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According to the parallel activation hypothesis of language comprehension, both languages of a bilingual are activated during sentence processing, even when there is only monolingual input (Spivey &amp; Marian, 1999). However, studies have also shown that such language mixing can slow down processing (Macnamara &amp; Kushnir, 1971; Soares &amp; Grosjean, 1984). This cost has been attributed to either the difficulty of switching languages or the appearance of an unexpected word or wordform. This eye-tracking experiment investigated the cognitive cost brought by code-switching in Chinese-English bilinguals. Specifically, we sought to determine the source of the baseline cost of language-switching in inter-sentential code-switching. Results suggest that narrative consistency and the amount of previous information had longer-lasting effects on bilinguals\u2019 total reading times, along with a brief disruption caused by unexpected wordforms. Taken together, the results indicate that the cognitive cost of language-switching arises more from the surprisal of encountering an unpredicted word or wordform, rather than encountering an unexpected language.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10936-026-10315-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:41:17Z","timestamp":1791204077000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Language-Switching Cost in Chinese-English Bilingual Reading Comprehension: Evidence from Eye-Tracking"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0759-207X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiel","family":"Christianson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"10315_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2019.100885","volume":"54","author":"D Ahn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahn, D., Abbott, M. 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