain the status quo at work) were significantly associated with perceived positive work outcomes regardless of whether a participant disclosed or did not disclose a disability at work, while avoidance goals (e.g., concerns about losing one\u2019s job, feeling forced to disclose because others notice a problem) were associated with perceived negative work outcomes. The findings highlight benefits and challenges that workers perceive arise when they choose to disclose or not disclose personal health information. By better understanding disclosure decisions, we can inform organizational health privacy and support gaps to help sustain the employment of people living with disabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-020-09956-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T05:02:41Z","timestamp":1612155761000},"page":"638-651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Does it matter what your reasons are when deciding to disclose (or not disclose) a disability at work? The association of workers\u2019 approach and avoidance goals with perceived positive and negative workplace outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4445-3274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monique A. M.","family":"Gignac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arif","family":"Jetha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen A. Martin","family":"Ginis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selahadin","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"9956_CR1","unstructured":"OECD. Sickness, disability and work: breaking the barriers: a synthesis of findings across OECD countries. Paris: OECD Publishing; 2010."},{"key":"9956_CR2","unstructured":"WHO. WHO global disability action plan 2014\u20132021: better health for all people with disability. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015."},{"key":"9956_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-020-09901-2","author":"MAM Gignac","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gignac MAM, Bowring J, Jetha A, Beaton DE, Breslin FC, Franche R-L, et al. Disclosure, privacy and workplace accommodation of episodic disabilities: organizational perspectives on disability communication-support processes to sustain employment. J Occup Rehabil. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10926-020-09901-2.","journal-title":"J Occup Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"9956_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3233\/jvr-160844","volume":"46","author":"MJ Prince","year":"2017","unstructured":"Prince MJ. Persons with invisible disabilities and workplace accommodation: findings from a scoping literature review. J Vocat Rehabil. 2017;46(1):75\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jvr-160844.","journal-title":"J Vocat Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"9956_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-11","volume":"12","author":"E Brohan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brohan E, Henderson C, Wheat K, Malcolm E, Clement S, Barley EA, et al. Systematic review of beliefs, behaviours and influencing factors associated with disclosure of a mental health problem in the workplace. BMC Psychiatry. 2012;12(1):11.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"9956_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-019-09848-z","volume":"30","author":"EPM Brouwers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brouwers EPM, Joosen MCW, van Zelst C, Van Weeghel J. To disclose or not to disclose: a multi-stakeholder focus group study on mental health sssues in the work environment. J Occup Rehabil. 2020;30(1):84\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10926-019-09848-z.","journal-title":"J Occup Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"9956_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018193","volume":"136","author":"SR Chaudoir","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chaudoir SR, Fisher JD. The disclosure processes model: understanding disclosure decision making and postdisclosure outcomes among people living with a concealable stigmatized identity. Psychol Bull. 2010;136(2):236\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0018193.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"9956_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.03.016","volume":"67","author":"JA Garcia","year":"2008","unstructured":"Garcia JA, Crocker J. Reasons for disclosing depression matter: the consequences of having egosystem and ecosystem goals. Soc Sci Med. 2008;67(3):453\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.03.016.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"9956_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24889","volume":"61","author":"MA Gignac","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gignac MA, Cao X. \u201cShould I tell my employer and coworkers I have arthritis?\u201d A longitudinal examination of self-disclosure in the work place. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61(12):1753\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.24889.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"4","key":"9956_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1037\/prj0000127","volume":"38","author":"E Hielscher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hielscher E, Waghorn G. Managing disclosure of personal information: an opportunity to enhance supported employment. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2015;38(4):306\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/prj0000127.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Rehabil J"},{"issue":"2","key":"9956_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2011.544058","volume":"26","author":"A Irvine","year":"2011","unstructured":"Irvine A. Something to declare? The disclosure of common mental health problems at work. Disabil Soc. 2011;26(2):179\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09687599.2011.544058.","journal-title":"Disabil Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"9956_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-019-09836-3","volume":"29","author":"A Jetha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jetha A, Yanar B, Lay AM, Mustard C. Work disability management communication bottlenecks within large and complex public service organizations: a sociotechnical systems study. J Occup Rehabil. 2019;29(4):754\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10926-019-09836-3.","journal-title":"J Occup Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"9956_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206313515518","volume":"40","author":"KP Jones","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jones KP, King EB. Managing concealable stigmas at work: a review and multilevel model. J Manag. 2014;40(5):1466\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0149206313515518.","journal-title":"J Manag"},{"issue":"6","key":"9956_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.07.012","volume":"60","author":"F Munir","year":"2005","unstructured":"Munir F, Leka S, Griffiths A. Dealing with self-management of chronic illness at work: predictors for self-disclosure. Soc Sci Med. 2005;60(6):1397\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.07.012.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"9956_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2015.1103794","volume":"38","author":"M Oldfield","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oldfield M, MacEachen E, Kirsh B, MacNeill M. Impromptu everyday disclosure dances: how women with fibromyalgia respond to disclosure risks at work. Disabil Rehab. 2016;38(15):1442\u201353.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehab"},{"issue":"4","key":"9956_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2005.18378873","volume":"30","author":"LM Roberts","year":"2005","unstructured":"Roberts LM. Changing faces: professional image construction in diverse organizational settings. Acad Manag Rev. 2005;30(4):685\u2013711.","journal-title":"Acad Manag Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"9956_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1037\/a0039142","volume":"20","author":"L Robinson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Robinson L, Kocum L, Loughlin C, Bryson L, Dimoff JK. I wanted you to know: breast cancer survivors\u2019 control of workplace communication about cancer. J Occup Health Psychol. 2015;20(4):446\u201356.","journal-title":"J Occup Health Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9956_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1177\/0893318917692896","volume":"31","author":"SA Smith","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smith SA, Brunner S. To reveal or conceal: using communication privacy management theory to understand disclosures in the workplace. Manag Commun Q. 2017;31(3):429\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0893318917692896.","journal-title":"Manag Commun Q"},{"issue":"4","key":"9956_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-014-9504-y","volume":"24","author":"KE Toth","year":"2014","unstructured":"Toth KE, Dewa CS. Employee decision-making about disclosure of a mental disorder at work. J Occup Rehabil. 2014;24(4):732\u201346.","journal-title":"J Occup Rehabil"},{"issue":"12","key":"9956_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2016.1234538","volume":"32","author":"CYK Westerman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Westerman CYK, Currie-Mueller JL, Motto JS, Curti LC. How supervisor relationships and protection rules affect employees\u2019 attempts to manage health information at work. Health Commun. 2017;32(12):1520\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10410236.2016.1234538.","journal-title":"Health Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"9956_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2008.27752724","volume":"33","author":"BR Ragins","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ragins BR. Disclosure disconnects: antecedents and consequences of disclosing invisible stigmas across life domains. Acad Manag Rev. 2008;33(1):194\u2013215.","journal-title":"Acad Manag Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"9956_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1177\/000841740006700506","volume":"67","author":"I Dyck","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dyck I, Jongbloed L. Women with multiple sclerosis and employment issues: a focus on social and institutional environments. Can J Occup Ther. 2000;67(5):337\u201346.","journal-title":"Can J Occup Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"9956_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2006.20.350","volume":"20","author":"CA Emlet","year":"2006","unstructured":"Emlet CA. A comparison of HIV stigma and disclosure patterns between older and younger adults living with HIV\/AIDS. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2006;20(5):350\u20138.","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDs"},{"issue":"3","key":"9956_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8971.11.3.463","volume":"11","author":"SG Goldberg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Goldberg SG, Killeen MB, O\u2019Day B. The disclosure conundrum: how people with psychiatric disabilities navigate employment. Psychol Public Policy Law. 2005;11(3):463\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1076-8971.11.3.463.","journal-title":"Psychol Public Policy Law"},{"key":"9956_CR25","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Balancing the secrets of private disclosures","author":"K Greene","year":"2000","unstructured":"Greene K. Disclosure of chronic illness varies by topic and target: the role of stigma and boundaries in willingness to disclose. In: Petronio S, editor. Balancing the secrets of private disclosures. 1st ed. New York: Psychology Press; 2000. p. 123\u201335.","edition":"1"},{"issue":"4","key":"9956_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.92.4.1103","volume":"92","author":"BR Ragins","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ragins BR, Singh R, Cornwell JM. Making the invisible visible: fear and disclosure of sexual orientation at work. J Appl Psychol. 2007;92(4):1103.","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"9956_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1108\/13665629710190040","volume":"9","author":"MH Vickers","year":"1997","unstructured":"Vickers MH. Life at work with \u201cinvisible\u201d chronic illness (ICI): the \u201cunseen\u201d, unspoken, unrecognized dilemma of disclosure. J Workplace Learn. 1997;9(7):240\u201352.","journal-title":"J Workplace Learn"},{"issue":"11","key":"9956_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167206291007","volume":"32","author":"A Strachman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Strachman A, Gable SL. What you want (and do not want) affects what you see (and do not see): avoidance social goals and social events. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2006;32(11):1446\u201358.","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"key":"9956_CR29","volume-title":"Self-disclosure: origins, patterns, and implications of openness in interpersonal relationships","author":"V Derlega","year":"1979","unstructured":"Derlega V, Grzelak J. Appropriateness of self-disclosure. In: Chelune GJ, editor. Self-disclosure: origins, patterns, and implications of openness in interpersonal relationships. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 1979."},{"issue":"6","key":"9956_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1031(78)90046-X","volume":"14","author":"GA Quattrone","year":"1978","unstructured":"Quattrone GA, Jones EE. Selective self-disclosure with and without correspondent performance. J Exp Soc Psychol. 1978;14(6):511\u201326.","journal-title":"J Exp Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9956_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.66.6.1128","volume":"66","author":"D Derryberry","year":"1994","unstructured":"Derryberry D, Reed MA. Temperament and attention: orienting toward and away from positive and negative signals. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994;66(6):1128.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9956_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-6566(02)00580-9","volume":"37","author":"SL Gable","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gable SL, Reis HT, Elliot AJ. Evidence for bivariate systems: an empirical test of appetition and aversion across domains. J Res Pers. 2003;37(5):349\u201372.","journal-title":"J Res Pers"},{"issue":"3","key":"9956_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8543.2009.00738.x","volume":"48","author":"K Williams-Whitt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Williams-Whitt K, Taras D. Disability and the performance paradox: can social capital bridge the divide? Br J Ind Relat. 2010;48(3):534\u201359.","journal-title":"Br J Ind Relat"},{"key":"9956_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJWHM-08-2020-0137","author":"D Van Eerd","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van Eerd D, Bowring J, Jetha A, Breslin C, Gignac MAM. Online resources supporting workers with chronic episodic disabilities: an environmental scan. Int J Workplace Health Manag. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJWHM-08-2020-0137.","journal-title":"Int J Workplace Health Manag."},{"issue":"6","key":"9956_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22508","volume":"67","author":"MA Gignac","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gignac MA, Cao X, McAlpine J. Availability, need for, and use of work accommodations and benefits: are they related to employment outcomes in people with arthritis? Arthrit Care Res. 2015;67(6):855\u201364.","journal-title":"Arthrit Care Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"9956_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxx115","volume":"62","author":"MA Gignac","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gignac MA, Ibrahim S, Smith PM, Kristman V, Beaton DE, Mustard CA. The role of sex, gender, health factors, and job context in workplace accommodation use among men and women with arthritis. Ann Work Expos Health. 2018;62(4):490\u2013504.","journal-title":"Ann Work Expos Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"9956_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.35.6.01","volume":"35","author":"K Roberts","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roberts K, Rao D, Bennett T, Loukine L, Jayaraman G. Prevalence and patterns of chronic disease multimorbidity and associated determinants in Canada. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can. 2015;35(6):87.","journal-title":"Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can"},{"key":"9956_CR38","unstructured":"Grondin C. A new survey measure of disability: the Disability Screening Questions (DSQ): Statistics Canada\/Statistique Canada; 2016."},{"key":"9956_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203774441","volume-title":"Applied multiple regression\/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cohen J, Cohen P, West SG, Aiken LS. Applied multiple regression\/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. London: Routledge; 2013."},{"key":"9956_CR40","volume-title":"A step-by-step approach to using SAS for factor analysis and structural equation modeling","author":"N O\u2019Rourke","year":"2013","unstructured":"O\u2019Rourke N, Hatcher L. A step-by-step approach to using SAS for factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Cary, NC: SAS Institute; 2013."},{"key":"9956_CR41","unstructured":"SAS\/STAT User's Guide, Version 9.3. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc.; 2012."},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"9956_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327663JCP1001&2_05","volume":"10","author":"C Hulin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hulin C, Netemeyer R, Cudeck R. Can a reliability coefficient be too high? J Consum Psychol. 2001;10(1\/2):55\u20138.","journal-title":"J Consum Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9956_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep3403_3","volume":"34","author":"AJ Elliot","year":"1999","unstructured":"Elliot AJ. Approach and avoidance motivation and achievement goals. Educ Psychol. 1999;34(3):169\u201389.","journal-title":"Educ Psychol"},{"key":"9956_CR44","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Handbook of approach and avoidance motivation","author":"SL Gable","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gable SL, Berkman ET. Making connections and avoiding loneliness: approach and avoidance social motives and goals. In: Elliot AJ, editor. Handbook of approach and avoidance motivation. New York, NY: Psychology Press; 2008. p. 203\u201316."},{"issue":"1","key":"9956_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s10672-005-9003-6","volume":"18","author":"JE Beatty","year":"2006","unstructured":"Beatty JE, Kirby SL. Beyond the legal environment: how stigma influences invisible identity groups in the workplace. Empl Responsib Rights J. 2006;18(1):29\u201344.","journal-title":"Empl Responsib Rights J"},{"issue":"1","key":"9956_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-8-14","volume":"8","author":"JL Johnson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Johnson JL, Greaves L, Repta R. Better science with sex and gender: facilitating the use of a sex and gender-based analysis in health research. Int J Equity Health. 2009;8(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"9956_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-016-0370-4","volume":"15","author":"PM Smith","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smith PM, Koehoorn M. Measuring gender when you don\u2019t have a gender measure: constructing a gender index using survey data. Int J Equity Health. 2016;15(1):82.","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"9956_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030437","volume":"104","author":"BJ Carothers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carothers BJ, Reis HT. Men and women are from Earth: examining the latent structure of gender. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2013;104(2):385.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9956_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.128.5.699","volume":"128","author":"W Wood","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wood W, Eagly AH. A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men: implications for the origins of sex differences. Psychol Bull. 2002;128(5):699.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"9956_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/13548500310001637742","volume":"9","author":"CJ Moerman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moerman CJ, van Mens-Verhulst J. Gender-sensitive epidemiological research: suggestions for a gender-sensitive approach towards problem definition, data collection and analysis in epidemiological research. Psychol Health Med. 2004;9(1):41\u201352.","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10926-020-09956-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10926-020-09956-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10926-020-09956-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T09:08:01Z","timestamp":1724404081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10926-020-09956-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["9956"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10926-020-09956-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1053-0487","1573-3688"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1053-0487","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3688","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 December 2020","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 February 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare related to this research. All authors contributed to this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed as part of this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the University of Toronto.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study. Ethics approval was received from the University of Toronto Human Research Ethics Program (#36184). The Institute for Work & Health operates with the support of the Province of Ontario. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Province of Ontario.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}]}}