{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:47:28Z","timestamp":1791942448954,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]],"date-time":"2018-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011239","name":"College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011239","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota"},{"name":"Office of the Vice President for Research, University of Minnesota"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Youth Adolescence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-018-0838-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]],"date-time":"2018-03-13T05:19:41Z","timestamp":1520918381000},"page":"1299-1316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["A Quarter Century of Participation in School-Based Extracurricular Activities: Inequalities by Race, Class, Gender and Age?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Ann","family":"Meier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin Swartz","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"838_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angrist, J., Lavy, V., & Schlosser, A., (2005), New Evidence On The Causal Link Between The Quantity And Quality Of Children, No 11835, NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, https:\/\/EconPapers.repec.org\/RePEc:nbr:nberwo:11835 .","DOI":"10.3386\/w11835"},{"issue":"1","key":"838_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2010.06.015","volume":"30","author":"A Balsa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Balsa, A., Guiluliano, L. M., & French, M. T. (2011). The effects of alcohol use on academic achievement in high school. Economic Education Review, 30(1), 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.econedurev.2010.06.015 .","journal-title":"Economic Education Review"},{"key":"838_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-010-9563-0","volume":"40","author":"CJ Bloomfield","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bloomfield, C. J., & Barber, B. L. (2011). Developmental experiences during extracurricular activities and Australian adolescents\u2019 self- concept: Particularly important for youth from disadvantaged schools. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 582\u2013594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-010-9563-0 .","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"issue":"3","key":"838_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2008.00569.x","volume":"18","author":"AM Bohnert","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bohnert, A. M., Richards, M. H., Kolmodin, K. E., & Lakin, B. L. (2008). Young urban African American adolescents\u2019 experience of discretionary time activities. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18(3), 517\u2013539.","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescence"},{"key":"838_CR5","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control. (2015). Ten leading causes of death by age group highlighting unintentional injury deaths, United States: 2015. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/injury\/wisqars\/LeadingCauses.html . Accessed 25 Dec 2017."},{"key":"838_CR6","unstructured":"Child Trends. (2017). Vigorous physical activity by youth. https:\/\/www.childtrends.org\/?indicators=vigorous-physical-activity-by-youth ."},{"key":"838_CR7","unstructured":"Colabianchi, N., Johnston, L., & O\u2019Malley, P. M. (2012). Sports participation in secondary schools: Resources available and inequalities in participation \u2013 A BTG research brief. Ann Arbor, MI: Bridging the Gap Program, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 2012. www.bridgingthegapresearch.org ."},{"issue":"5","key":"838_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964","volume":"34","author":"N Darling","year":"2015","unstructured":"Darling, N. (2015). Participation in extracurricular activities and adolescent adjustment: Cross-sectional and longitudinal findings. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(5), 493\u2013505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964 .","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"838_CR9","unstructured":"DeLuca, S., Clampet-Lundquist, S., & Edin, K. (2016). Coming of age in the other America. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation."},{"key":"838_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-009-9437-5","volume":"38","author":"AS Denault","year":"2009","unstructured":"Denault, A. S., & Poulin, F. (2009). Intensity and breadth of participation in organized activities during the adolescent years: Multiple associations with youth outcomes. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 38, 1199\u20131213.","journal-title":"Journal of Youth & Adolescence"},{"issue":"2","key":"838_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2307\/1602710","volume":"9","author":"JG Dryfoos","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dryfoos, J. G. (1999). The role of the school in children\u2019s out-of-school time. Future of Children, 9(2), 177\u2013134. http:\/\/www.futureofchildren.org\/usr_doc\/vol9no2Art10.pdf.","journal-title":"Future of Children"},{"issue":"1","key":"838_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.98.1.198","volume":"98","author":"AL Duckworth","year":"2006","unstructured":"Duckworth, A. L., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2006). Self-discipline gives girls the edge: Gender in self-discipline, grades, and achievement test scores. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98(1), 198\u2013208.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"838_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021076222321","volume":"32","author":"JB Dworkin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dworkin, J. B., Larson, R., & Hansen, D. (2003). Adolescents\u2019 accounts of growth experiences in youth activities. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 32, 17\u201326.","journal-title":"Journal of Youth & Adolescence"},{"issue":"5","key":"838_CR14","first-page":"869","volume":"51","author":"RA Easterlin","year":"1961","unstructured":"Easterlin, R. A. (1961). The American Baby boom in historical perspective. American Economic Review, 51(5), 869\u2013911.","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"838_CR15","volume-title":"The predictive power of ninth-grade GPA","author":"JQ Easton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Easton, J. Q., Johnson, E., & Sartain, L. (2017). The predictive power of ninth-grade GPA. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago. Consortium on School Research."},{"key":"838_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-4537.2003.00095.x","volume":"59","author":"JS Eccles","year":"2003","unstructured":"Eccles, J. S., Barber, B. L., Stone, M., & Hunt, J. (2003). Extracurricular activities and adolescent development. Journal of Social Issues, 59, 865\u2013889.","journal-title":"Journal of Social Issues"},{"key":"838_CR17","volume-title":"Children of the great depression. Social change in life experience","author":"GH Elder","year":"1999","unstructured":"Elder, G. H. (1999). Children of the great depression. Social change in life experience. Boulder: Westview Press. 25. Anniversary print."},{"issue":"6","key":"838_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.2307\/1131278","volume":"65","author":"DR Entwisle","year":"1994","unstructured":"Entwisle, D. R., & Astone, N. M. (1994). Some practical guidelines for measuring youth\u2019s race\/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Child Development, 65(6), 1521\u2013140.","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"838_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2009.00627.x","volume":"20","author":"JA Fredricks","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fredricks, J. A., & Eccles, J. S. (2010). Breadth of extracurricular participation and adolescent adjustment among African-American and European-American youth. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20(2), 307\u2013333.","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescence"},{"key":"838_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-008-9279-6","volume":"38","author":"AM Guest","year":"2009","unstructured":"Guest, A. M., & McRee, N. (2009). A school-level analysis of adolescent extracurricular activity, delinquency, and depression: The importance of situational context. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 51\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-008-9279-6 .","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"838_CR21","volume-title":"Physical (in)activity among low-income children and youth: Problem, prospect, challenge.","author":"R Halpern","year":"2003","unstructured":"Halpern, R. (2003). Physical (in)activity among low-income children and youth: Problem, prospect, challenge. New York: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, After-School Project."},{"issue":"3","key":"838_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-8525.2007.00086.x","volume":"48","author":"D Hartmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hartmann, D., & Masoglia, M. (2007). Reassessing the relationship between high school sports participation and deviance: Evidence of enduring, bifurcated effects. The Sociological Quarterly, 48(3), 485\u2013505.","journal-title":"The Sociological Quarterly"},{"key":"838_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-011-9736-5","volume":"41","author":"X Jiang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jiang, X., & Peterson, R. D. (2012). Beyond participation: The Association between school extracurricular activities and involvement in violence across generations of immigration. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41, 362\u2013378.","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"issue":"3","key":"838_CR25","first-page":"165","volume":"33","author":"SK Junge","year":"2003","unstructured":"Junge, S. K., Manglallan, S., & Raskauskas, J. (2003). Building life skills through afterschool participation in experiential and cooperative learning. Child Study Journal, 33(3), 165\u2013174.","journal-title":"Child Study Journal"},{"key":"838_CR26","volume-title":"Unequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life","author":"A Lareau","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lareau, A. (2003). Unequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press."},{"key":"838_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/california\/9780520276758.001.0001","volume-title":"Playing to win: Raising children in a competitive culture","author":"H Levey-Friedman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Levey-Friedman, H. (2013). Playing to win: Raising children in a competitive culture. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"838_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014133","volume":"45","author":"M Linver","year":"2009","unstructured":"Linver, M., Roth, J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2009). Patterns of adolescents\u2019 participation in organized activities: Are sports best when combined with other activities? Developmental Psychology, 45(2), 354\u2013367.","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"838_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00160","volume":"71","author":"JL Mahoney","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mahoney, J. L. (2000). School extracurricular activity participation as a moderator in the development of antisocial patterns. Child Development, 71(2), 502\u2013516.","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"6","key":"838_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12413","volume":"86","author":"MJ Martin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Martin, M. J., Conger, R. D., Sitnick, S. L., Masarik, A. S., Forbes, E. E., & Shaw, D. S. (2015). Reducing risk for substance use by economically disadvantaged young men: Positive environments and pathways to educational attainment. Child Development, 86(6), 1719\u20131737.","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"12","key":"838_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02292.x","volume":"51","author":"WA Mason","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mason, W. A., Hitch, J. E., Kosterman, R., McCarthy, C. A., Herrenkohl, T. I., & Hawkins, J. D. (2010). Growth in adolescent delinquency and alcohol use in relation to young adult crime, alcohol use disorders, and risky sex: A comparison of youth from low- versus middle-income backgrounds. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(12), 1377\u20131385.","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"838_CR32","volume-title":"Huck\u2019s raft: A history of American childhood","author":"S Mintz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mintz, S. (2004). Huck\u2019s raft: A history of American childhood. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"838_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2005.01.003","volume":"29","author":"R McGee","year":"2006","unstructured":"McGee, R., Williams, S., Howden-Chapman, P., Martin, J., & Kawachi, I. (2006). Participation in clubs and groups from childhood to adolescence and its effect on attachment and self-esteem. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 1\u201317.","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"key":"838_CR34","unstructured":"Moore, K.A., Murphey, D., Bandy, T., & Copper, P.M. (2014). Participation in out-of-school time activities and programs. Child Trends Research Brief Publication #2014:13."},{"key":"838_CR35","volume-title":"Extracurricular participation and student engagement. Education policy issues. Statistical perspectives","author":"E O\u2019Brien","year":"1995","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, E., & Rollefson, M. (1995). Extracurricular participation and student engagement. Education policy issues. Statistical perspectives. Washington, D.C: National Center for Education Statistics & Policy Studies Association, Inc."},{"key":"838_CR36","unstructured":"Physical Activity Council. (2013). 2013 Participation Report. www.physicalactivitycouncil.com\/PDFs\/2013_PAC_Overview_Report_Final.pdf . Accessed 15 Oct 2017."},{"key":"838_CR37","volume-title":"Our kids: The American dream in crisis","author":"R Putnam","year":"2015","unstructured":"Putnam, R. (2015). Our kids: The American dream in crisis. New York: Simon & Schuster."},{"key":"838_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/cd.81.","volume":"101","author":"RW Roeser","year":"2003","unstructured":"Roeser, R. W., & Peck, S. C. (2003). Patterns and pathways of educational achievement across adolescence: A holistic- developmental perspective. New directions for child and adolescent. Development, 101, 39\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cd.81.","journal-title":"Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"838_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716214548398","volume":"657","author":"K Snellman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Snellman, K., Silva, J. M., Frederick, C. B., & Putnam, R. D. (2015). The engagement gap social mobility and extracurricular participation among American youth. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 657(1), 194\u2013207.","journal-title":"The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"838_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1177\/016146810811000805","volume":"110","author":"K Strobel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Strobel, K., Kirshner, B., O\u2019Donoghue, J., & McLaughlin, M. W. (2008). Qualities that attract urban youth to after-school settings and promote continued participation. Teachers College Record, 110(8), 1677\u20131705.","journal-title":"Teachers College Record"},{"key":"838_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.03.023","volume":"67","author":"J Stuber","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stuber, J., Meyer, I., & Link, B. (2008). Stigma, prejudice, discrimination and health. Social Science & Medicine, 67, 351\u2013357.","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"838_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.2307\/1602707","volume":"9","author":"DL Vandell","year":"1999","unstructured":"Vandell, D. L., & Shumow, L. (1999). After-school child care programs. Future of Children, 9(2), 64\u201380. http:\/\/www.futureofchildren.org\/usr_doc\/vol9no2Art7done.pdf.","journal-title":"Future of Children"},{"issue":"4","key":"838_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1177\/1012690214532450","volume":"51","author":"H Vandermeerschen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vandermeerschen, H., Vos, S., & Scheerder, J. (2016). Towards level playing fields? A time trend analysis of young people\u2019s participation in club-organised sports. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 51(4), 468\u2013484.","journal-title":"International Review for the Sociology of Sport"},{"issue":"3","key":"838_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2012.01745.x","volume":"83","author":"MT Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang, M. T., & Eccles, J. S. (2012). Social support matters: Longitudinal effects of social support on three dimensions of school engagement from middle to high school. Child Development, 83(3), 877\u2013895.","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"838_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeager, D. S., Walton, G. M., Brady, S. T., Akcinar, E. N., Paunesku, D., Keane, L., Kamentz, D. Ritter, G., Duckworth, A. L., Urstein, R. Gomez, E. M., Markus, H. R., Cohen, G. L., & Sweck, C. S. (2016). Teaching a Lay Theory Before College Narrows Achievement Gaps at Scale. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). May 31 2016.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1524360113"}],"container-title":["Journal of Youth and Adolescence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10964-018-0838-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10964-018-0838-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10964-018-0838-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T22:46:03Z","timestamp":1660603563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10964-018-0838-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["838"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-018-0838-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0047-2891","1573-6601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0047-2891","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 November 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 February 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 March 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This study was determined \u201cexempt\u201d from review by the University of Minnesota Institutional Review Board. The University of Minnesota IRB reference number for this study is: 1510E79542.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"This study was determined \u201cexempt\u201d from review by the University of Minnesota Institutional Review Board. The University of Minnesota IRB reference number for this study is: 1510E79542. For this type of study which analyzes secondary data, no formal consent is required.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}]}}