{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:44:09Z","timestamp":1786981449934,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Auckland Faculty Researchers Development Fund","award":["3719526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3719526"]}]},{"name":"University of Auckland Faculty Researchers Development Fund","award":["3719526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3719526"]}]},{"name":"University of Auckland Faculty Researchers Development Fund","award":["3719526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3719526"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Youth Adolescence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Sexual orientation and gender identity change efforts (SOGICE) are harmful practices, yet who suggests them to young people and what impacts are associated with these suggestions have received limited attention in the literature. The present study explored whether certain suggesters, and the frequency of categories of suggesters (including religious leaders, family members, and health professionals), were associated with suicidality and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). The study also explored whether particular demographics of young people were more likely to report SOGICE experiences. Data were collected through an online survey of New Zealand gender- and sexuality-diverse youth. The sample (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093948) had an age range of 14\u201326 (mean age\u2009=\u200918.96), and approximately half (52.4%) were transgender or gender-diverse. Odds of suicidality and NSSI were highest when religious leaders suggested SOGICE and when more than one type of suggester was reported. SOGICE was more likely to be reported by transgender and gender-diverse youth, statutory care- and homelessness-experienced youth, and young people reporting current material deprivation. Implications for targeted mental health services and education for young people and the community are discussed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-022-01693-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T09:04:46Z","timestamp":1666861486000},"page":"149-164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Change Efforts for Young People in New Zealand: Demographics, Types of Suggesters, and Associations with Mental Health"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6261-3975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Fenaughty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Ker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaimie","family":"Veale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Saxton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Alansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1693_CR1","unstructured":"American Psychological Association. (2021a). APA resolution on gender identity change efforts. https:\/\/www.apa.org\/about\/policy\/resolution-gender-identity-change-efforts.pdf."},{"key":"1693_CR2","unstructured":"American Psychological Association. (2021b). APA resolution on sexual orientation change efforts. https:\/\/www.apa.org\/about\/policy\/resolution-sexual-orientation-change-efforts.pdf."},{"issue":"3","key":"1693_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20174211","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-4211","volume":"143","author":"L Baams","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baams, L., Wilson, B. D., & Russell, S. T. (2019). LGBTQ youth in unstable housing and foster care. Pediatrics, 143(3), e20174211.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"1693_CR4","unstructured":"BBC. (2020, May 8). Germany passes law banning \u2018gay conversion therapy\u2019 for minors. BBC. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-52585162."},{"key":"1693_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bishop, M. D., Mallory, A. B. & Russell, S. T. (2022). Sexual minority identity development. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, Publish Ahead of Print, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/sgd0000569.","DOI":"10.1037\/sgd0000569"},{"issue":"7","key":"1693_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305637","volume":"110","author":"JR Blosnich","year":"2020","unstructured":"Blosnich, J. R., Henderson, E. R., Coulter, R. W., Goldbach, J. T., & Meyer, I. H. (2020). Sexual orientation change efforts, adverse childhood experiences, and suicide ideation and attempt among sexual minority adults, United States, 2016\u20132018. American Journal of Public Health, 110(7), 1024\u20131030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305637.","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"1693_CR7","unstructured":"Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. Routledge."},{"key":"1693_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chan, R. C. H., Leung, J. S. Y., & Wong, D. C. K. (2022). Experiences, motivations, and impacts of sexual orientation change efforts: Effects on sexual identity distress and mental health among sexual minorities. Sexuality Research and Social Policy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13178-021-00669-5.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-021-00669-5"},{"issue":"00","key":"1693_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19419899.2021.1933147","volume":"00","author":"L Cowie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cowie, L., & Braun, V. (2021). Between social and biomedical explanation: queer and gender-diverse young people\u2019s explanations of psychological distress. Psychology and Sexuality, 00(00), 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19419899.2021.1933147.","journal-title":"Psychology and Sexuality"},{"issue":"3","key":"1693_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.8.3.322","volume":"8","author":"CK Enders","year":"2003","unstructured":"Enders, C. K. (2003). Using the expectation maximization algorithm to estimate coefficient alpha for scales with item-level missing data. Psychological Methods, 8(3), 322.","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"1693_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12758","volume":"89","author":"AA Fast","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fast, A. A., & Olson, K. R. (2018). Gender development in transgender preschool children. Child Development, 89(2), 620\u2013637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdev.12758.","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"6","key":"1693_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1080\/14681811.2019.1579707","volume":"19","author":"J Fenaughty","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fenaughty, J. (2019). Developing resources to address homophobic and transphobic bullying: a framework incorporating co-design, critical pedagogies, and bullying research. Sex Education, 19(6), 627\u2013643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14681811.2019.1579707.","journal-title":"Sex Education"},{"issue":"10","key":"1693_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-019-01124-w","volume":"48","author":"J Fenaughty","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fenaughty, J., Lucassen, M. F., Clark, T., & Denny, S. (2019). Factors associated with academic achievement for sexual and gender minority and heterosexual cisgender students: implications from a nationally representative study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(10), 1883\u20131898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-019-01124-w.","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"1693_CR14","unstructured":"Fenaughty, J., Clark, T., Choo, W.L., Lucassen, M., Greaves, L., Sutcliffe, K., Ball, J., Ker, A., & Fleming, T. (2021b). Te \u0101niwaniwa takat\u0101pui wh\u0101nui: Te aronga taera m\u014d ng\u0101 rangatahi | Sexual attraction and young people\u2019s wellbeing in Youth19. Youth19 Research Group. https:\/\/www.youth19.ac.nz\/s\/Same-and-Multiple-Sex-Attracted_030622.pdf."},{"key":"1693_CR15","unstructured":"Fenaughty, J., Sutcliffe, K., Fleming, T., Ker, A., Lucassen, M., Greaves, L., & Clark, T. (2021a). Transgender and diverse gender students: A Youth19 brief. Youth19 Survey. https:\/\/www.youth19.ac.nz\/publications\/transgender-and-diverse-students-brief."},{"key":"1693_CR16","unstructured":"Fleming, T., Peiris-John, R., Crengle, S., Archer, D., Sutcliffe, K., Lewycka, S., & Clark, T. (2020). Youth19 Rangatahi Smart Survey Initial Findings: Introduction and Methods. Youth19 Research Group. https:\/\/www.tydt.org.nz\/s\/Youth19InitialFindingsIntroandMethod.pdf."},{"issue":"8","key":"1693_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305701","volume":"110","author":"AE Green","year":"2020","unstructured":"Green, A. E., Price-Feeney, M., Dorison, S. H., & Pick, C. J. (2020). Self-reported conversion efforts and suicidality among US LGBTQ youths and young adults, 2018. American Journal of Public Health, 110(8), 1221\u20131227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305701.","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1693_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2020.1840213","volume":"69","author":"M Higbee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Higbee, M., Wright, E. R., & Roemerman, R. M. (2020). Conversion therapy in the Southern United States: Prevalence and experiences of the survivors. Journal of Homosexuality, 69(4), 612\u2013631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00918369.2020.1840213.","journal-title":"Journal of Homosexuality"},{"key":"1693_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horne, S. G., & McGinley, M. (2022). Sexual orientation change efforts and gender identity change efforts in international contexts: Global exports, local commodities. In D. C. Haldeman (Ed.), The case against conversion \u201ctherapy\u201d: Evidence, ethics, and alternatives (pp. 221\u2013246). American Psychological Association. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/j.ctv27tcv0h.15.","DOI":"10.1037\/0000266-011"},{"issue":"6","key":"1693_CR20","first-page":"1011","volume":"63","author":"SL Katz-Wise","year":"2016","unstructured":"Katz-Wise, S. L., Rosario, M., & Tsappis, M. (2016). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth and family acceptance. Pediatric Clinics, 63(6), 1011\u20131025.","journal-title":"Pediatric Clinics"},{"key":"1693_CR21","unstructured":"Kerekere, E. (2015). Takat\u0101pui: Part of the Wh\u0101nau. T\u012bwhanawhana Trust and Mental Health Foundation. https:\/\/mentalhealth.org.nz\/resources\/resource\/takatapui-part-of-the-whanau."},{"key":"1693_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kinitz, D. J., Goodyear, T., Dromer, E., Gesink, D., Ferlatte, O., Knight, R., & Salway, T. (2021). \u201cConversion therapy\u201d experiences in their social contexts: a qualitative study of sexual orientation and gender identity and expression change efforts in Canada. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/07067437211030498.","DOI":"10.1177\/07067437211030498"},{"issue":"4","key":"1693_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2021.0106","volume":"9","author":"J De Lange","year":"2022","unstructured":"De Lange, J., Baams, L., Van Bergen, D. D., Bos, H. M. W., & Bosker, R. J. (2022). Minority stress and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among LGBT adolescents and young adults: a meta-analysis. LGBT Health, 9(4), 222\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/lgbt.2021.0106.","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"1693_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2020.0501","volume":"8","author":"H Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, H., Streed, C. G., Yi, H., Choo, S., & Kim, S.-S. (2021). Sexual orientation change efforts, depressive symptoms, and suicidality among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults: a cross-sectional study in South Korea. LGBT Health, 8(6), 427\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/lgbt.2020.0501.","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"issue":"00","key":"1693_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2021.0171","volume":"00","author":"H Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee, H., Operario, D., Restar, A. J., Choo, S., Kim, R., Eom, Y.-J., Yi, H., & Kim, S.-S. (2022). Gender identity change efforts are associated with depression, panic disorder, and suicide attempts in South Korean transgender adults. Transgender Health, 00(00), 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/trgh.2021.0171.","journal-title":"Transgender Health"},{"key":"1693_CR26","unstructured":"M\u00e9ndez, J. E. 2013. Report of the special rapporteur on torture and other cruel, or degrading treatment or punishment. Human Rights Council. https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/documents\/hrbodies\/hrcouncil\/regularsession\/session22\/a.hrc.22.53_english.pdf"},{"key":"1693_CR27","unstructured":"Mendos, L. R. (2020). Curbing deception: a world survey on legal regulation of so-called \u2018conversion therapies\u2019. Geneva: ILGA World. https:\/\/ilga.org\/Conversion-therapy-global-research-ILGA-World."},{"key":"1693_CR28","unstructured":"Ministry of Health (2017). New Zealand health research strategy 2017\u20132027. https:\/\/www.health.govt.nz\/system\/files\/documents\/publications\/nz-health-research-strategy-jun17.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"1693_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.7202\/1071468ar","volume":"22","author":"R Mizzi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mizzi, R., & Walton, G. (2014). Catchalls and conundrums: Theorizing \u201cSexual Minority\u201d in social, cultural, and political contexts. Paideusis: Journal of the Canadian Philosophy of Education Society, 22(1), 81\u201390.","journal-title":"Paideusis: Journal of the Canadian Philosophy of Education Society"},{"key":"1693_CR30","unstructured":"New Zealand Human Rights Commission (2020). PRISM: Human rights issues relating to sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, and sex characteristics (SOGIESC) in Aotearoa New Zealand - A report with recommendations. https:\/\/www.hrc.co.nz\/files\/9215\/9253\/7296\/HRC_PRISM_SOGIESC_Report_June_20."},{"key":"1693_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Newcomb, M. E., Lasala, M. C., Bouris, A., Mustanski, B., Prado, G., Schrager, S. M., & Huebner, D. M. (2019). The Influence of Families on LGBTQ Youth Health: A Call to Action for Innovation in Research and Intervention Development. 6(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/lgbt.2018.0157.","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2018.0157"},{"issue":"3","key":"1693_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/1363460705053337","volume":"8","author":"CJ Pascoe","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pascoe, C. J. (2005). \u201cDude, you\u2019re a fag\u201d: adolescent masculinity and the fag discourse. Sexualities, 8(3), 329\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1363460705053337.","journal-title":"Sexualities"},{"key":"1693_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasley, A., Hamilton, T., & Veale, J. F. (2022). Transnormativities: Reterritorialising perceptions and practice. In L. Johnston & P. Doan (Eds.), Rethinking transgender identities (Vol. 1). Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315613703-8"},{"issue":"5","key":"1693_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2015.1083949","volume":"27","author":"M Pl\u00f6derl","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pl\u00f6derl, M., & Tremblay, P. (2015). Mental health of sexual minorities. A systematic review. International Review of Psychiatry, 27(5), 367\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/09540261.2015.1083949.","journal-title":"International Review of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1693_CR35","first-page":"81","volume":"28","author":"A Przeworski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Przeworski, A., Peterson, E., & Piedra, A. (2021). A systematic review of the efficacy, harmful effects, and ethical issues related to sexual orientation change efforts. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 28(1), 81\u2013100.","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice"},{"issue":"2","key":"1693_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2018.1538407","volume":"67","author":"C Ryan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ryan, C., Toomey, R. B., Diaz, R. M., & Russell, S. T. (2020). Parent-initiated sexual orientation change efforts with LGBT adolescents: Implications for young adult mental health and adjustment. Journal of Homosexuality, 67(2), 159\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00918369.2018.1538407.","journal-title":"Journal of Homosexuality"},{"issue":"6","key":"1693_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0252539","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252539","volume":"16","author":"T Salway","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salway, T., Juwono, S., Klassen, B., Ferlatte, O., Ablona, A., Pruden, H., Morgan, J., Kwag, M., Card, K., Knight, R., & Lachowsky, N. J. (2021). Experiences with sexual orientation and gender identity conversion therapy practices among sexual minority men in Canada, 2019\u20132020. PLoS ONE, 16(6), e0252539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0252539.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1693_CR38","unstructured":"Smith, A., Forsyth, K., Poon, C., Peled, M., Saewyc, E., & McCreary Centre Society. (2019). Balance and connection in BC: The health and wellbeing of our youth. McCreary Centre Society."},{"issue":"3","key":"1693_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1002\/hpja.543","volume":"33","author":"KKH Tan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tan, K. K. H., Wilson, A. B., Flett, J. A. M., Stevenson, B. S., & Veale, J. F. (2022). Mental health of people of diverse genders and sexualities in Aotearoa\/New Zealand: findings from the New Zealand Mental Health Monitor. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 33(3), 580\u2013589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hpja.543.","journal-title":"Health Promotion Journal of Australia"},{"issue":"10","key":"1693_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305237","volume":"109","author":"JL Turban","year":"2019","unstructured":"Turban, J. L., King, D., Reisner, S. L., & Keuroghlian, A. S. (2019). Psychological attempts to change a person\u2019s gender identity from transgender to cisgender: Estimated prevalence across US States, 2015. American Journal of Public Health, 109(10), 1452\u20131454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305237.","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1693_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.2285","volume":"77","author":"JL Turban","year":"2020","unstructured":"Turban, J. L., Beckwith, N., Reisner, S. L., & Keuroghlian, A. S. (2020). Association between recalled exposure to gender identity conversion efforts and psychological distress and suicide attempts among transgender adults. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(1), 68\u201376.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"1693_CR42","first-page":"72","volume":"44","author":"CJ VanderWaal","year":"2017","unstructured":"VanderWaal, C. J., Sedlacek, D., & Lane, L. (2017). The impact of family rejection or acceptance among LGBT+ Millennials in the Seventh-day Adventist Church. Social Work & Christianity, 44(1-2), 72\u201395.","journal-title":"Social Work & Christianity"},{"key":"1693_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Veale, J. F., Tan, K. K. H., & Byrne, J. L. (2021). Gender identity change efforts faced by trans and nonbinary people in New Zealand: Associations with demographics, family rejection, internalized transphobia, and mental health. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/sgd0000537.","DOI":"10.1037\/sgd0000537"},{"key":"1693_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waterman, A. S. (1982). Identity Development From Adolescence to Adulthood: An Extension of Theory and a Review of Research. 18(3), 341\u2013358.","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.18.3.341"}],"container-title":["Journal of Youth and Adolescence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10964-022-01693-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10964-022-01693-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10964-022-01693-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T06:45:23Z","timestamp":1672814723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10964-022-01693-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1693"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-022-01693-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0047-2891","1573-6601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0047-2891","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 May 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 October 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"The questionnaire and methodology for this study were approved by the New Zealand Health and Disabilty Ethics Committee Human Research Ethics Committee (NZHDEC) (20\/NTB\/276).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}]}}