{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:18:11Z","timestamp":1792783091199,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00g30e956","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10928-026-10064-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T12:15:39Z","timestamp":1790079339000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of a model averaging algorithm for model-informed precision dosing in the context of parameter misspecifications"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Sandra","family":"Witta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian G.","family":"Wicha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"10064_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14122731","volume":"14","author":"JS P\u00e9rez-Blanco","year":"2022","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Blanco JS, Lanao JM (2022) Model-Informed Precision Dosing (MIPD). Pharmaceutics 14:2731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics14122731","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10064_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.12745","volume":"11","author":"C Maier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maier C, de Wiljes J, Hartung N, Kloft C, Huisinga W (2022) A continued learning approach for model-informed precision dosing: Updating models in clinical practice. CPT Pharmacomet Syst Pharmacol 11:185\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/psp4.12745","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacomet Syst Pharmacol"},{"key":"10064_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Minichmayr IK, Dreesen E, Centanni M, Wang Z, Hoffert Y, Friberg LE, Wicha SG (2024) Model-informed precision dosing: state of the art and future perspectives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 215:115421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addr.2024.115421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2024.115421"},{"key":"10064_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Klopp-Schulze L, Mueller-Schoell A, Neven P, Koolen SLW, Mathijssen RHJ, Joerger M and Kloft C (2020) Integrated Data Analysis of Six Clinical Studies Points Toward Model-Informed Precision Dosing of Tamoxifen. Front. Pharmacol. 11:283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2020.00283","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00283"},{"key":"10064_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2049","volume":"109","author":"F Kluwe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kluwe F, Michelet R, Mueller-Schoell A, Maier C, Klopp-Schulze L, van Dyk M, Mikus G, Huisinga W, Kloft C (2021) Perspectives on Model-Informed Precision Dosing in the Digital Health Era: Challenges, Opportunities, and Recommendations. Clin Pharmacol Ther 109:29\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpt.2049","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10064_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-022-01125-2","volume":"61","author":"E Band\u00edn-Vilar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Band\u00edn-Vilar E, Garc\u00eda-Quintanilla L, Castro-Balado A, Zarra-Ferro I, Gonz\u00e1lez-Barcia M, Campos-Toimil M, Mangas-Sanjuan V, Mondelo-Garc\u00eda C, Fern\u00e1ndez-Ferreiro A (2022) A Review of Population Pharmacokinetic Analyses of Linezolid. Clin Pharmacokinet 61:789\u2013817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40262-022-01125-2","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"10064_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-020-00866-2","volume":"59","author":"A Aljutayli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aljutayli A, Marsot A, Nekka F (2020) An Update on Population Pharmacokinetic Analyses of Vancomycin, Part I: In Adults. Clin Pharmacokinet 59:671\u2013698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40262-020-00866-2","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"10064_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-021-01050-w","volume":"61","author":"A Aljutayli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aljutayli A, El-Haffaf I, Marsot A, Nekka F (2022) An Update on Population Pharmacokinetic Analyses of Vancomycin, Part II: In Pediatric Patients. Clin Pharmacokinet 61:47\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40262-021-01050-w","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"10064_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.08.032","author":"J Starp","year":"2025","unstructured":"Starp J, Leonhardt A, Zoller M, Scharf C, Zander J, Paal M, Greppmair S, Schatz LM, Ermtraud J, Kunzelmann AK, K\u00f6nig C, Grensemann J, Reiter L, Lau C, Marriott D, Stocker SL, Wicha SG, Liebchen U (2025) Towards model-informed precision dosing of intravenous linezolid: a multicentre external evaluation of pharmacokinetic models in critically ill adults. Clin Microbiol Infect 32:80-86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.08.032","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10064_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2009.27","volume":"85","author":"J McCune","year":"2009","unstructured":"McCune J, Batchelder A, Guthrie K, Witherspoon R, Appelbaum F, Phillips B, Vicini P, Salinger D, McDonald G (2009) Personalized Dosing of Cyclophosphamide in the Total Body Irradiation\u2013Cyclophosphamide Conditioning Regimen: A Phase II Trial in Patients With Hematologic Malignancy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 85:615\u2013622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/clpt.2009.27","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10064_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-200608000-00008","volume":"28","author":"S Salas","year":"2006","unstructured":"Salas S, Mercier C, Ciccolini J, Pourroy B, Fanciullino R, Tranchand B, Monjanel-Mouterde S, Baciuchka-Palmaro M, Dupuis C, Yang C, Balti M, Lacarelle B, Duffaud F, Durand A, Favre R (2006) Therapeutic drug monitoring for dose individualization of cisplatin in testicular cancer patients based upon total platinum measurement in plasma. Ther Drug Monit 28:532\u2013539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00007691-200608000-00008","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"10064_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-03-0060","volume":"10","author":"ME de Jonge","year":"2004","unstructured":"de Jonge ME, van den Bongard HJGD, Huitema ADR, Math\u00f4t RAA, Rosing H, Baas P, van Zandwijk N, Beijnen JH, Schellens JHM (2004) Bayesian Pharmacokinetically Guided Dosing of Paclitaxel in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 10:2237\u20132244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-03-0060","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10064_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shukla P, Goswami S, Keizer RJ, Winger BA, Kharbanda S, Dvorak CC, Long-Boyle J (2020) Assessment of a model-informed precision dosing platform use in routine clinical care for personalized busulfan therapy in the pediatric hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) population. Front Pharmacol 11:888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2020.00888","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00888"},{"key":"10064_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.12758","volume":"11","author":"R Faelens","year":"2022","unstructured":"Faelens R, Luyckx N, Kuypers D, Bouillon T, Annaert P (2022) Predicting model-informed precision dosing: A test\u2010case in tacrolimus dose adaptation for kidney transplant recipients. CPT Pharmacomet Syst Pharmacol 11:348\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/psp4.12758","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacomet Syst Pharmacol"},{"key":"10064_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-023-07154-0","volume":"49","author":"S Greppmair","year":"2023","unstructured":"Greppmair S, Brinkmann A, Roehr A, Frey O, Hagel S, Dorn C, Marsot A, El-Haffaf I, Zoller M, Saller T, Zander J, Schatz LM, Scharf C, Briegel J, Minichmayr IK, Wicha SG, Liebchen U (2023) Towards model-informed precision dosing of piperacillin: multicenter systematic external evaluation of pharmacokinetic models in critically ill adults with a focus on Bayesian forecasting. Intensive Care Med 49:966\u2013976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-023-07154-0","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10064_CR16","unstructured":"Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (2022) Population pharmacokinetics. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/71364\/download. Accessed 25 Apr 2026"},{"key":"10064_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2065","volume":"109","author":"DW Uster","year":"2021","unstructured":"Uster DW, Stocker SL, Carland JE, Brett J, Marriott DJE, Day RO, Wicha SG (2021) A Model Averaging\/Selection Approach Improves the Predictive Performance of Model-Informed Precision Dosing: Vancomycin as a Case Study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 109:175\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpt.2065","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10064_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wicha SG, Kees MG, Solms A, Minichmayr IK, Kratzer A, Kloft C (2015) TDMx: a novel web-based open-access support tool for optimising antimicrobial dosing regimens in clinical routine. Int J Antimicrob Agents 45:442\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.12.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.12.010"},{"key":"10064_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Berrah R, Minichmayr I, Woillard JB, IATDMCT Pharmacometrics Group (2026) Better dosing through better error: residual error as a hidden lever in model-informed precision dosing. Ther Drug Monit 48:443-450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/FTD.0000000000001413","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000001413"},{"key":"10064_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e31826051bb","volume":"34","author":"IH Bartelink","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bartelink IH, van Kesteren C, Boelens JJ, Egberts TCG, Bierings MB, Cuvelier GDE, Wynn RF, Slatter MA, Chiesa R, Danhof M, Knibbe CAJ (2012) Predictive performance of a busulfan pharmacokinetic model in children and young adults. Ther Drug Monit 34:574-583 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/FTD.0b013e31826051bb","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"10064_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2088","volume":"109","author":"JH Hughes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hughes JH, Tong DMH, Lucas SS, Faldasz JD, Goswami S, Keizer RJ (2021) Continuous Learning in Model-Informed Precision Dosing: A Case Study in Pediatric Dosing of Vancomycin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 109:233\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpt.2088","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10064_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.12813","volume":"11","author":"W Kantasiripitak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kantasiripitak W, Outtier A, Wicha SG, Kensert A, Wang Z, Sabino J, Vermeire S, Thomas D, Ferrante M, Dreesen E (2022) Multi-model averaging improves the performance of model\u2010guided infliximab dosing in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. CPT Pharmacomet Syst Pharmacol 11:1045\u20131059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/psp4.12813","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacomet Syst Pharmacol"},{"key":"10064_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2024.107305","volume":"64","author":"LM Schatz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schatz LM, Greppmair S, Kunzelmann AK, Starp J, Brinkmann A, Roehr A, Frey O, Hagel S, Dorn C, Zoller M, Scharf C, Wicha SG, Liebchen U (2024) Predictive performance of multi-model approaches for model-informed precision dosing of piperacillin in critically ill patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 64:107305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2024.107305","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10064_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838205","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.838205","volume":"13","author":"N Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang N, Wang J, Xie Y, Ding J, Wu C, Liu J, Pei Q (2022) External Evaluation of Population Pharmacokinetic Models to Inform Precision Dosing of Meropenem in Critically Ill Patients. Front Pharmacol 13:838205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2022.838205","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10064_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02543","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02543-18","volume":"63","author":"T Guo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guo T, van Hest RM, Roggeveen LF, Fleuren LM, Thoral PJ, Bosman RJ, van der Voort PHJ, Girbes ARJ, Mathot RAA, Elbers PWG (2019) External evaluation of population pharmacokinetic models of vancomycin in large cohorts of intensive care unit patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 63:e02543-18 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.02543-18","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10064_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang S, Ding Q, Yang N, Sun Z, Cheng Q, Liu W, Li Y, Chen X, Wu C, Pei Q (2022) External evaluation of published population pharmacokinetic models of posaconazole. Front Pharmacol 13:1005348 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2022.1005348","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1005348"},{"key":"10064_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-018-1573-6","volume":"392","author":"K Olbrisch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Olbrisch K, Kisch T, Thern J, Kramme E, Rupp J, Graf T, Wicha SG, Mail\u00e4nder P, Raasch W (2019) After standard dosage of piperacillin plasma concentrations of drug are subtherapeutic in burn patients. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 392:229\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00210-018-1573-6","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"10064_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2202","volume":"109","author":"SG Wicha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wicha SG, M\u00e4rtson A-G, Nielsen EI, Koch BCP, Friberg LE, Alffenaar J-W, Minichmayr IK, International Society of Anti-Infective Pharmacology (ISAP), the PK\/PD study group of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases (EPASG) (2021) From Therapeutic Drug Monitoring to Model-Informed Precision Dosing for Antibiotics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 109:928\u2013941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpt.2202","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10064_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550053","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1550053","volume":"12","author":"J Luo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Luo J, Liu J, Lin H, Yang Y, Chen C, Chen J, Zhong H, Zhang S (2025) Optimization of meropenem dosing regimens in critically ill patients with augmented renal clearance. Front Med 12:1550053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1550053","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"10064_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/44.3.319","volume":"44","author":"MJ Weinbren","year":"1999","unstructured":"Weinbren MJ (1999) Pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in burn patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 44:319\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/44.3.319","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10064_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-025-01527-y","volume":"64","author":"D Kong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kong D, Koomen JV, Vanommeslaeghe F, Delanghe S, Van Biesen W, Colin PJ, Eloot S (2025) A Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis for Piperacillin\/Tazobactam in Patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease Undergoing Intermittent Haemodialysis: Extension of a General-Purpose Model. Clin Pharmacokinet 64:1165\u20131178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40262-025-01527-y","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"10064_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad009","volume":"17","author":"W Kantasiripitak","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kantasiripitak W, Wicha SG, Thomas D, Hoffman I, Ferrante M, Vermeire S, van Hoeve K, Dreesen E (2023) A Model-Based Tool for Guiding Infliximab Induction Dosing to Maximize Long-term Deep Remission in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. J Crohns Colitis 17:896\u2013908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad009","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10064_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.12684","volume":"10","author":"JH Hughes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hughes JH, Keizer RJ (2021) A hybrid machine learning\/pharmacokinetic approach outperforms maximum a posteriori Bayesian estimation by selectively flattening model priors. CPT Pharmacomet Syst Pharmacol 10:1150\u20131160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/psp4.12684","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacomet Syst Pharmacol"},{"key":"10064_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-024-01425-9","volume":"63","author":"BC Agema","year":"2024","unstructured":"Agema BC, Kocher T, \u00d6zt\u00fcrk AB, Giraud EL, van Erp NP, de Winter BCM, Mathijssen RHJ, Koolen SLW, Koch BCP, Sassen SDT (2024) Selecting the Best Pharmacokinetic Models for a Priori Model-Informed Precision Dosing with Model Ensembling. Clin Pharmacokinet 63:1449\u20131461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40262-024-01425-9","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10928-026-10064-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10928-026-10064-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10928-026-10064-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T12:15:40Z","timestamp":1790079340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10928-026-10064-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10928-026-10064-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1567-567X","1573-8744"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1567-567X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-8744","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"54"}}