{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T08:01:16Z","timestamp":1790755276495,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Relig Health"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-026-02804-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:42:14Z","timestamp":1790754134000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Healing the Moral Self: Al-Ghaz\u0101l\u012b\u2019s Psychology of the Heart and Moral Injury, with Implications for Muslim Mental Health and Spiritual Care in Indonesia"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3076-9844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ade","family":"Kosasih","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3347-3133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iyus","family":"Yosep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8970-9098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Undang Ahmad","family":"Darsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9138-0146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohman","family":"Hikmat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3959-9925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muntazhar Nur","family":"Syabana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0815-391X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxsana Devi","family":"Tumanggor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2804_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/13674676.2011.640622","volume":"15","author":"H Abu-Raiya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Abu-Raiya, H. (2012). Towards a systematic Qura\u2019nic theory of personality. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 15(3), 217\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13674676.2011.640622","journal-title":"Mental Health, Religion & Culture"},{"key":"2804_CR2","unstructured":"Al-Ghaz\u0101l\u012b, A. \u1e24. (1962). Al-Ghazali\u2019s book of fear and hope (W. McKane, Trans.). E. J. Brill."},{"key":"2804_CR3","unstructured":"Al-Ghaz\u0101l\u012b, A. \u1e24. (1990). Al-Ghazali on repentance (M. S. Stern, Trans.). Sterling Publishers."},{"key":"2804_CR4","unstructured":"Al-Ghaz\u0101l\u012b, A. \u1e24. (2010). The marvels of the heart: Science of the spirit (W. J. Skellie, Trans.; T. J. Winter, Intro.). Fons Vitae."},{"key":"2804_CR5","unstructured":"Al-Ghaz\u0101l\u012b, A. \u1e24. (2015). Al-Ghazali on vigilance and self-examination (A. F. Shaker, Trans.). Islamic Texts Society."},{"key":"2804_CR6","unstructured":"Al-Ghaz\u0101l\u012b, A. \u1e24. (2016a). Al-Ghazali on disciplining the soul and on breaking the two desires (T. J. Winter, Trans.). Islamic Texts Society."},{"key":"2804_CR7","unstructured":"Al-Ghaz\u0101l\u012b, A. \u1e24. (2016b). Al-Ghazali on patience and thankfulness (H. T. Littlejohn, Trans.). Islamic Texts Society."},{"key":"2804_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"2804_CR9","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2025). DSM-5-TR update: Supplement to Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition, text revision. https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/getmedia\/b68a5776-f88c-45c7-9535-fd219d7aa5cb\/APA-DSM5TR-Update-September-2025.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"2804_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-025-02528-8","volume":"65","author":"Z Amin","year":"2026","unstructured":"Amin, Z. (2026). Religious coping and moral injury among Muslim clinicians: A mixed-methods study of post-pandemic burnout in healthcare settings. Journal of Religion and Health, 65(2), 1408\u20131427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-025-02528-8","journal-title":"Journal of Religion and Health"},{"key":"2804_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.883338","volume":"13","author":"N Barr","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barr, N., Atuel, H., Saba, S., & Castro, C. A. (2022). Toward a dual process model of moral injury and traumatic illness. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, Article 883338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.883338","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"2804_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.910414","volume":"13","author":"LM Borges","year":"2022","unstructured":"Borges, L. M., Barnes, S. M., Farnsworth, J. K., Drescher, K. D., & Walser, R. D. (2022). Case conceptualizing in acceptance and commitment therapy for moral injury: An active and ongoing approach to understanding and intervening on moral injury. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, Article 910414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.910414","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"2804_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.906945","volume":"13","author":"S Br\u00e9mault-Phillips","year":"2022","unstructured":"Br\u00e9mault-Phillips, S., Cherwick, T., Smith-MacDonald, L. A., Huh, J., & Vermetten, E. (2022). Forgiveness: A key component of healing from moral injury? Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, Article 906945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.906945","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"2804_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00619","volume":"9","author":"LB Carey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carey, L. B., & Hodgson, T. J. (2018). Chaplaincy, spiritual care and moral injury: Considerations regarding screening and treatment. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00619","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2804_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-016-0231-x","volume":"55","author":"LB Carey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carey, L. B., Hodgson, T. J., Krikheli, L., Soh, R. Y., Armour, A. R., Singh, T. K., & Impiombato, C. G. (2016). Moral injury, spiritual care and the role of chaplains: An exploratory scoping review of literature and resources. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(4), 1218\u20131245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-016-0231-x","journal-title":"Journal of Religion and Health"},{"key":"2804_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4849","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-022-01576-8","volume":"61","author":"A Cucchi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cucchi, A. (2022). Integrating cognitive behavioural and Islamic principles in psychology and psychotherapy: A narrative review. Journal of Religion and Health, 61, 4849\u20134870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-022-01576-8","journal-title":"Journal of Religion and Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2804_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22362","volume":"32","author":"BJ Griffin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Griffin, B. J., Purcell, N., Burkman, K., Litz, B. T., Bryan, C. J., Schmitz, M., Villierme, C., Walsh, J., & Maguen, S. (2019). Moral injury: An integrative review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(3), 350\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.22362","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"issue":"4","key":"2804_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-004-4302-z","volume":"43","author":"A Haque","year":"2004","unstructured":"Haque, A. (2004). Psychology from Islamic perspective: Contributions of early Muslim scholars and challenges to contemporary Muslim psychologists. Journal of Religion and Health, 43(4), 357\u2013377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-004-4302-z","journal-title":"Journal of Religion and Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2804_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3998\/jmmh.10381607.0010.107","volume":"10","author":"A Haque","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haque, A., Khan, F., Keshavarzi, H., & Rothman, A. E. (2016). Integrating Islamic traditions in modern psychology: Research trends in last ten years. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 10(1), 75\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3998\/jmmh.10381607.0010.107","journal-title":"Journal of Muslim Mental Health"},{"key":"2804_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-06962-6","volume":"25","author":"R Hikmat","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hikmat, R., Suryani, S., Yosep, I., Jeharsae, R., Widianti, E., Hidayati, N. O., Sutini, T., Hernawaty, T., Sriati, A., & Rafiyah, I. (2025). Community-based recovery interventions for improving mental health in schizophrenia patients: A scoping review in Southeast Asia. BMC Psychiatry, 25, Article 527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-025-06962-6","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2804_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44192-025-00336-w","volume":"6","author":"R Hikmat","year":"2026","unstructured":"Hikmat, R., Yosep, I., Mardhiyah, A., Kurniawan, K., & Syabana, M. N. (2026). A scoping review of school-based psychological interventions for adolescent mental health in secondary education: Addressing anxiety, depression, and well-being. Discover Mental Health, 6, Article Article 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44192-025-00336-w","journal-title":"Discover Mental Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2804_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-024-02238-7","volume":"64","author":"K Irawati","year":"2025","unstructured":"Irawati, K., Setiawan, H., Jalil, A., Haris, F., Shieh, T.-M., & Shih, Y.-H. (2025). Development and validation of the Spiritual and Religious Needs Inventory for Muslim psychiatric inpatients: A study in the Indonesian context. Journal of Religion and Health, 64(2), 1569\u20131585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-024-02238-7","journal-title":"Journal of Religion and Health"},{"key":"2804_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s13162-020-00161-0","volume":"10","author":"E Jaakkola","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jaakkola, E. (2020). Designing conceptual articles: Four approaches. AMS Review, 10, 18\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13162-020-00161-0","journal-title":"AMS Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"2804_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1080\/10508619.2012.712000","volume":"23","author":"H Keshavarzi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Keshavarzi, H., & Haque, A. (2013). Outlining a psychotherapy model for enhancing Muslim mental health within an Islamic context. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 23(3), 230\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10508619.2012.712000","journal-title":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion"},{"key":"2804_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-021-01328-0","volume":"60","author":"HG Koenig","year":"2021","unstructured":"Koenig, H. G., & Al Zaben, F. (2021). Moral injury: An increasingly recognized and widespread syndrome. Journal of Religion and Health, 60, 2989\u20133011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-021-01328-0","journal-title":"Journal of Religion and Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2804_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-026-02632-3","volume":"65","author":"HG Koenig","year":"2026","unstructured":"Koenig, H. G., Carey, L. B., & Wortham, J. S. (2026). Moral injury in the DSM-5-TR: Syndrome spectrum vs. categorical disorder. Journal of Religion and Health, 65(2), 1205\u20131220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-026-02632-3","journal-title":"Journal of Religion and Health"},{"key":"2804_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.923928","volume":"13","author":"BT Litz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Litz, B. T., Plouffe, R. A., Nazarov, A., Murphy, D., Phelps, A., Coady, A., Houle, S. A., Dell, L., Frankfurt, S., Zerach, G., Levi-Belz, Y., Moral Injury Outcome Scale Consortium. (2022). Defining and assessing the syndrome of moral injury: Initial findings of the Moral Injury Outcome Scale Consortium. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, Article 923928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.923928","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"2804_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.07.003","volume":"29","author":"BT Litz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Litz, B. T., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Lebowitz, L., Nash, W. P., Silva, C., & Maguen, S. (2009). Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(8), 695\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.07.003","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"2804_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-081423-022604","volume":"21","author":"BT Litz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Litz, B. T., & Walker, H. E. (2025). Moral injury: An overview of conceptual, definitional, assessment, and treatment issues. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 21, 251\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-081423-022604","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"2804_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mahdany, D., Mahmud, Muhammad Toriqularif, Hamsinah, & Zuhriah. (2025). The influence of Al-Ghazali\u2019s Sufistic thought on pesantren education practices in Indonesia. At-Taqaddum, 17(1), 78\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21580\/at.v17i1.28575","DOI":"10.21580\/at.v17i1.28575"},{"issue":"11","key":"2804_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000001856","volume":"213","author":"S Mattson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mattson, S., VanderWeele, T. J., Lu, F., Carey, L. B., Cowden, R. G., Fung, E. N., Koenig, H. G., Peteet, J., & Wortham, J. (2025). Moral, religious, or spiritual problem: An expanded Z code diagnostic category in the DSM-5-TR. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 213(11), 297\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NMD.0000000000001856","journal-title":"Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease"},{"key":"2804_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-018-0651-x","volume":"57","author":"A Rothman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rothman, A., & Coyle, A. (2018). Toward a framework for Islamic psychology and psychotherapy: An Islamic model of the soul. Journal of Religion and Health, 57, 1731\u20131744. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-018-0651-x","journal-title":"Journal of Religion and Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2804_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1177\/13634615251338906","volume":"62","author":"D Setiyawati","year":"2025","unstructured":"Setiyawati, D., Jatmika, W. N., Read, U. M., & Colucci, E. (2025). They think we are trying to combine knowledges, whereas we are trying to harmonize them\u201d: A visual exploration of what promotes successful collaboration between mental health workers and healers in Indonesia. Transcultural Psychiatry, 62(5), 555\u2013571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13634615251338906","journal-title":"Transcultural Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2804_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036090","volume":"31","author":"J Shay","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shay, J. (2014). Moral injury. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 31(2), 182\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0036090","journal-title":"Psychoanalytic Psychology"},{"key":"2804_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-018-0595-1","volume":"58","author":"R Skinner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Skinner, R. (2019). Traditions, paradigms and basic concepts in Islamic psychology. Journal of Religion and Health, 58, 1087\u20131094. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-018-0595-1","journal-title":"Journal of Religion and Health"},{"key":"2804_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-026-02626-1","volume":"65","author":"DGS Smith","year":"2026","unstructured":"Smith, D. G. S. (2026). Defining moral injury: A natural scaffold. Journal of Religion and Health, 65, 1287\u20131309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-026-02626-1","journal-title":"Journal of Religion and Health"},{"key":"2804_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2019.07.039","volume":"104","author":"H Snyder","year":"2019","unstructured":"Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333\u2013339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2019.07.039","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"2804_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-026-02568-8","volume":"65","author":"JM Suurmond","year":"2026","unstructured":"Suurmond, J. M. (2026). A journey of necessity: Moral injury in light of the Divine Comedy. Journal of Religion and Health, 65, 1224\u20131286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-026-02568-8","journal-title":"Journal of Religion and Health"},{"key":"2804_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1422441","volume":"16","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2025","unstructured":"VanderWeele, T. J., Wortham, J. S., Carey, L. B., Case, B. W., Cowden, R. G., Duffee, C., Jackson-Meyer, K., Lu, F., Mattson, S. A., Padgett, R. N., Peteet, J. R., Rutledge, J., Symons, X., & Koenig, H. G. (2025). Moral trauma, moral distress, moral injury, and moral injury disorder: Definitions and assessments. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, Article 1422441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1422441","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2804_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-025-03182-x","volume":"24","author":"I Yosep","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yosep, I., Mardhiyah, A., Suryani, S., Hikmat, R., Kurniawan, K., & Purnama, H. (2025). Experiences of mental health nurses who give nursing intervention among child and adolescent with cyberbullying: A qualitative study. BMC Nursing, 24, Article 527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12912-025-03182-x","journal-title":"BMC Nursing"}],"container-title":["Journal of Religion and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10943-026-02804-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10943-026-02804-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10943-026-02804-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:42:17Z","timestamp":1790754137000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10943-026-02804-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["2804"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-026-02804-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-4197","1573-6571"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-4197","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6571","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 August 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This philosophical and conceptual study analyzes published literature and selected classical texts from al-Ghaz\u0101l\u012b\u2019s I\u1e25y\u0101\u02be \u02bfUl\u016bm al-D\u012bn. It does not involve human participants, identifiable personal data, or interventions. Institutional ethics approval and informed consent were therefore not required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Artificial intelligence\u2013assisted tools were used to support language editing, grammar refinement, formatting, and improvement of manuscript readability. The authors reviewed, verified, and approved all AI-assisted content and take full responsibility for the accuracy, integrity, and final content of the manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Declaration of AI Use","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}