{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T21:21:22Z","timestamp":1789766482486,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]],"date-time":"2021-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]],"date-time":"2021-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201808515159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201808515159"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Relig Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-021-01349-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]],"date-time":"2021-07-17T14:02:31Z","timestamp":1626530551000},"page":"4209-4226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Recollections of Childhood Sexual Abuse: Complexities of Religious Coping and Muslim Religious and Psychological Adjustment in Afghanistan"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Nima","family":"Ghorbani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0839-1627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuo Job","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatema","family":"Ghafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. J.","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanglin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1349_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037652","volume":"7","author":"H Abu Raiya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abu Raiya, H., & Pargament, K. I. (2015). Religious coping among diverse religions: Commonalities and divergences. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 7(1), 24\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0037652","journal-title":"Psychology of Religion and Spirituality"},{"issue":"4","key":"1349_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/10508610802229270","volume":"18","author":"H Abu Raiya","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abu Raiya, H., Pargament, K. I., Mahoney, A., & Stein, C. (2008). A psychological measure of Islamic religiousness: Development and evidence for reliability and validity. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 18(4), 291\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10508610802229270","journal-title":"The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion"},{"key":"1349_CR3","unstructured":"Afghan Women\u2019s Network. (2019). Child abuse in Afghanistan. http:\/\/awn-af.net\/index.php\/cms\/download\/1130."},{"key":"1349_CR4","unstructured":"Bacha b\u0101z\u012b. (2021). In Wikipedia. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bacha_bazi."},{"issue":"4","key":"1349_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.4.822","volume":"84","author":"KW Brown","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822\u2013848. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.84.4.822","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1349_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760.2019.1663254","volume":"16","author":"ZJ Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, Z. J., Bechara, A. O., Worthington, E. L. Jr., Davis, E. B., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2021). Trauma and well-being in Colombian disaster contexts: Effects of religious coping, forgivingness, and hope. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 16(1), 82\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17439760.2019.1663254","journal-title":"The Journal of Positive Psychology"},{"key":"1349_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/rel0000385","volume-title":"Measuring Muslim religiosity and spirituality: Measurement invariance of Muslim attitudes toward religion and Muslim experiential religiousness scales across China","author":"ZJ Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, Z. J., Ma, Z., Ghorbani, N., Khan, Z., & Tekke, M. (2020). Measuring Muslim religiosity and spirituality: Measurement invariance of Muslim attitudes toward religion and Muslim experiential religiousness scales across China. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/rel0000385"},{"issue":"2","key":"1349_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.1967.10544910","volume":"66","author":"CG Costello","year":"1967","unstructured":"Costello, C. G., & Comrey, A. L. (1967). Scales for measuring depression and anxiety. Journal of Psychology, 66(2), 303\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223980.1967.10544910","journal-title":"Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"1349_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Currier, J. M., Holland, J. M., & Drescher, K. D. (2015). Spirituality factors in the prediction of outcomes of PTSD treatment for US military veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(1), 57\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.21978.","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21978"},{"issue":"2","key":"1349_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.12033","volume":"49","author":"N Ghorbani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., Farhadi, M., & Chen, Z. (2014a). A multi-process model of self-regulation: Influences of mindfulness, integrative self-knowledge and self-control in Iran. International Journal of Psychology, 49(2), 115\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijop.12033","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1349_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3998\/jmmh.10381607.0008.105","volume":"8","author":"N Ghorbani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., Geranmayepour, S., & Chen, Z. (2014b). Measuring Muslim spirituality: Relationships of Muslim experiential religiousness with religious and psychological adjustment in Iran. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 8(1), 77\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3998\/jmmh.10381607.0008.105","journal-title":"Journal of Muslim Mental Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"1349_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1080\/13674676.2016.1224824","volume":"19","author":"N Ghorbani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., Hajirasouliha, Z., & Chen, Z. J. (2016a). Muslim distress mobilization hypothesis: Complex roles of positive religious coping and punishing Allah reappraisal in Iranian students. Mental Health, Religion, & Culture, 19(6), 626\u2013638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13674676.2016.1224824","journal-title":"Mental Health, Religion, & Culture"},{"issue":"4","key":"1349_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3200\/JRPL.142.4.395-412","volume":"142","author":"N Ghorbani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., & Hargis, M. B. (2008). Integrative self-knowledge: Correlations and incremental validity of a cross-cultural measure developed in Iran and the United States. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 142(4), 395\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3200\/JRPL.142.4.395-412","journal-title":"The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied"},{"issue":"4","key":"1349_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/10508619.2017.1340100","volume":"27","author":"N Ghorbani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. H., Kashanaki, H., & Chen, Z. J. (2017a). Diversity and complexity of religion and spirituality in Iran: Relationships with self-compassion and self-forgiveness. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 27(4), 157\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10508619.2017.1340100","journal-title":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion"},{"issue":"2","key":"1349_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/15564900701613041","volume":"2","author":"N Ghorbani","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., & Khan, Z. (2007). Theoretical, empirical, and potential ideological dimensions of using Western conceptualizations to measure Muslim religious commitments. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 2(2), 113\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15564900701613041","journal-title":"Journal of Muslim Mental Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1349_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1037\/rel0000084","volume":"8","author":"N Ghorbani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., Omidbagi, M., & Chen, Z. (2016b). Muslim attachments to God and the \u201cPerfect Man\u201d (Ens\u0101n-e K\u0101mel): Relationships with religious orientation and psychological adjustment in Iran. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 8(4), 318\u2013329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/rel0000084","journal-title":"Psychology of Religion and Spirituality"},{"key":"1349_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-016-0228-5","volume":"56","author":"N Ghorbani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., Tahbaz, S., & Chen, Z. J. (2017b). Religious and psychological implications of positive and negative religious coping in Iran. Journal of Religion and Health, 56, 477\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-016-0228-5","journal-title":"Journal of Religion and Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"1349_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.2307\/1386745","volume":"28","author":"RL Gorsuch","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gorsuch, R. L., & McPherson, S. E. (1989). Intrinsic\/extrinsic measurement: I\/E revised and single-item scales. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28(3), 348\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1386745","journal-title":"Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion"},{"issue":"12","key":"1349_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.21900","volume":"68","author":"JI Harris","year":"2012","unstructured":"Harris, J. I., Erbes, C. R., Engdahl, B. E., Ogden, H., Olson, R. H. A., Winskowski, A. M. M., Campion, K., & Mataas, S. (2012). Religious distress and coping with stressful life events: A longitudinal study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(12), 1276\u20131286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jclp.21900","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"10","key":"1349_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1080\/13674676.2010.550040","volume":"14","author":"Z Khan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khan, Z., Watson, P., & Chen, Z. (2011). Differentiating religious coping from Islamic identification in patient and non-patient Pakistani Muslims. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 14(10), 1049\u20131062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13674676.2010.550040","journal-title":"Mental Health, Religion and Culture"},{"issue":"4","key":"1349_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1080\/13674676.2011.582862","volume":"15","author":"Z Khan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Khan, Z., Watson, P., Chen, Z., Iftikhar, A., & Jabeen, R. (2012). Pakistani religious coping and the experience and behavior of Ramadan. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 15(4), 435\u2013446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13674676.2011.582862","journal-title":"Mental Health, Religion and Culture"},{"issue":"2","key":"1349_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327582ijpr1602_2","volume":"16","author":"Z Khan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Khan, Z., & Watson, P. J. (2006). Construction of the Pakistani Religious Coping Practices Scale: Correlations with religious coping, religious orientation, and reactions to stress among Muslim university students. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 16(2), 101\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327582ijpr1602_2","journal-title":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion"},{"key":"1349_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1163\/ej.9789004175624.i-334.74","volume":"20","author":"ZH Khan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Khan, Z. H., Sultana, S., & Watson, P. J. (2009). Pakistani Muslims dealing with cancer: Relationships with religious coping, religious orientation, and psychological distress. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 20, 217\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/ej.9789004175624.i-334.74","journal-title":"Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion"},{"key":"1349_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-016-0263-2","volume":"55","author":"ZH Khan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khan, Z. H., Watson, P. J., & Chen, Z. J. (2016). Muslim spirituality, religious coping, and reactions to terrorism among Pakistani university students. Journal of Religion and Health, 55, 2086\u20132098. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-016-0263-2","journal-title":"Journal of Religion and Health"},{"key":"1349_CR24","unstructured":"Maqsood, R. W. (2003). Teach Yourself Islam. Chicago, Il: Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood."},{"issue":"2","key":"1349_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3390\/rel2020145","volume":"2","author":"RA Neimeyer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Neimeyer, R. A., & Burke, L. A. (2011). Complicated grief in the aftermath of homicide: Spiritual crisis and distress in an African American sample. Religions, 2(2), 145\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rel2020145","journal-title":"Religions"},{"key":"1349_CR26","volume-title":"The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, practice","author":"KI Pargament","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pargament, K. I. (1997). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, practice. Guilford Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"1349_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3390\/rel2010051","volume":"2","author":"KI Pargament","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pargament, K. I., Feuille, M., & Burdzy, D. (2011). The Brief RCOPE: Current psychometric status of a short measure of religious coping. Religions, 2(1), 51\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rel2010051","journal-title":"Religions"},{"issue":"1","key":"1349_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20005","volume":"12","author":"KI Pargament","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pargament, K. I., & Lomax, J. W. (2013). Understanding and addressing religion among people with mental illness. World Psychiatry, 12(1), 26\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wps.20005","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1349_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.2307\/1388152","volume":"37","author":"KI Pargament","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pargament, K. I., Smith, B. W., Koenig, H. G., & Perez, L. (1998). Patterns of positive and negative religious coping with major life stressors. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37(4), 710\u2013724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1388152","journal-title":"Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion"},{"issue":"3","key":"1349_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.03.015","volume":"132","author":"S Pirutinsky","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pirutinsky, S., Rosmarin, D. H., Pargament, K. I., & Midlarsky, E. (2011). Does negative religious coping accompany, precede, or follow depression among Orthodox Jews? Journal of Affective Disorders, 132(3), 401\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2011.03.015","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"1349_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1177\/009164711103900306","volume":"39","author":"KM Putman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Putman, K. M., Lea, J. C., & Eriksson, C. B. (2011). Cross-cultural comparison of religious coping methods reported by native Guatemalan and Kenyan faith-based relief providers. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 39(3), 233\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/009164711103900306","journal-title":"Journal of Psychology and Theology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1349_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.702","volume":"18","author":"F Raes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the Self-Compassion Scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(3), 250\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpp.702","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy"},{"key":"1349_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400876136","volume-title":"Society and adolescent self-image","author":"M Rosenberg","year":"1965","unstructured":"Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and adolescent self-image. Princeton University."},{"issue":"3","key":"1349_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/s0145-2134(94)00131-6","volume":"19","author":"B Sanders","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sanders, B., & Becker-Lausen, E. (1995). The measurement of psychological maltreatment: Early data on the child abuse and trauma scale. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19(3), 315\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0145-2134(94)00131-6","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"4","key":"1349_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-012-9582-0","volume":"52","author":"RA Sansone","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sansone, R. A., Kelley, A. R., & Forbis, J. S. (2013). Abuse in childhood and religious\/spiritual status in adulthood among internal medicine outpatients. Journal of Religion and Health, 52(4), 1085\u20131092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-012-9582-0","journal-title":"Journal of Religion and Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1349_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x","volume":"72","author":"JP Tangney","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72(2), 271\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"}],"container-title":["Journal of Religion and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10943-021-01349-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10943-021-01349-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10943-021-01349-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,24]],"date-time":"2021-10-24T13:13:23Z","timestamp":1635081203000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10943-021-01349-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1349"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-021-01349-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-4197","1573-6571"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-4197","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6571","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 July 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no potential conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards..","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants involved in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}]}}