{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T13:30:21Z","timestamp":1793712621595,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Youth Adolescence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Adolescence is a vulnerable period for the onset of mental disorders and risk behaviours. Based on the Health-Promoting Schools Framework, whole-school interventions offer a promising strategy in this developmentally-sensitive cohort, through championing a systems-based approach to promotion and prevention that involves the key stakeholders in an adolescent\u2019s life. The evidence-base surrounding the effectiveness of whole-school interventions, however, remains inconclusive, partly due to the insufficient number of studies in previous meta-analyses. An updated systematic review and meta-analysis was thus conducted on the effectiveness of whole-school interventions promoting mental health and preventing risk behaviours in adolescence. From 12,897 search results, 28 studies reported in 58 publications were included. Study characteristics and implementation assessments were synthesized across studies, and quality appraisals and meta-analyses performed. Analyses identified a significant reduction in the odds of cyber-bullying by 25%, regular smoking by 31% and cyber-aggression by 37% in intervention participants compared to the control. Whole-school interventions thus offer substantial population health benefits through the reduction of these highly-prevalent issues affecting adolescents. The non-significant findings pertaining to the remaining eleven outcomes, including alcohol use, recreational drug use, anxiety, depression and positive mental health, are likely attributable to suboptimal translation of the Health-Promoting Schools Framework into practice and inadequate sensitivity to adolescents\u2019 local developmental needs. Given the ongoing challenges faced in the implementation and evaluation of these complex interventions, this study recommends that future evaluations assess the implementation of health-promoting activities in both intervention and control conditions and actively use this implementation data in the interpretation of evaluation findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Preregistration:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A pre-registered PROSPERO protocol (ID: CRD42023491619) informed this study.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-025-02135-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T08:36:53Z","timestamp":1737967013000},"page":"271-289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effectiveness of Whole-school Interventions Promoting Mental Health and Preventing Risk Behaviours in Adolescence"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5874-3208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roshini Balasooriya","family":"Lekamge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ria","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Sheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pravik","family":"Solanki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yida","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret M.","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Nazmul","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dragan","family":"Ilic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2135_CR1","unstructured":"An asterisk denotes articles that represent studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis."},{"key":"2135_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Allara, E., Angelini, P., Gorini, G., Bosi, S., Carreras, G., Gozzi, C., Martini, A., Tamelli, M., Punreddy, R. R., & Faggiano, F. (2019). Effects of a prevention program on multiple health-compromising behaviours in adolescence: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine, 124, 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.04.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.04.001"},{"key":"2135_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Andersen, A., Bast, L. S., Due, P., & Thygesen, L. C. (2019). Evaluation of the smoking intervention X:IT after the second year: A randomized controlled trial. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 47(8), 885\u2013889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1403494818799837","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494818799837"},{"key":"2135_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Andersen, A., Kr\u00f8lner, R., Bast, L. S., Thygesen, L. C., & Due, P. (2015). Effects of the X: IT smoking intervention: a school-based cluster randomized trial. International Journal of Epidemiology, 44(6), 1900-1908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyv145","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv145"},{"key":"2135_CR5","unstructured":"Balasooriya Lekamge, R., Jain, R., Sheen, J., Solanki, P., Zhou, Y., Romero, L., Barry, M. M., Chen, L., Karim, M. N., & Ilic, D. (in press). Evidence and Gap Map of Whole-School Interventions Promoting Mental Health and Preventing Risk Behaviours in Adolescence: Program Component Mapping within the Health-Promoting Schools Framework. Campbell Systematic Reviews."},{"key":"2135_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barry, M. M., Clarke, A. M., Petersen, I., & Jenkins, R. (2019). Implementing Mental Health Promotion (Second edition.). Springer Nature. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-23455-3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23455-3"},{"key":"2135_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Bast, L. S., Andersen, A., Ersb\u00f8ll, A. K., & Due, P. (2019). Implementation fidelity and adolescent smoking: the X: IT study\u2014a school randomized smoking prevention trial. Evaluation and Program Planning, 72, 24-32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.evalprogplan.2018.09.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evalprogplan.2018.09.004"},{"key":"2135_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Bast, L. S., Due, P., Bendtsen, P., Ringgard, L., Wohllebe, L., Damsgaard, M. T., Gr\u00f8nb\u00e6k, M., Ersb\u00f8ll, A. K., & Andersen, A. (2016). High impact of implementation on school-based smoking prevention: the X:IT study-a cluster-randomized smoking prevention trial. Implementation Science, 11(1), 125\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13012-016-0490-7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-016-0490-7"},{"key":"2135_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Bate, S. L., Stigler, M. H., Thompson, M. S., Arora, M., Perry, C. L., Reddy, K. S., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2009). Psychosocial mediators of a school-based tobacco prevention program in India: results from the first year of project MYTRI. Prevention Science, 10, 116-128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-008-0113-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-008-0113-x"},{"key":"2135_CR10","unstructured":"Bloom, D. E., Cafiero, E., Jan\u00e9-Llopis, E., Abrahams-Gessel, S., Lakshmi Reddy Bloom, Fathima, S., Feigl, A. B., Gaziano, T., Hamandi, A., Mowafi, M., O\u2019Farrell, D., Ozaltin, E., Pandya, A., Prettner, K., & Rosenberg, L. (2012). The Global Economic Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases. IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc."},{"key":"2135_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Bond, L., Patton, G., Glover, S., Carlin, J. B., Butler, H., Thomas, L., & Bowes, G. (2004a). The Gatehouse project: Can a multilevel school intervention affect emotional wellbeing and health risk behaviours? Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 58(12), 997\u20131003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.2003.009449","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2003.009449"},{"key":"2135_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Bond, L., Thomas, L., Coffey, C., Glover, S., Butler, H., Carlin, J. B., & Patton, G. (2004b). Long-term impact of the Gatehouse project on Cannabis use of 16-year-olds in Australia. The Journal of School Health, 74(1), 23\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2004.tb06597.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2004.tb06597.x"},{"key":"2135_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Bonell, C., Allen, E., Opondo, C., Warren, E., Elbourne, D. R., Sturgess, J., Bevilacqua, L., McGowan, J., Mathiot, A., & Viner, R. M. (2019). Examining intervention mechanisms of action using mediation analysis within a randomised trial of a whole-school health intervention. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 73(5), 455\u2013464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech-2018-211443","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2018-211443"},{"key":"2135_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Bonell, C., Allen, E., Warren, E., McGowan, J., Bevilacqua, L., Jamal, F., Legood, R., Wiggins, M., Opondo, C., Mathiot, A., Sturgess, J., Fletcher, A., Sadique, Z., Elbourne, D., Christie, D., Bond, L., Scott, S., & Viner, R. M. (2018). Effects of the Learning Together intervention on bullying and aggression in English secondary schools (INCLUSIVE): A cluster randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 392(10163), 2452\u20132464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31782-3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31782-3"},{"key":"2135_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Bonell, C., Dodd, M., Allen, E., Bevilacqua, L., McGowan, J., Opondo, C., Sturgess, J., Elbourne, D., Warren, E., & Viner, R. M. (2020). Broader impacts of an intervention to transform school environments on student behaviour and school functioning: Post hoc analyses from the INCLUSIVE cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open, 10(5), e031589\u2013e031589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031589","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031589"},{"key":"2135_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Bonnesen, C. T., Jensen, M. P., Madsen, K. R., Toftager, M., Rosing, J. A., & Kr\u00f8lner, R. F. (2020). Implementation of initiatives to prevent student stress: Process evaluation findings from the healthy high school study. Health Education Research, 35(3), 195\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/her\/cyaa003","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyaa003"},{"key":"2135_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Bonnesen, C. T., Thygesen, L. C., Rod, N. H., Toftager, M., Madsen, K. R., Jensen, M. P., Rosing, J. A., Wehner, S. K., Due, P., & Kr\u00f8lner, R. F. (2023). Preventing stress among high school students in denmark through the multicomponent healthy high school intervention\u2014the effectiveness at first follow-up. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 1754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20031754","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20031754"},{"key":"2135_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2011). Introduction to meta-analysis. Wiley. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780470743386","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470743386"},{"key":"2135_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Bosma, L. M., Komro, K. A., Perry, C. L., Mortenson, S. V., & Farbakhsh, K. (2005). Community organizing to prevent youth drug use and violence: The D.A.R.E. plus project. Journal of Community Practice, 13(2), 5\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J125v13n02_02","DOI":"10.1300\/J125v13n02_02"},{"key":"2135_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Carreras, G., Bosi, S., Angelini, P., & Gorini, G. (2016). Mediating factors of a school-based multi-component smoking prevention intervention: the LdP cluster randomized controlled trial. Health Education Research, 31(4), 439-449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/her\/cyw031","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyw031"},{"key":"2135_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Cross, D., Shaw, T., Epstein, M., Pearce, N., Barnes, A., Burns, S., Waters, S., Lester, L., & Runions, K. (2018). Impact of the friendly schools whole\u2010school intervention on transition to secondary school and adolescent bullying behaviour. European Journal of Education, 53(4), 495-513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejed.12307","DOI":"10.1111\/ejed.12307"},{"key":"2135_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Cross, D., Shaw, T., Hadwen, K., Cardoso, P., Slee, P., Roberts, C., Thomas, L., & Barnes, A. (2016). Longitudinal impact of the cyber friendly schools program on adolescents\u2019 cyberbullying behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 42(2), 166\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ab.21609","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21609"},{"key":"2135_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deeks, J. J., Higgins, J. P., & Altman, D. G. (2023). Chapter 10: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In J. P. Higgins, & S. Green (Eds.), Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions (version 6.4., pp. 241\u2013284). Cochrane. https:\/\/www.training.cochrane.org\/handbook","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604.ch10"},{"key":"2135_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*de Vries, H., Dijk, F., Wetzels, J., Mudde, A., Kremers, S., Ariza, C., Vito\u0301ria, P. D., Fielder, A., Holm, K., Janssen, K., Lehtovuori, R., & Candel, M. (2006). The European Smoking prevention Framework Approach (ESFA): Effects after 24 and 30 months. Health Education Research, 21(1), 116\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/her\/cyh048","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyh048"},{"key":"2135_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*de Vries, H., Mudde, A., Kremers, S., Wetzels, J., Uiters, E., Ariza, C., Vito\u0301ria, P. D., Fielder, A., Holm, K., Janssen, K., Lehtovuori, R., & Candel, M. (2003). The European Smoking Prevention Framework Approach (ESFA): Short\u2010term effects. Health Education Research, 18(6), 649\u2013663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/her\/cyg033","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyg033"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2135_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/ajcp.12115","volume":"59","author":"B Devenish","year":"2017","unstructured":"Devenish, B., Hooley, M., & Mellor, D. (2017). The pathways between socioeconomic status and adolescent outcomes: A systematic review. American Journal of Community Psychology, 59(1\u20132), 219\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajcp.12115.","journal-title":"American Journal of Community Psychology"},{"key":"2135_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Dray, J., Bowman, J., Campbell, E., Freund, M., Hodder, R., Wolfenden, L., Richards, J., Leane, C., Green, S., Lecathelinais, C., Oldmeadow, C., Attia, J., Gillham, K., & Wiggers, J. (2017). Effectiveness of a pragmatic school-based universal intervention targeting student resilience protective factors in reducing mental health problems in adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 57(1), 74\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2017.03.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2017.03.009"},{"issue":"3","key":"2135_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1080\/0305764X.2016.1142504","volume":"46","author":"JA Durlak","year":"2016","unstructured":"Durlak, J. A. (2016). Programme implementation in social and emotional learning: basic issues and research findings. Cambridge Journal of Education, 46(3), 333\u2013345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0305764X.2016.1142504.","journal-title":"Cambridge Journal of Education"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2135_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-008-9165-0","volume":"41","author":"JA Durlak","year":"2008","unstructured":"Durlak, J. A., & DuPre, E. P. (2008). Implementation matters: A review of research on the influence of implementation on program outcomes and the factors affecting implementation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41(3\u20134), 327\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10464-008-9165-0.","journal-title":"American Journal of Community Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2135_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x","volume":"82","author":"JA Durlak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011). The impact of enhancing students\u2019 social and emotional learning: A meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Development, 82(1), 405\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x.","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2135_CR31","unstructured":"Eldridge, S., Campbell, M. K., Campbell, M. J., Drahota, A. K., Giraudeau, B., Reeves, B. C., Siegfried, N., & Higgins, J. (2021, March 18). Revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2): Additional considerations for cluster-randomized trials (RoB 2 CRT). Cochrane. https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1yDQtDkrp68_8kJiIUdbongK99sx7RFI-\/view"},{"key":"2135_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Foshee, V. A., Bauman, K. E., Arriaga, X. B., Helms, R. W., Koch, G. G., & Linder, G. F. (1998). An evaluation of safe dates, an adolescent dating violence prevention program. American Journal of Public Health, 88(1), 45-50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.88.1.45","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.1.45"},{"key":"2135_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Foshee, V. A., Bauman, K. E., Ennett, S. T., Linder, G. F., Benefield, T., & Suchindran, C. (2004). Assessing the long-term effects of the safe dates program and a booster in preventing and reducing adolescent dating violence victimization and perpetration. American Journal of Public Health, 94(4), 619\u2013624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.94.4.619","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.4.619"},{"key":"2135_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Foshee, V. A., Bauman, K. E., Ennett, S. T., Suchindran, C., Benefield, T., & Linder, G. F. (2005). Assessing the effects of the dating violence prevention program \u201cSafe Dates\u201d using random coefficient regression modeling. Prevention Science, 6(3), 245\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-005-0007-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-005-0007-0"},{"key":"2135_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Foshee, V. A., Reyes, L. M., Agnew-Brune, C. B., Simon, T. R., Vagi, K. J., Lee, R. D., & Suchindran, C. (2014). The effects of the evidence-based safe dates dating abuse prevention program on other youth violence outcomes. Prevention Science, 15(6), 907\u2013916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-014-0472-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-014-0472-4"},{"issue":"4","key":"2135_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s10212-018-0406-9","volume":"34","author":"JM Goldberg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Goldberg, J. M., Sklad, M., Elfrink, T. R., Schreurs, K. M. G., Bohlmeijer, E. T., & Clarke, A. M. (2019). Effectiveness of interventions adopting a whole school approach to enhancing social and emotional development: a meta-analysis. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 34(4), 755\u2013782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10212-018-0406-9.","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychology of Education"},{"key":"2135_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Gorini, G., Carreras, G., Bosi, S., Tamelli, M., Monti, C., Storani, S., Martini, A., Allara, E., Angelini, P., & Faggiano, F. (2014). Effectiveness of a school-based multi-component smoking prevention intervention: The LdP cluster randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine, 61, 6-13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2014.01.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2014.01.004"},{"key":"2135_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Hamilton, G., Cross, D., Resnicow, K., & Shaw, T. (2007). Does harm minimisation lead to greater experimentation? Results from a school smoking intervention trial. Drug and Alcohol Review, 26(6), 605\u2013613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09595230701613585","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230701613585"},{"key":"2135_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Hamilton, G., Cross, D., Resnicow, K., & Hall, M. (2005). A school\u2010based harm minimization smoking intervention trial: Outcome results. Addiction, 100(5), 689\u2013700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01052.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01052.x"},{"key":"2135_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Higgins, J. P., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2008). Special Topics in Statistics. In J. P. Higgins, & S. Green (Eds.), Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (pp. 481\u2013529). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780470712184.ch16","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470712184.ch16"},{"key":"2135_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Higgins, J. P. T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M. J., & Welch, V. A. (2019). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Second edition). John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781119536604","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604"},{"key":"2135_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Hodder, R. K., Freund, M., Bowman, J., Wolfenden, L., Campbell, E., Dray, J., Lecathelinais, C., Oldmeadow, C., Attia, J., & Wiggers, J. (2017). Effectiveness of a pragmatic school-based universal resilience intervention in reducing tobacco, alcohol and illicit substance use in a population of adolescents: Cluster-randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open, 7(8), e016060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016060","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016060"},{"key":"2135_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Hodder, R. K., Freund, M., Bowman, J., Wolfenden, L., Campbell, E., Dray, J., Lecathelinais, C., Oldmeadow, C., Attia, J., & Wiggers, J. (2018). Differential intervention effectiveness of a universal school-based resilience intervention in reducing adolescent substance use within student subgroups: Exploratory assessment within a cluster-randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open, 8(8), e021047. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-021047","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-021047"},{"issue":"3","key":"2135_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12167","volume":"91","author":"C Huggett","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huggett, C., Birtel, M. D., Awenat, Y. F., Fleming, P., Wilkes, S., Williams, S., & Haddock, G. (2018). A qualitative study: Experiences of stigma by people with mental health problems. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 91(3), 380\u2013397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/papt.12167.","journal-title":"Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice"},{"key":"2135_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Hunt, C. (2007). The effect of an education program on attitudes and beliefs about bullying and bullying behaviour in junior secondary school students. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 12(1), 21-26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1475-3588.2006.00417.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-3588.2006.00417.x"},{"key":"2135_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Johnson, C., Burke, C., Brinkman, S., & Wade, T. (2017). A randomized controlled evaluation of a secondary school mindfulness program for early adolescents: Do we have the recipe right yet? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 99, 37\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2017.09.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2017.09.001"},{"key":"2135_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*K\u00e4rn\u00e4, A., Voeten, M., Little, T. D., Alanen, E., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2013). Effectiveness of the KiVa antibullying program: grades 1\u20133 and 7\u20139. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(2), 535\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0030417","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030417"},{"key":"2135_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Keyes, C. L. (2013). MentaL Health as A Complete State: How the salutogenic perspective completes the picture. In G. F. Bauer & O. H\u00e4mmig (Eds.), Bridging occupational, organizational and public health (Edition 1, pp. 179\u2013192). Springer Netherlands. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-007-5640-3_11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-5640-3_11"},{"issue":"4","key":"2135_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.5051","volume":"81","author":"C Kieling","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kieling, C., Buchweitz, C., Caye, A., Silvani, J., Ameis, S. H., Brunoni, A. R., Cost, K. T., Courtney, D. B., Georgiades, K., Merikangas, K. R., Henderson, J. L., Polanczyk, G. V., Rohde, L. A., Salum, G. A., & Szatmari, P. (2024). Worldwide prevalence and disability from mental disorders across childhood and adolescence: Evidence from the global burden of disease study. JAMA Psychiatry, 81(4), 347\u2013356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.5051.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2135_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Komro, K. A., Perry, C. L., Veblen-Mortenson, S., Stigler, M. H., Bosma, L. M., Munson, K. A., & Farbakhsh, K. (2004). Violence-related outcomes of the D.A.R.E. plus project. Health Education & Behavior, 31(3), 335\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1090198104263337","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198104263337"},{"issue":"1","key":"2135_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1360-y","volume":"15","author":"R Langford","year":"2015","unstructured":"Langford, R., Bonell, C., Jones, H., Pouliou, T., Murphy, S., Waters, E., Komro, K., Gibbs, L., Magnus, D., & Campbell, R. (2015). The world health organization\u2019s health promoting schools framework: A Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 130\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-015-1360-y.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2135_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Larsen, T. B., Urke, H., Tobro, M., \u00c5rdal, E., Waldahl, R. H., Djupedal, I., & Holsen, I. (2021). Promoting mental health and preventing loneliness in upper secondary school in norway: Effects of a randomized controlled trial. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 65(2), 181\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00313831.2019.1659405","DOI":"10.1080\/00313831.2019.1659405"},{"key":"2135_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Larsen, T. B., Urke, H. B., Kristensen, S. M., & Mathisen, F. K. S. (2023). Caring climate and support, mental health, and academic adjustment: Effects from a cluster randomized controlled trial in upper secondary schools in norway. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(22), 7033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20227033","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20227033"},{"key":"2135_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Malmberg, M., Kleinjan, M., Overbeek, G., Vermulst, A., Lammers, J., Monshouwer, K., Vollebergh, W. A., & Engels, R. C. (2015). Substance use outcomes in the healthy school and drugs program: Results from a latent growth curve approach. Addictive Behaviors, 42, 194\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.11.021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.11.021"},{"key":"2135_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Malmberg, M., Kleinjan, M., Overbeek, G., Vermulst, A., Monshouwer, K., Lammers, J., Vollebergh, W. A., & Engels, R. C. (2014). Effectiveness of the \u2018Healthy School and Drugs\u2019 prevention programme on adolescents\u2019 substance use: a randomized clustered trial. Addiction, 109(6), 1031-1040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.12526","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12526"},{"key":"2135_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Melendez-Torres, G., Allen, E., Viner, R., & Bonell, C. (2022). Effects of a whole-school health intervention on clustered adolescent health risks: Latent transition analysis of data from the INCLUSIVE trial. Prevention Science, 23(1), 1-9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-021-01237-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-021-01237-4"},{"key":"2135_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Melendez-Torres, G. J., Warren, E., Viner, R., Allen, E., & Bonell, C. (2021). Moderated mediation analyses to assess intervention mechanisms for impacts on victimisation, psycho-social problems and mental wellbeing: Evidence from the INCLUSIVE realist randomized trial. Social Science & Medicine, 279, 113984\u2013113984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113984"},{"key":"2135_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). Fostering healthy mental, emotional, and behavioral development in children and youth: A National Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/25201.","DOI":"10.17226\/25201"},{"issue":"21","key":"2135_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3659","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2019.542","volume":"7","author":"MA Nazir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nazir, M. A., Al-Ansari, A., Abbasi, N., & Almas, K. (2019). Global prevalence of tobacco use in adolescents and its adverse oral health consequences. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 7(21), 3659\u20133666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3889\/oamjms.2019.542.","journal-title":"Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"2135_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M.,Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hr\u00f3bjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W.,Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ (Online), 372, n71\u2013n71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"issue":"9569","key":"2135_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60368-7","volume":"369","author":"V Patel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Patel, V., Flisher, A. J., Hetrick, S., & McGorry, P. (2007). Mental health of young people: A global public-health challenge. The Lancet, 369(9569), 1302\u20131313.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2135_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Patton, G. C., Bond, L., Carlin, J. B., Thomas, L., Butler, H., Glover, S., Catalano, R., & Bowes, G. (2006). Promoting social inclusion in schools: A group-randomized trial of effects on student health risk behavior and well-being. American Journal of Public Health, 96(9), 1582-1587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2004.047399","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.047399"},{"key":"2135_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Perry, C. L., Komro, K. A., Veblen-Mortenson, S., Bosma, L. M., Farbakhsh, K., Munson, K. A., Stigler, M. H., & Lytle, L. A. (2003). A randomized controlled trial of the middle and junior high school DARE and DARE plus programs. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 157(2), 178\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpedi.157.2.178","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.157.2.178"},{"key":"2135_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Perry, C. L., Stigler, M. H., Arora, M., & Reddy, K. S. (2009). Preventing tobacco use among young people in India: Project MYTRI. American Journal of Public Health, 99(5), 899\u2013906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2008.145433","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.145433"},{"key":"2135_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Rahman, A., Mubbashar, M., Gater, R., & Goldberg, D. (1998). Randomised trial of impact of school mental-health programme in rural Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The Lancet, 352(9133), 1022-1025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)02381-2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)02381-2"},{"key":"2135_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.04.026","volume":"90","author":"F Reiss","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reiss, F. (2013). Socioeconomic inequalities and mental health problems in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Social Science & Medicine, 90, 24\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.04.026.","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"2135_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Samdal, O., & Rowling, L. (2013). The implementation of health promoting schools: exploring the theories of what, why and how (1st ed.). Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203119792","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203119792"},{"key":"2135_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Sawyer, M. G., Harchak, T. F., Spence, S. H., Bond, L., Graetz, B., Kay, D., Patton, G., & Sheffield, J. (2010a). School-based prevention of depression: A 2-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of the beyondblue schools research initiative. Journal of Adolescent Health, 47(3), 297-304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2010.02.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2010.02.007"},{"key":"2135_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Sawyer, M. G., Pfeiffer, S., Spence, S. H., Bond, L., Graetz, B., Kay, D., Patton, G., & Sheffield, J. (2010b). School\u2010based prevention of depression: a randomised controlled study of the beyondblue schools research initiative. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(2), 199-209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02136.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02136.x"},{"key":"2135_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Schofield, M. J., Lynagh, M., & Mishra, G. (2003). Evaluation of a health promoting schools program to reduce smoking in Australian secondary schools. Health Education Research, 18(6), 678-692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/her\/cyf048","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyf048"},{"key":"2135_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Shinde, S., Weiss, H. A., Khandeparkar, P., Pereira, B., Sharma, A., Gupta, R., Ross, D. A., Patton, G., & Patel, V. (2020). A multicomponent secondary school health promotion intervention and adolescent health: An extension of the SEHER cluster randomised controlled trial in Bihar, India. PLoS Medicine, 17(2), e1003021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003021","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003021"},{"key":"2135_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Shinde, S., Weiss, H. A., Varghese, B., Khandeparkar, P., Pereira, B., Sharma, A., Gupta, R., Ross, D. A., Patton, G., & Patel, V. (2018). Promoting school climate and health outcomes with the SEHER multi-component secondary school intervention in Bihar, India: A cluster-randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 392(10163), 2465-2477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31615-5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31615-5"},{"key":"2135_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Singla, D. R., Shinde, S., Patton, G., & Patel, V. (2021). The mediating effect of school climate on adolescent mental health: Findings from a randomized controlled trial of a school-wide intervention. Journal of Adolescent Health, 69(1), 90\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.09.030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.09.030"},{"key":"2135_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Sk\u00e4rstrand, E., Sundell, K., & Andr\u00e9asson, S. (2014). Evaluation of a Swedish version of the strengthening families programme. The European Journal of Public Health, 24(4), 578-584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurpub\/ckt146","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckt146"},{"key":"2135_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Skeen, S., Laurenzi, C. A., Gordon, S. L., du Toit, S., Tomlinson, M., Dua, T., Fleischmann, A., Kohl, K., Ross, D.,Servili, C., Brand, A. S., Dowdall, N., Lund, C., van der Westhuizen, C., Carvajal-Aguirre, L., Eriksson de Carvalho, C., & Melendez-Torres, G. J. (2019). Adolescent Mental Health Program Components and Behavior Risk Reduction: A Meta analysis. Pediatrics (Evanston), 144(2), e20183488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2018-3488","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-3488"},{"issue":"1","key":"2135_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01161-7","volume":"27","author":"M Solmi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Solmi, M., Radua, J., Olivola, M., Croce, E., Soardo, L., Salazar de Pablo, G., Il Shin, J., Kirkbride, J. B., Jones, P., Kim, J. H., Kim, J. Y., Carvalho, A. F., Seeman, M. V., Correll, C. U., & Fusar-Poli, P. (2022). Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies. Molecular Psychiatry, 27(1), 281\u2013295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-021-01161-7.","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"key":"2135_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Spence, S. H., Sawyer, M. G., Sheffield, J., Patton, G., Bond, L., Graetz, B., & Kay, D. (2014). Does the absence of a supportive family environment influence the outcome of a universal intervention for the prevention of depression? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(5), 5113-5132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph110505113","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110505113"},{"key":"2135_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Stevens, V., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Van Oost, P. (2000). Bullying in Flemish schools: An evaluation of anti\u2010bullying intervention in primary and secondary schools. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 70(2), 195-210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/000709900158056","DOI":"10.1348\/000709900158056"},{"key":"2135_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Stevens, V., Van Oost, P., & De Bourdeaudhuij, I. (2001). Implementation process of the Flemish antibullying intervention and relation with program effectiveness. Journal of School Psychology, 39(4), 303\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-4405(01)00073-5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4405(01)00073-5"},{"key":"2135_CR77","unstructured":"UNICEF. (2024). Adolescents. UNICEF Data: Monitoring the situation of children and women. https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/topic\/adolescents\/overview\/."},{"key":"2135_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Vartiainen, E., Pennanen, M., Haukkala, A., Dijk, F., Lehtovuori, R., & De Vries, H. (2007). The effects of a three-year smoking prevention programme in secondary schools in Helsinki. The European Journal of Public Health, 17(3), 249-256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurpub\/ckl107","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckl107"},{"issue":"6","key":"2135_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.13277","volume":"93","author":"G Vennegoor","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vennegoor, G., Van Assema, P., Eekhout, I., Lezwijn, J., Molleman, G., & Jansen, M. (2023). Measuring Implementation of Health Promoting School (HPS) programs: Development and psychometric evaluation of the HPS Implementation questionnaire. The Journal of School Health, 93(6), 450\u2013463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/josh.13277.","journal-title":"The Journal of School Health"},{"key":"2135_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Warren, E., Bevilacqua, L., Opondo, C., Allen, E., Mathiot, A., West, G., Jamal, F., Viner, R., & Bonell, C. (2019). Action groups as a participative strategy for leading whole\u2010school health promotion: Results on implementation from the INCLUSIVE trial in English secondary schools. British Educational Research Journal, 45(5), 979\u20131000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/berj.3547","DOI":"10.1002\/berj.3547"},{"issue":"291","key":"2135_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0681-9","volume":"15","author":"Y Wei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wei, Y., McGrath, P. J., Hayden, J., & Kutcher, S. (2015). Mental health literacy measures evaluating knowledge, attitudes and help-seeking: A scoping review. BMC Psychiatry, 15(291), 291\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-015-0681-9.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2135_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Wen, X., Chen, W., Gans, K. M., Colby, S. M., Lu, C., Liang, C., & Ling, W. (2010). Two-year effects of a school-based prevention programme on adolescent cigarette smoking in Guangzhou, China: A cluster randomized trial. International Journal of Epidemiology, 39(3), 860-876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyq001","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq001"},{"key":"2135_CR83","unstructured":"*Wen, X. Z., Chen, W. Q., Lu, C. Y., Liang, C. H., Zhang, C. X., Han, K., Ou, Y. J., & Ling W. H.(2007). Process evaluation on a health promotion model regarding smoking prevention among Chinese secondary school students. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi, 28(3), 224\u2010228."},{"key":"2135_CR84","unstructured":"World Health Organisation & the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. (2021). Making every school a health-promoting school: global standards and indicators for health-promoting schools and systems. Geneva: World Health Organization and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240025059"},{"key":"2135_CR85","unstructured":"Wilson, D. B. (2023). Practical meta-analysis effect size calculator (Version 2023.11.27). Campbell Collaboration. https:\/\/www.campbellcollaboration.org\/research-resources\/effect-size-calculator.html"},{"key":"2135_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"*Wolfe, D. A., Crooks, C., Jaffe, P., Chiodo, D., Hughes, R., Ellis, W., Stitt, L., & Donner, A. (2009). A school-based program to prevent adolescent dating violence: A cluster randomized trial. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 163(8), 692-699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.69","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.69"},{"key":"2135_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634909","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.634909","volume":"9","author":"C Zhu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhu, C., Huang, S., Evans, R., & Zhang, W. (2021). Cyberbullying among adolescents and children: A comprehensive review of the global situation, risk factors, and preventive measures. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 634909\u2013634909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.634909.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Youth and Adolescence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10964-025-02135-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10964-025-02135-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10964-025-02135-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T06:30:28Z","timestamp":1738996228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10964-025-02135-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["2135"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-025-02135-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0047-2891","1573-6601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0047-2891","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was not required for this study given that it was a systematic review and meta-analysis.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was not required for this study given it was a systematic review and meta-analysis.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}]}}