{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T10:56:57Z","timestamp":1780829817127,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1171459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1171459"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001779","name":"Monash University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001779","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Occup Rehabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We sought to identify whether the inclusion of pregabalin on the list of medicines subsidised by the Australian government in 2013 resulted in changes to the dispensing of pregabalin to Australians with workers\u2019 compensation claims for low back pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a sample of workers\u2019 compensation claims and payments data (2010\u20132018), we measured the prevalence of pregabalin dispensing and time to first pregabalin dispensing in workers whose claim began before, during or after pregabalin was listed on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) with binary logistic and Cox proportional hazards models. We used interrupted time-series analyses to measure changes in the monthly number, percentage of pain medicines, percentage of gabapentinoid dispensings, and median cost per dispensing of pregabalin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 17,689 workers included in the study, 13.7% (n\u2009=\u20092431) were dispensed pregabalin during the study period. Workers in the groups whose claim occurred before or during when pregabalin was listed on the PBS were at significantly lower odds of being dispensed pregabalin than the group whose claim began after PBS listing (OR 0.20, 99% CI 0.15, 0.25 and OR 0.40, 99% CI 0.33, 0.48, respectively). There were significant step increases in the number of pregabalin dispensings (26.3%, 99% CI 6.2%, 50.3%), percentage of pain medicines that were pregabalin (29.3%, 99% CI 1.5%, 64.9%), and percentage of gabapentinoid dispensings that were pregabalin (13.9%, 99% CI 7.5%, 20.6%). There was a significant step decrease in the median cost per pregabalin dispensing (\u2212\u00a061.8%, 99% CI \u2212\u00a066.8%, \u2212\u00a056.1%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Listing pregabalin on the PBS saw significant increases in the prevalence, number and percentage of pain medicines, and significant decreases in time to first pregabalin dispensing and cost.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-025-10276-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T14:08:46Z","timestamp":1739369326000},"page":"416-425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Changes in Pregabalin Dispensing to Australians with Workers\u2019 Compensation Claims for Low Back Pain Following the Listing of Pregabalin on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6531-5949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael F.","family":"Di Donato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1258-5125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Abdel Shaheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2617-9339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Collie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1628-7857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher G.","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7335-8842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Mathieson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10276_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14412","volume":"114","author":"R Cairns","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cairns R, Schaffer AL, Ryan N, et al. Rising pregabalin use and misuse in Australia: trends in utilization and intentional poisonings. Addiction. 2019;114(6):1026\u20131034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.14412.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"26","key":"10276_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E786","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.171333","volume":"190","author":"O Enke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Enke O, New HA, New CH, et al. Anticonvulsants in the treatment of low back pain and lumbar radicular pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2018;190(26):E786\u2013E793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.171333.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"10276_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-017-5178-4","volume":"27","author":"S Mathieson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mathieson S, Valenti L, Maher CG, et al. Worsening trends in analgesics recommended for spinal pain in primary care. Eur Spine J. 2018;27(5):1136\u20131145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-017-5178-4.","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10276_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1315","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1315","volume":"369","author":"S Mathieson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mathieson S, Lin CC, Underwood M, et al. Pregabalin and gabapentin for pain. BMJ. 2020;369:m1315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m1315.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10276_CR5","unstructured":"Pharmaceutical benefits scheme (PBS) Drug utilisation sub-committee (DUSC), Pregabalin: 12 month predicted versus actual analysis. 2014."},{"issue":"3","key":"10276_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-018-9816-4","volume":"29","author":"A Collie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Collie A, Di Donato M, Iles R. Work disability in Australia: an overview of prevalence, expenditure, support systems and services. J Occup Rehabil. 2019;29(3):526\u2013539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10926-018-9816-4.","journal-title":"J Occup Rehabil"},{"key":"10276_CR7","unstructured":"WorkSafe Victoria (WSV). Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS). 2024. https:\/\/www1.worksafe.vic.gov.au\/vwa\/claimsmanual\/Glossary\/Pharmaceutical_Benefits_Scheme.htm."},{"key":"10276_CR8","unstructured":"WorkSafe Victoria (WSV). 4.5.34 Pharmacy. 2024. https:\/\/www1.worksafe.vic.gov.au\/vwa\/claimsmanual\/Claims_Manual\/4-medical-and-like\/4.5_A-Z_medical_and_like\/Pharmacy\/4.5.34.htm."},{"issue":"1","key":"10276_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-020-09906-x","volume":"31","author":"M Di Donato","year":"2021","unstructured":"Di Donato M, Buchbinder R, Iles R, et al. Comparison of compensated low back pain claims experience in Australia with limb fracture and non-specific limb condition claims: a retrospective cohort study. J Occup Rehabil. 2021;31(1):175\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10926-020-09906-x.","journal-title":"J Occup Rehabil"},{"issue":"10","key":"10276_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e694","DOI":"10.1097\/jom.0000000000002344","volume":"63","author":"RA Lavin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lavin RA, Liu C, Yuspeh L, et al. Trends in the utilization and dose of gabapentinoids in combination with opioids in an injured worker population between 2008 and 2018. J Occup Environ Med. 2021;63(10):e694\u2013e700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/jom.0000000000002344.","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10276_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.1097\/jom.0000000000002085","volume":"63","author":"C Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu C, Lavin RA, Yuspeh L, et al. Gabapentinoid and opioid utilization and cost trends among injured workers. J Occup Environ Med. 2021;63(2):e46\u2013e52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/jom.0000000000002085.","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10276_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgpopen20X101120","author":"AL Schaffer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schaffer AL, Busingye D, Chidwick K, et al. Pregabalin prescribing patterns in Australian general practice, 2012\u20132018: a cross-sectional study. BJGP Open. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3399\/bjgpopen20X101120.","journal-title":"BJGP Open"},{"key":"10276_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n1446","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1446","volume":"374","author":"AG Cashin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cashin AG, Folly T, Bagg MK, et al. Efficacy, acceptability, and safety of muscle relaxants for adults with non-specific low back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2021;374:n1446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n1446.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10276_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd013815","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013815.pub2","volume":"4","author":"AG Cashin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cashin AG, Wand BM, O\u2019Connell NE, et al. Pharmacological treatments for low back pain in adults: an overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;4(4):Cd013815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD013815.pub2.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10276_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e072415","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-072415","volume":"380","author":"GE Ferreira","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ferreira GE, Abdel-Shaheed C, Underwood M, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of antidepressants for pain in adults: overview of systematic reviews. BMJ. 2023;380:e072415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2022-072415.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10276_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072962","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-072962","volume":"380","author":"MA Wewege","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wewege MA, Bagg MK, Jones MD, et al. Comparative effectiveness and safety of analgesic medicines for adults with acute non-specific low back pain: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2023;380:1072962. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2022-072962.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10276_CR17","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), 6202.0 - Labour Force, Australia. 2023. Australian Bureau of Statistics: Canberra"},{"key":"10276_CR18","unstructured":"Safe Work Australia (SWA), Comparison of Workers\u2019 Compensation Arrangements in Australia and New Zealand 2015. 2015. SWA: Canberra, Australia."},{"key":"10276_CR19","unstructured":"WorkSafe Victoria (WSV), Requirements for invoicing WorkSafe Victoria. 2021. Geelong, Australia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10276_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-2255-4","volume":"9","author":"K-H Prang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Prang K-H, Hassani-Mahmooei B, Collie A. Compensation research database: population-based injury data for surveillance, linkage and mining. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9(1):456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-016-2255-4.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"10276_CR21","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. ATC\/DDD Index 2020. 2022. https:\/\/www.whocc.no\/atc_ddd_index\/."},{"key":"10276_CR22","unstructured":"Australian Safety and Compensation Council (ASCC), Type of Occurrence Classification System (Third edition, revision one). 2008. ASCC: Canberra, Australia"},{"key":"10276_CR23","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), 1220.0-ASCO\u2014Australian standard classification of occupations, Second Edition. 1997. Canberra, Australia"},{"key":"10276_CR24","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas. 2023. https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/websitedbs\/censushome.nsf\/home\/seifa."},{"key":"10276_CR25","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). Remoteness Areas\u2014Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) Edition 3. 2023. https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/standards\/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs-edition-3\/jul2021-jun2026\/remoteness-structure\/remoteness-areas."},{"issue":"7","key":"10276_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2019-106325","volume":"77","author":"TJ Lane","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lane TJ, Sheehan L, Gray SE, et al. Step-downs reduce workers\u2019 compensation payments to encourage return to work: are they effective? Occup Environ Med. 2020;77(7):470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oemed-2019-106325.","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10276_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-021-01235-8","volume":"21","author":"AL Schaffer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schaffer AL, Dobbins TA, Pearson S. Interrupted time series analysis using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models: a guide for evaluating large-scale health interventions. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2021;21(1):58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-021-01235-8.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"10276_CR28","unstructured":"Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), Australian Product Information\u2014Lyrica (pregabalin). 2023."},{"issue":"3","key":"10276_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2013.09.003","volume":"113","author":"K Bohm","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bohm K, Schmid A, Gotze R, et al. Five types of OECD healthcare systems: empirical results of a deductive classification. Health policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2013;113(3):258\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthpol.2013.09.003.","journal-title":"Health policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands)"},{"key":"10276_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-018-9816-4","volume":"29","author":"A Collie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Collie A, Di Donato M, Iles R. Work disability in Australia: an overview of prevalence, expenditure, support systems and services. J Occup Rehabil. 2019;29:526\u2013539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10926-018-9816-4.","journal-title":"J Occup Rehabil"},{"issue":"6","key":"10276_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e016701","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016701","volume":"7","author":"A Fabri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fabri A, Grundy Q, Mintzes B, et al. A cross-sectional analysis of pharmaceutical industry-funded events for health professionals in Australia. BMJ Open. 2017;7(6):e016701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016701.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10276_CR32","unstructured":"Mannix L, Lyrica, Pfizer and how big pharma gets what it wants. In: The Sydney Morning Herald. 2019. https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/national\/lyrica-pfizer-and-how-big-pharma-gets-what-it-wants-20190211-p50x1z.htmlAccessed  01 May 2024."},{"issue":"10","key":"10276_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e074380","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-074380","volume":"13","author":"GE Ferreira","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ferreira GE, Zadro J, Ayre J, et al. General practitioners\u2019 decision-making process to prescribe pain medicines for low back pain: a qualitative study. BMJ Open. 2023;13(10):e074380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-074380.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10276_CR34","unstructured":"Young B and Hayes S, California workers\u2019 compensation prescription drug utilization and payment distributions, 2009\u20132018: Part 1. 2021."},{"issue":"2","key":"10276_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.12036","volume":"210","author":"R Crossin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Crossin R, Scott D, Arunogiri S, et al. Pregabalin misuse-related ambulance attendances in Victoria, 2012\u20132017: characteristics of patients and attendances. Med J Aust. 2019;210(2):75\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5694\/mja2.12036.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10276_CR36","unstructured":"New South Wales Health. SafeScript NSW. 2024. https:\/\/www.health.nsw.gov.au\/safescript."},{"key":"10276_CR37","unstructured":"Queensland Health. About QScript. 2023. https:\/\/www.health.qld.gov.au\/clinical-practice\/guidelines-procedures\/medicines\/qscript\/about-qscript."},{"key":"10276_CR38","unstructured":"SA Health. ScriptCheckSA. 2022. https:\/\/www.sahealth.sa.gov.au\/wps\/wcm\/connect\/public+content\/sa+health+internet\/clinical+resources\/clinical+programs+and+practice+guidelines\/medicines+and+drugs\/drugs+of+dependence\/scriptchecksa+real+time+prescription+monitoring+in+south+australia\/scriptchecksa+real+time+prescription+monitoring+in+south+australia."},{"key":"10276_CR39","unstructured":"Victorian Government Department of Health. Medicines monitored in SafeScript. 2023. https:\/\/www.health.vic.gov.au\/drugs-and-poisons\/medicines-monitored-in-safescript."},{"key":"10276_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2023.101491","volume":"23","author":"D Griffiths","year":"2023","unstructured":"Griffiths D, Di Donato M, Lane TJ, et al. Transition between social protection systems for workers with long term health problems: a controlled retrospective cohort study. Population Health. 2023;23:101491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2023.101491.","journal-title":"Population Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10276_CR41","first-page":"69","volume":"72","author":"X Guo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guo X, Burton JF Jr. The growth in applications for social security disability insurance: a spillover effect from workers\u2019 compensation. Soc Secur Bull. 2012;72(3):69\u201388.","journal-title":"Soc Secur Bull"}],"container-title":["Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10926-025-10276-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10926-025-10276-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10926-025-10276-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T04:51:00Z","timestamp":1776747060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10926-025-10276-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10276"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10926-025-10276-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1053-0487","1573-3688"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1053-0487","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3688","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 January 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study received ethics approval from the Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee (Project ID 30718).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Participant data were de-identified. Workers consent to use of data for research purposes when entering the workers\u2019 compensation scheme.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}}]}}