{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:49:53Z","timestamp":1792039793387,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Relig Health"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-026-02808-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:41:41Z","timestamp":1792039301000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Religious Affiliation, Active Participation, and Social Connectedness in Mainland China: A Trend Analysis of Older Adults, 2012\u20132023"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5843-5762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guixiang","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5688-1124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xu","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengjun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0441-8562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanqiu","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2808_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01973-2","volume":"21","author":"Z Bai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bai, Z., Wang, Z., Shao, T., Qin, X., & Hu, Z. (2021). Association between social capital and loneliness among older adults: A cross-sectional study in Anhui Province, China. BMC Geriatrics, 21(1), Article Article 26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-020-01973-2","journal-title":"BMC Geriatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2808_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.2753\/CSA2162-0555450104","volume":"45","author":"Y Bian","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bian, Y., & Li, L. (2012). The Chinese general social survey (2003\u20132008): Sample designs and data evaluation. Chinese Sociological Review, 45(1), 70\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2753\/CSA2162-0555450104","journal-title":"Chinese Sociological Review"},{"issue":"12","key":"2808_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rel16121581","volume":"16","author":"P-Y Brandt","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brandt, P.-Y., Hashimoto, Y. Z., Dandarova-Robert, Z., Dessart, G., & Stauffer, L. (2025). Religious affiliation is not enough: Considering the religious practices and self-identification of seniors in Switzerland when measuring the links between religiosity and well-being. Religions, 16(12), Article Article 1581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rel16121581","journal-title":"Religions"},{"issue":"8","key":"2808_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13145","volume":"49","author":"M Brankovic","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brankovic, M., Kardys, I., Steyerberg, E. W., Lemeshow, S., Markovic, M., Rizopoulos, D., & Boersma, E. (2019). Understanding of interaction (subgroup) analysis in clinical trials. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 49(8), Article Article e13145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eci.13145","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"issue":"3","key":"2808_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.08.009","volume":"57","author":"ST Brookes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brookes, S. T., Whitely, E., Egger, M., Davey Smith, G., Mulheran, P. A., & Peters, T. J. (2004). Subgroup analyses in randomized trials: Risks of subgroup-specific analyses; power and sample size for the interaction test. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 57(3), 229\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.08.009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2808_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socec.2008.07.014","volume":"38","author":"PH Brown","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brown, P. H., & Tierney, B. (2009). Religion and subjective well-being among the elderly in China. Journal of Socio-Economics, 38(2), 310\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socec.2008.07.014","journal-title":"Journal of Socio-Economics"},{"key":"2808_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1668696","volume":"13","author":"A Buja","year":"2025","unstructured":"Buja, A., & Akhtar, S. (2025). The association between social capital and quality of life in old adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, Article Article 1668696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1668696","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2808_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4293","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-025-02456-7","volume":"64","author":"LB Carey","year":"2025","unstructured":"Carey, L. B., Nezlek, J. B., Koenig, H. G., Hill, T., Paal, P., Gabbay, E., Cohen, J., Drummond, D. A., & Carey, J. R. (2025). Faith and health in Poland, the USA and during COVID-19. Journal of Religion and Health, 64(6), 4293\u20134299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-025-02456-7","journal-title":"Journal of Religion and Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2808_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0341572","volume":"21","author":"SA Chamberlain","year":"2026","unstructured":"Chamberlain, S. A., Griffith, L. E., Savage, R. D., Batara, J., Yan, W., & Gruneir, A. (2026). Single-item versus scale: Comparing respondent demographic, social, and health characteristics by measure of loneliness using the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) data. PLoS ONE, 21(2), Article Article e0341572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0341572","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"2808_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-4446.12232","volume":"67","author":"Y Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen, Y., & Williams, M. (2016). Subjective well-being in the new China: Religion, social capital, and social status. British Journal of Sociology, 67(4), 719\u2013746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1468-4446.12232","journal-title":"British Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"2808_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.877213","volume":"9","author":"HJ Coelho-J\u00fanior","year":"2022","unstructured":"Coelho-J\u00fanior, H. J., Calvani, R., Panza, F., Allegri, R. F., Picca, A., Marzetti, E., & Alves, V. P. (2022). Religiosity\/spirituality and mental health in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Frontiers in Medicine, 9, Article 877213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.877213","journal-title":"Frontiers in Medicine"},{"key":"2808_CR12","volume-title":"Religion in Britain since 1945: Believing without belonging","author":"G Davie","year":"1994","unstructured":"Davie, G. (1994). Religion in Britain since 1945: Believing without belonging. Blackwell."},{"key":"2808_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-026-02669-4","author":"L Ge","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ge, L., Zeng, L., Hill, T. D., Wang, W., & Wen, M. (2026). Religious involvement and depressive symptoms in mainland China: A trend analysis of older adults, 2012\u20132023. Journal of Religion and Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-026-02669-4","journal-title":"Journal of Religion and Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2808_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1198\/000313006X152649","volume":"60","author":"A Gelman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gelman, A., & Stern, H. (2006). The difference between \u201csignificant\u201d and \u201cnot significant\u201d is not itself statistically significant. American Statistician, 60(4), 328\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1198\/000313006X152649","journal-title":"American Statistician"},{"issue":"2","key":"2808_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1177\/0034673X251323159","volume":"67","author":"C Hackett","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hackett, C., & Tong, Y. (2025). Religion in China: How can we measure change? Review of Religious Research, 67(2), 200\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0034673X251323159","journal-title":"Review of Religious Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2808_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.2962","volume":"35","author":"J Han","year":"2020","unstructured":"Han, J., Zhou, X., & Meng, Y. (2020). The impact of religious beliefs on the health of the residents\u2014Evidence from China. International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 35(1), 378\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hpm.2962","journal-title":"International Journal of Health Planning and Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"2808_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/17.1.106","volume":"17","author":"T Harpham","year":"2002","unstructured":"Harpham, T., Grant, E., & Thomas, E. (2002). Measuring social capital within health surveys: Key issues. Health Policy and Planning, 17(1), 106\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/heapol\/17.1.106","journal-title":"Health Policy and Planning"},{"issue":"3","key":"2808_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21224","volume":"23","author":"J Holt-Lunstad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Holt-Lunstad, J. (2024). Social connection as a critical factor for mental and physical health: Evidence, trends, challenges, and future implications. World Psychiatry, 23(3), 312\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wps.21224","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2808_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691614568352","volume":"10","author":"J Holt-Lunstad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: A meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1745691614568352","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"2808_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1177\/0011392113490386","volume":"61","author":"A Hu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hu, A. (2013). Generalized trust among Christians in urban China: Analysis based on propensity score matching. Current Sociology, 61(7), 1021\u20131039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0011392113490386","journal-title":"Current Sociology"},{"key":"2808_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2016.10.014","volume":"66","author":"A Hu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hu, A. (2017). Changing perceived importance of religion in mainland China, 1990\u20132012: An age-period-cohort analysis. Social Science Research, 66, 264\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2016.10.014","journal-title":"Social Science Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2808_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1111\/jssr.12482","volume":"56","author":"A Hu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hu, A., Yang, X. Y., & Luo, W. (2017). Christian identification and self-reported depression: Evidence from China. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 56(4), 765\u2013780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jssr.12482","journal-title":"Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion"},{"issue":"3","key":"2808_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.6077","volume":"39","author":"X Hu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu, X., Ma, W., Tong, Y., Xiong, M., He, Z., Lei, Q., Koenig, H. G., & Wang, Z. (2024). Longitudinal association of spirituality with depressive symptom trajectories among older adults in mainland China. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 39(3), Article e6077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps.6077","journal-title":"International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2808_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1080\/2153599X.2023.2217245","volume":"14","author":"KA Johnson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Johnson, K. A., Moon, J. W., VanderWeele, T. J., Schnitker, S., & Johnson, B. R. (2024). Assessing religion and spirituality in a cross-cultural sample: Development of religion and spirituality items for the Global Flourishing Study. Religion, Brain & Behavior, 14(4), 345\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2153599X.2023.2217245","journal-title":"Religion, Brain & Behavior"},{"key":"2808_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1456829","volume":"12","author":"L Kastner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kastner, L., Suenkel, U., von Thaler, A.-K., Eschweiler, G. W., Dankowski, T., Mychajliw, C., Brockmann, K., Heinzel, S., & Thiel, A. (2024). COVID-19 and social distancing: Pandemic has altered social relationships and contacts in older adults over 4 years. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, Article 1456829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1456829","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2808_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3729","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-024-02112-6","volume":"63","author":"HG Koenig","year":"2024","unstructured":"Koenig, H. G., & Carey, L. B. (2024). Religion, spirituality and health research: Warning of contaminated scales. Journal of Religion and Health, 63(5), 3729\u20133743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-024-02112-6","journal-title":"Journal of Religion and Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2808_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-025-02249-y","volume":"64","author":"HG Koenig","year":"2025","unstructured":"Koenig, H. G., & Carey, L. B. (2025). Approaches for analyzing the relationship between spirituality and health using measures contaminated with indicators of mental and social health. Journal of Religion and Health, 64(2), 1276\u20131286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-025-02249-y","journal-title":"Journal of Religion and Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2808_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/61.1.S35","volume":"61","author":"N Krause","year":"2006","unstructured":"Krause, N. (2006). Exploring the stress-buffering effects of church-based and secular social support on self-rated health in late life. Journals of Gerontology Series b: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 61(1), S35\u2013S43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/61.1.S35","journal-title":"Journals of Gerontology Series b: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2808_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/1599530","volume":"1","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, Y., & Morrow-Howell, N. (2024). Assessing social capital among Chinese older adults: Dimensions and associative factors. Health & Social Care in the Community, 1, Article 1599530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2024\/1599530","journal-title":"Health & Social Care in the Community"},{"issue":"6","key":"2808_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122410386686","volume":"75","author":"C Lim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lim, C., & Putnam, R. D. (2010). Religion, social networks, and life satisfaction. American Sociological Review, 75(6), 914\u2013933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0003122410386686","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"2808_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-17734-4","volume":"24","author":"Y Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin, Y., Zhu, T., Zhang, X., & Zeng, Z. (2024). Trends in the prevalence of social isolation among middle and older adults in China from 2011 to 2018: The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. BMC Public Health, 24(1), Article 339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-17734-4","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"2808_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115516","volume":"18","author":"N Lu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu, N., Xu, S., & Zhang, J. (2021). Community social capital, family social capital, and self-rated health among older rural Chinese adults: Empirical evidence from rural northeastern China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), Article 5516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18115516","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2808_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13537903.2025.2473218","volume":"40","author":"X Lu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lu, X. (2025). Faith in flux: The diverse religious adaptations of Hui Muslim internal migrants in a global market town in Southeast China. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 40(1), 1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13537903.2025.2473218","journal-title":"Journal of Contemporary Religion"},{"issue":"1","key":"2808_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/2057150X231223288","volume":"10","author":"Y Lu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu, Y., & Sheng, H. (2024). Sociological studies on Chinese religion since the turn of the century. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 10(1), 3\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2057150X231223288","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Sociology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2808_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/soab049","volume":"100","author":"W Luo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luo, W., & Chen, F. (2021). The salience of religion under an atheist state: Implications for subjective well-being in contemporary China. Social Forces, 100(2), 852\u2013878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sf\/soab049","journal-title":"Social Forces"},{"issue":"3","key":"2808_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0319796","volume":"20","author":"D Major-Smith","year":"2025","unstructured":"Major-Smith, D., Morgan, J., Halstead, I., & Golding, J. (2025). Exploring bidirectional causality between religion and mental health: A longitudinal study using data from the parent generation of a UK birth cohort. PLoS ONE, 20(3), Article e0319796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0319796","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"2808_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.06.019","volume":"73","author":"J Maselko","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maselko, J., Hughes, C., & Cheney, R. (2011). Religious social capital: Its measurement and utility in the study of the social determinants of health. Social Science & Medicine, 73(5), 759\u2013767. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.06.019","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"2808_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0308401","volume":"19","author":"Z Mei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mei, Z., Li, W., Chen, J., Yin, H., Song, Y., Tu, W., Ding, Z., Bai, Y., Jin, S., & Xu, G. (2024). The transformation of 20-year social participation policies of older people in China: Network analysis and text analysis. PLoS ONE, 19(8), Article e0308401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0308401","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2808_CR39","unstructured":"Ministry of Civil Affairs & China National Committee on Ageing. (2024). Report on the development of national undertakings for the aged 2023. Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People\u2019s Republic of China."},{"issue":"4","key":"2808_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911221077227","volume":"30","author":"M Mund","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mund, M., Maes, M., Drewke, P. M., Gutzeit, A., Jaki, I., & Qualter, P. (2023). Would the real loneliness please stand up? The validity of loneliness scores and the reliability of single-item scores. Assessment, 30(4), 1226\u20131248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10731911221077227","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"5","key":"2808_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-010-9222-y","volume":"15","author":"G Norman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Norman, G. (2010). Likert scales, levels of measurement and the \u201claws\u201d of statistics. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 15(5), 625\u2013632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10459-010-9222-y","journal-title":"Advances in Health Sciences Education"},{"key":"2808_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"O\u2019Maoileidigh, B., Kenny, R. A., Ward, M., & Scarlett, S. (2023). Effect of religious attendance on loneliness, quality of life, stress and anxiety among older adults during COVID-19 in Ireland. Age and Ageing, 52(Suppl. 3), Article afad156.015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afad156.015","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afad156.015"},{"issue":"4","key":"2808_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-022-01543-3","volume":"61","author":"SW Pan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pan, S. W., Liang, Y., Wu, S., Wang, W., Hu, X., Wang, J., & Huang, W. (2022). Health effects of religion, spirituality, and supernatural beliefs in mainland China: A systematic review. Journal of Religion and Health, 61(4), 2726\u20132742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-022-01543-3","journal-title":"Journal of Religion and Health"},{"key":"2808_CR44","volume-title":"Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community","author":"RD Putnam","year":"2000","unstructured":"Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon & Schuster."},{"issue":"1","key":"2808_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20112-9","volume":"24","author":"W Qin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qin, W., Nicklett, E. J., Yu, J., & Nguyen, A. W. (2024). Neighborhood social cohesion and physical disorder in relation to social isolation in older adults: Racial and ethnic differences. BMC Public Health, 24(1), Article 2574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20112-9","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2808_CR46","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2026). R: A language and environment for statistical computing (Version 4.6.0) [Computer software]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"2808_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","volume":"1","author":"LS Radloff","year":"1977","unstructured":"Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/014662167700100306","journal-title":"Applied Psychological Measurement"},{"issue":"6","key":"2808_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4462","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-023-01808-5","volume":"63","author":"R Ruan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ruan, R., Vaughan, K. R., & Wang, X. (2024). Life strain, negative emotions, and religious involvement in contemporary China. Journal of Religion and Health, 63(6), 4462\u20134484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-023-01808-5","journal-title":"Journal of Religion and Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2808_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22040501","volume":"22","author":"K Ryu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ryu, K., & Chen, Z. (2025). The impact of social isolation on the subjective well-being of older people in China: An empirical analysis based on the 2021 China General Social Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(4), Article 501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph22040501","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2808_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1177\/01640275241269949","volume":"47","author":"MR Sauerteig-Rolston","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sauerteig-Rolston, M. R., Barnes, L. L., Thomas, P. A., Angel, J. L., & Ferraro, K. F. (2025). Religious involvement and cognitive function among White, Black, and Hispanic older adults. Research on Aging, 47(2), 116\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01640275241269949","journal-title":"Research on Aging"},{"key":"2808_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1043921","volume":"13","author":"J Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun, J., Jiang, W., & Li, H. (2022). Social isolation and loneliness among Chinese older adults: Examining aging attitudes as mediators and moderators. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 1043921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1043921","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"2808_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igae098.0632","volume":"8","author":"H Taylor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Taylor, H., & Nguyen, A. (2024). The relationships between religious service attendance, spirituality, loneliness, and social isolation. Innovation in Aging, 8(Suppl. 1), 195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geroni\/igae098.0632","journal-title":"Innovation in Aging"},{"key":"2808_CR53","volume-title":"The moral foundations of trust","author":"EM Uslaner","year":"2002","unstructured":"Uslaner, E. M. (2002). The moral foundations of trust. Cambridge University Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"2808_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i03","volume":"45","author":"S van Buuren","year":"2011","unstructured":"van Buuren, S., & Groothuis-Oudshoorn, K. (2011). Mice: Multivariate imputation by chained equations in R. Journal of Statistical Software, 45(3), 1\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v045.i03","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"2808_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igae098.0631","volume":"8","author":"C Victor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Victor, C. (2024). Exploring the relationship between loneliness, religion, and spirituality for older adults in England. Innovation in Aging, 8(Suppl. 1), 195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geroni\/igae098.0631","journal-title":"Innovation in Aging"},{"issue":"2","key":"2808_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/24761028.2025.2459968","volume":"13","author":"J Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, J. (2024). \u201cLittle Mecca\u201d in China: Religious central places of the Hui Muslims. Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies, 13(2), 285\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/24761028.2025.2459968","journal-title":"Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies"},{"issue":"5","key":"2808_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1080\/00207659.2020.1797264","volume":"50","author":"X Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, X., & Vaughan, K. (2020). Religious involvement, social\/political strain, and depression in contemporary China: How does religion affect subjective well-being differently in a regulated society? International Journal of Sociology, 50(5), 396\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00207659.2020.1797264","journal-title":"International Journal of Sociology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2808_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02541-y","volume":"21","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Li, Z., & Fu, C. (2021). Urban\u2013rural differences in the association between social activities and depressive symptoms among older adults in China: A cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatrics, 21(1), Article 569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-021-02541-y","journal-title":"BMC Geriatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2808_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.2007.0116","volume":"86","author":"MR Welch","year":"2007","unstructured":"Welch, M. R., Sikkink, D., & Loveland, M. T. (2007). The radius of trust: Religion, social embeddedness, and trust in strangers. Social Forces, 86(1), 23\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/sof.2007.0116","journal-title":"Social Forces"},{"key":"2808_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wickham, H., Averick, M., Bryan, J., Chang, W., D\u2019Agostino McGowan, L., Fran\u00e7ois, R., Grolemund, G., Hayes, A., Henry, L., Hester, J., Kuhn, M., Pedersen, T. L., Miller, E., Bache, S. M., M\u00fcller, K., Ooms, J., Robinson, D., Seidel, D. P., Spinu, V., \u2026 Yutani, H. (2019). Welcome to the tidyverse. Journal of Open Source Software, 4(43), Article 1686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21105\/joss.01686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"2808_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igaf122.3130","volume":"9","author":"S Woo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Woo, S., Lee, J., Kim-Godwin, Y. S., & Choi, J. (2025). Religious social capital and perceived health among US older adults: A path analysis model. Innovation in Aging, 9(Suppl. 2), Article igaf122.3130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geroni\/igaf122.3130","journal-title":"Innovation in Aging"},{"key":"2808_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socec.2021.101665","volume":"91","author":"W Xia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xia, W., Guo, X., Luo, J., Ye, H., Chen, Y., Chen, S., & Xia, W. (2021). Religious identity, between-group effects and prosocial behavior: Evidence from a field experiment in China. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 91, Article 101665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socec.2021.101665","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2808_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/jssr.70038","volume":"65","author":"L Xu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Xu, L., & Li, W. (2026). Religious belief and social trust in the \u201csemi-acquaintance society\u201d: Evidence from China. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 65(2), 345\u2013359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jssr.70038","journal-title":"Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion"},{"key":"2808_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520318380","volume-title":"Religion in Chinese society: A study of contemporary social functions of religion and some of their historical factors","author":"CK Yang","year":"1961","unstructured":"Yang, C. K. (1961). Religion in Chinese society: A study of contemporary social functions of religion and some of their historical factors. University of California Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"2808_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-8525.2006.00039.x","volume":"47","author":"F Yang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yang, F. (2006). The red, black, and gray markets of religion in China. The Sociological Quarterly, 47(1), 93\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1533-8525.2006.00039.x","journal-title":"The Sociological Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"2808_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12441-w","volume":"22","author":"L Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang, L., Wang, H., & Cheng, J. (2022). Association between social capital and sleep duration among rural older adults in China. BMC Public Health, 22(1), Article 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-12441-w","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2808_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1571509","volume":"13","author":"M You","year":"2025","unstructured":"You, M., Ding, Y., Wei, Z., Han, N., & Liu, A. (2025). Creation and verification of a predictive nomogram model for the incidence of social isolation among China\u2019s older population. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, Article 1571509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1571509","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2808_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1177\/2057150X211042687","volume":"7","author":"C Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Lu, Y., & Sheng, H. (2021). Exploring Chinese folk religion: Popularity, diffuseness, and diversities. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 7(4), 575\u2013592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2057150X211042687","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Sociology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2808_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-024-02159-5","volume":"64","author":"W Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Zhang, K., Wu, L. H., & Tsay, R. M. (2025). Religious involvement, education, and subjective well-being among older adults in Taiwan. Journal of Religion and Health, 64(3), 2386\u20132402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-024-02159-5","journal-title":"Journal of Religion and Health"},{"key":"2808_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-025-02384-6","author":"D Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao, D. (2025). Religion and social trust in China: An analysis based on the belief in deities. Journal of Religion and Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-025-02384-6","journal-title":"Journal of Religion and Health"},{"key":"2808_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19251","volume":"13","author":"X Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Du, X., Bai, S., Zheng, P., Zhou, X., & Wang, Z. (2025). Differences in depression prevalence among older adults in China before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PeerJ, 13, Article e19251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.19251","journal-title":"PeerJ"}],"container-title":["Journal of Religion and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10943-026-02808-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10943-026-02808-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10943-026-02808-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:41:55Z","timestamp":1792039315000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10943-026-02808-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["2808"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-026-02808-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-4197","1573-6571"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-4197","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6571","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study used publicly available, de-identified secondary data from the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) under the Renmin University CGSS Data Use Agreement; institutional review board approval was not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. The CGSS obtained informed consent from respondents at the time of the original survey administration by Renmin University of China. The present study analyzed only de-identified, publicly released data.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Participate\/Consent for Publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article used publicly available, de-identified secondary data from the Chinese General Social Survey and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Human and Animal Rights","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. Informed consent was obtained by Renmin University of China from all CGSS respondents at the time of the original data collection.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed Consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}