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Youth Adolescence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Autonomy is increasingly understood as a relationally embedded process rather than a pursuit of independence, yet few longitudinal studies track how volition develops across cultural and developmental contexts. This study examined the dual trajectories of individuating autonomy and relating autonomy across adolescence and educational transitions. Participants were 777 Taiwanese adolescents (48.8% female;\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200915.22 years,\n                    <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091.56), including junior high (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009371) and senior high (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009406) cohorts, each followed across four waves to yield eight cohort-sequential waves. Latent growth and Bayesian autoregressive models were used to estimate developmental change and subgroup differences by gender and educational stage. Individuating autonomy was stable across adolescence, whereas relating autonomy followed a curvilinear course\u2014declining and later recovering\u2014most evident among girls and senior high students. Boys and junior high students reported higher initial levels on both autonomy forms. The combined cohort model indicated gradual declines and synchronous short-term fluctuations, highlighting intraindividual variability beyond linear trends. Findings suggest that autonomy in relationally interdependent societies develops through differentiated yet interconnected pathways, reflecting dynamic coordination between self-endorsed action and relational attunement. Results deepen the application of Self-Determination Theory by demonstrating that volition is both culturally grounded and universally relevant\u2014enacted within, rather than apart from, enduring relationships.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-025-02298-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T08:43:03Z","timestamp":1764924183000},"page":"1021-1036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Trajectories of Individuating and Relating Autonomy in Adolescence: A Longitudinal Study in a Relational Cultural Context"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0877-3774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao-Sheng","family":"Kuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7721-3985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yih-Lan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1-10","key":"2298_CR1","first-page":"5","volume":"2010","author":"T Asparouhov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Asparouhov, T., & Muth\u00e9n, B. 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At the time of data collection in 2010, Taiwan had not yet institutionalized a formal mechanism for Institutional Review Board (IRB) review, especially in educational research settings. Nonetheless, written informed consent was obtained from both adolescents and their parents prior to participation. The study was also financially supported by the National Science Council (NSC) of Taiwan (NSC 99-2410-H-009-020), which provided official oversight and recognized the study's scholarly legitimacy during that period.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all adolescent participants and their parents prior to participation. All consent forms were collected in paper format.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}},{"value":"During the preparation of this work, the first author used ChatGPT (OpenAI) and Google Translate to improve grammatical accuracy, enhance language clarity, and assist in translating the original manuscript drafted in Chinese into English. After using these tools, the authors carefully reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the integrity and accuracy of the final manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration of Generative AI and AI-assisted Technologies in the Writing Process"}},{"value":"The datasets generated and\/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to participant confidentiality and restrictions approved by the institutional review board, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data Sharing Declaration"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}