{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T03:05:56Z","timestamp":1789959956476,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union (European Social Fund \u2013 ESF) and Greek national funds through the Operational Program \u201cEducational and Lifelong Learning\u201d of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF)","award":["MuscleFun Project-MIS 377260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MuscleFun Project-MIS 377260"]}]},{"name":"IKY FELLOWSHIPS OF EXCELLENCE FOR POSTGRADUATE STUDIES IN GREECE-SIEMENS PROGRAM"},{"name":"H2020 MCAS-RISE","award":["645648-Muscle Stress Relief"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["645648-Muscle Stress Relief"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Muscle Res Cell Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10974-015-9439-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,4]],"date-time":"2016-01-04T01:14:31Z","timestamp":1451870071000},"page":"405-421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Skeletal muscle atrophy: disease-induced mechanisms may mask disuse atrophy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"C. J.","family":"Malavaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. K.","family":"Sakkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. I.","family":"Mitrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Kalyva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Stefanidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. H.","family":"Myburgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Karatzaferi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"9439_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00452-0","volume":"117","author":"D Accili","year":"2004","unstructured":"Accili D, Arden KC (2004) FoxOs at the crossroads of cellular metabolism, differentiation, and transformation. Cell 117:421\u2013426","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"9439_CR2","volume-title":"Medical encyclopedia muscle atrophy","author":"A.D.A.M","year":"2005","unstructured":"A.D.A.M (2005) Medical encyclopedia muscle atrophy. A.D.A.M, Atlanta"},{"key":"9439_CR3","first-page":"71","volume":"10","author":"AZ Ahmad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ahmad AZ, Akhter S, Mallik N, Anwar M, Tabassum W, Ahmad FJ (2013) Application of decoy oligonucleotides as novel therapeutic strategy: a contemporary overview. Curr Drug Discov Technol 10:71\u201384","journal-title":"Curr Drug Discov Technol"},{"key":"9439_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.12.5.2203","volume":"12","author":"R Aloni","year":"1992","unstructured":"Aloni R, Peleg D, Meyuhas O (1992) Selective translational control and nonspecific posttranscriptional regulation of ribosomal protein gene expression during development and regeneration of rat liver. Mol Cell Biol 12:2203\u20132212","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"9439_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C844","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00402.2005","volume":"290","author":"EJ Anderson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Anderson EJ, Neufer PD (2006) Type II skeletal myofibers possess unique properties that potentiate mitochondrial H(2)O(2) generation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 290:C844\u2013C851. doi: 10.1152\/ajpcell.00402.2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"9439_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.4045\/tidsskr.13.0836","volume":"134","author":"EJ Annexstad","year":"2014","unstructured":"Annexstad EJ, Lund-Petersen I, Rasmussen M (2014) Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 134:1361\u20131364. doi: 10.4045\/tidsskr.13.0836","journal-title":"Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen"},{"key":"9439_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199010010-00005","volume":"10","author":"HJ Appell","year":"1990","unstructured":"Appell HJ (1990) Muscular atrophy following immobilisation. Sports Med 10:42\u201358","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"9439_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.10044","volume":"190","author":"JN Artaza","year":"2002","unstructured":"Artaza JN, Bhasin S, Mallidis C, Taylor W, Ma K, Gonzalez-Cadavid NF (2002) Endogenous expression and localization of myostatin and its relation to myosin heavy chain distribution in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. J Cell Physiol 190:170\u2013179. doi: 10.1002\/jcp.10044","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"9439_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/58.10.M923","volume":"58A","author":"E Barton","year":"2003","unstructured":"Barton E, Morris C (2003) Mechanisms and strategies to counteract muscle atrophy. J Gerontol 58A:923\u2013926","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"key":"9439_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1065874","volume":"294","author":"SC Bodine","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bodine SC et al (2001) Identification of ubiquitin ligases required for skeletal muscle atrophy. Science 294:1704\u20131708. doi: 10.1126\/science.10658741065874","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9439_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.010389","volume":"6","author":"P Bonaldo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bonaldo P, Sandri M (2013) Cellular and molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy. Dis Model Mech 6:25\u201339. doi: 10.1242\/dmm.010389","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"9439_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1979.47.5.974","volume":"47","author":"FW Booth","year":"1979","unstructured":"Booth FW, Seider MJ (1979) Early change in skeletal muscle protein synthesis after limb immobilization of rats. J Appl Physiol 47:974\u2013977","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"9439_CR13","first-page":"1143","volume":"2","author":"FW Booth","year":"2012","unstructured":"Booth FW, Roberts CK, Laye MJ (2012) Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases comprehensive. Physiology 2:1143\u20131211. doi: 10.1002\/cphy.c110025","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"9439_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199404000-00006","volume":"26","author":"SV Brooks","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brooks SV, Faulkner JA (1994) Skeletal muscle weakness in old age: underlying mechanisms. Med Sci Sports Exerc 26:432\u2013439","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"9439_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00099","volume":"5","author":"NE Brooks","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brooks NE, Myburgh KH (2014) Skeletal muscle wasting with disuse atrophy is multi-dimensional: the response and interaction of myonuclei, satellite cells and signaling pathways. Front Physiol 5:99. doi: 10.3389\/fphys.2014.00099","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9439_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21780","volume":"42","author":"NE Brooks","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brooks NE, Cadena SM, Vannier E, Cloutier G, Carambula S, Myburgh KH, Roubenoff R, Castaneda-Sceppa C (2010) Effects of resistance exercise combined with essential amino acid supplementation and energy deficit on markers of skeletal muscle atrophy and regeneration during bed rest and active recovery. Muscle Nerve 42(6):927\u2013935. doi: 10.1002\/mus.21780","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"9439_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.055764","volume":"214","author":"NE Brooks","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brooks NE, Myburgh KH, Storey KB (2011) Myostatin levels in skeletal muscle of hibernating ground squirrels. J Exp Biol 214:2522\u20132527. doi: 10.1242\/jeb.055764","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"9439_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80595-4","volume":"96","author":"A Brunet","year":"1999","unstructured":"Brunet A et al (1999) Akt promotes cell survival by phosphorylating and inhibiting a Forkhead transcription factor. Cell 96:857\u2013868","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"9439_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-013-9427-6","volume":"14","author":"EL Campbell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Campbell EL et al (2013) Skeletal muscle adaptations to physical inactivity and subsequent retraining in young men. Biogerontology 14:247\u2013259","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9439_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9866","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009866","volume":"5","author":"Y Campos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Campos Y et al (2010) Ozz-E3 ubiquitin ligase targets sarcomeric embryonic myosin heavy chain during muscle development. PLoS One 5(3):e9866. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0009866","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"9439_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2002.0780","volume":"250","author":"P Carlsson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Carlsson P, Mahlapuu M (2002) Forkhead transcription factors: key players in development and metabolism. Dev Biol 250:1\u201323","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"9439_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4615","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.01311","volume":"117","author":"AC Carrera","year":"2004","unstructured":"Carrera AC (2004) TOR signaling in mammals. J Cell Sci 117:4615\u20134616. doi: 10.1242\/jcs.01311","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"9439_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16807","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016807","volume":"6","author":"F Chemello","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chemello F, Bean C, Cancellara P, Laveder P, Reggiani C, Lanfranchi G (2011) Microgenomic analysis in skeletal muscle: expression signatures of individual fast and slow myofibers. PLoS One 6(2):e16807. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0016807","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"9439_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00115.2006","volume":"31","author":"YW Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen YW, Gregory CM, Scarborough MT, Shi R, Walter GA, Vandenborne K (2007) Transcriptional pathways associated with skeletal muscle disuse atrophy in humans. Physiol Genomics 31:510\u2013520. doi: 10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00115.2006","journal-title":"Physiol Genomics"},{"key":"9439_CR25","first-page":"595","volume":"6","author":"SY Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen SY, Wu N, Lee YC, Zhao Y (2013) Association between muscle atrophy\/weakness and health care costs and utilization among patients receiving total knee replacement surgery: a retrospective cohort study. J Pain Res 6:595\u2013603. doi: 10.2147\/JPR.S48235","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"9439_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C391","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00478.2002","volume":"285","author":"TE Childs","year":"2003","unstructured":"Childs TE, Spangenburg EE, Vyas DR, Booth FW (2003) Temporal alterations in protein signaling cascades during recovery from muscle atrophy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 285:C391\u2013C398. doi: 10.1152\/ajpcell.00478.2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"9439_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28026","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M301048200","volume":"278","author":"N Chondrogianni","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chondrogianni N, Stratford FL, Trougakos IP, Friguet B, Rivett AJ, Gonos ES (2003) Central role of the proteasome in senescence and survival of human fibroblasts: induction of a senescence-like phenotype upon its inhibition and resistance to stress upon its activation. J Biol Chem 278:28026\u201328037. doi: 10.1074\/jbc.M301048200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"9439_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200901052","volume":"185","author":"S Cohen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cohen S et al (2009) During muscle atrophy, thick, but not thin, filament components are degraded by MuRF1-dependent ubiquitylation. J Cell Biol 185:1083\u20131095. doi: 10.1083\/jcb.200901052","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"9439_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-78522011000300004","volume":"19","author":"CA Silva da","year":"2011","unstructured":"da Silva CA, Petermann C, Cancellier KM, Durigan JLQ, Polacow MLO (2011) IGF-1 minimizes the harmful effects of disuse on rat soleus muscle. Acta Ortop Bras 19:137\u2013140","journal-title":"Acta Ortop Bras"},{"key":"9439_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.142828","volume":"585","author":"MD Boer de","year":"2007","unstructured":"de Boer MD et al (2007) The temporal responses of protein synthesis, gene expression and cell signalling in human quadriceps muscle and patellar tendon to disuse. J Physiol 585:241\u2013251. doi: 10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.142828","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"9439_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI18330","volume":"113","author":"J Du","year":"2004","unstructured":"Du J et al (2004) Activation of caspase-3 is an initial step triggering accelerated muscle proteolysis in catabolic conditions. J Clin Invest 113:115\u2013123. doi: 10.1172\/JCI18330","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"9439_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890903089834","volume":"13","author":"AM Engelbrecht","year":"2010","unstructured":"Engelbrecht AM, Smith C, Neethling I, Thomas M, Ellis B, Mattheyse M, Myburgh KH (2010) Daily brief restraint stress alters signaling pathways and induces atrophy and apoptosis in rat skeletal muscle. Stress 13(2):132\u2013141. doi: 10.3109\/10253890903089834","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"9439_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI32827","volume":"117","author":"J Fielitz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fielitz J et al (2007) Myosin accumulation and striated muscle myopathy result from the loss of muscle RING finger 1 and 3. J Clin Investig 117:2486\u20132495. doi: 10.1172\/JCI32827","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"9439_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/15216540252774694","volume":"52","author":"T Finkel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Finkel T (2001) Reactive oxygen species and signal transduction. IUBMB Life 52:3\u20136. doi: 10.1080\/15216540252774694","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"9439_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100135","volume":"2","author":"RJ Flach","year":"2010","unstructured":"Flach RJ, Bennett AM (2010) MAP kinase phosphatase-1\u2013a new player at the nexus between sarcopenia and metabolic disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2:170\u2013176","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"9439_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-010-0919-9","volume":"461","author":"VC Foletta","year":"2011","unstructured":"Foletta VC, White LJ, Larsen AE, Leger B, Russell AP (2011) The role and regulation of MAFbx\/atrogin-1 and MuRF1 in skeletal muscle atrophy. Pflug Arch 461:325\u2013335. doi: 10.1007\/s00424-010-0919-9","journal-title":"Pflug Arch"},{"key":"9439_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-201X.2005.01457.x","volume":"185","author":"P Gallagher","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gallagher P et al (2005) Effects of 84-days of bedrest and resistance training on single muscle fibre myosin heavy chain distribution in human vastus lateralis and soleus muscles. Acta Physiol Scand 185:61\u201369","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"9439_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.1.9803021","volume":"159","author":"G Gayan-Ramirez","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gayan-Ramirez G, Vanderhoydonc F, Verhoeven G, Decramer M (1999) Acute treatment with corticosteroids decreases IGF-1 and IGF-2 expression in the rat diaphragm and gastrocnemius. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159:283\u2013289. doi: 10.1164\/ajrccm.159.1.9803021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"9439_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-0539","volume":"148","author":"H Gilson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gilson H et al (2007) Myostatin gene deletion prevents glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy. Endocrinology 148:452\u2013460. doi: 10.1210\/en.2006-0539","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"9439_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14440","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.251541198","volume":"98","author":"MD Gomes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gomes MD, Lecker SH, Jagoe RT, Navon A, Goldberg AL (2001) Atrogin-1, a muscle-specific F-box protein highly expressed during muscle atrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:14440\u201314445. doi: 10.1073\/pnas.251541198251541198","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"9439_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14938","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.25.14938","volume":"95","author":"NF Gonzalez-Cadavid","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Cadavid NF et al (1998) Organization of the human myostatin gene and expression in healthy men and HIV-infected men with muscle wasting. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:14938\u201314943","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"9439_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8115","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.18.8115","volume":"92","author":"V Goossens","year":"1995","unstructured":"Goossens V, Grooten J, De Vos K, Fiers W (1995) Direct evidence for tumor necrosis factor-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen intermediates and their involvement in cytotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:8115\u20138119","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"9439_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-5215.2002.51018.x","volume":"51","author":"DA Gruenewald","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gruenewald DA, Matsumoto AM (2003) Testosterone supplementation therapy for older men: potential benefits and risks. J Am Geriatr Soc 51:101\u2013115","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"9439_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00110.2009","volume":"109","author":"T Gustafsson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gustafsson T, Osterlund T, Flanagan JN, von Walden F, Trappe TA, Linnehan RM, Tesch PA (2010) Effects of 3\u00a0days unloading on molecular regulators of muscle size in humans. J Appl Physiol 109:721\u2013727. doi: 10.1152\/japplphysiol.00110.2009","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"9439_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5488.2363","volume":"289","author":"DC Guttridge","year":"2000","unstructured":"Guttridge DC, Mayo MW, Madrid LV, Wang CY, Baldwin AS Jr (2000) NF-kappaB-induced loss of MyoD messenger RNA: possible role in muscle decay and cachexia. Science 289:2363\u20132366","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9439_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/00075197-199905000-00002","volume":"2","author":"PO Hasselgren","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hasselgren PO (1999) Glucocorticoids and muscle catabolism. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2:201\u2013205","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"9439_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199703000-00011","volume":"225","author":"PO Hasselgren","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hasselgren PO, Fischer JE (1997) The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway: review of a novel intracellular mechanism of muscle protein breakdown during sepsis and other catabolic conditions. Ann Surg 225:307\u2013316","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"9439_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.67.1.425","volume":"67","author":"A Hershko","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hershko A, Ciechanover A (1998) The ubiquitin system. Annu Rev Biochem 67:425\u2013479. doi: 10.1146\/annurev.biochem.67.1.425","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"9439_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(03)00972-4","volume":"553","author":"TL Hilder","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hilder TL, Tou JC, Grindeland RE, Wade CE, Graves LM (2003) Phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 serine 307 correlates with JNK activity in atrophic skeletal muscle. FEBS Lett 553:63\u201367","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"9439_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1235","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2000.279.6.E1235","volume":"279","author":"M Hirose","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hirose M, Kaneki M, Sugita H, Yasuhara S, Martyn JA (2000) Immobilization depresses insulin signaling in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 279:E1235\u2013E1241","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"9439_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81058-2","volume":"84","author":"M Hochstrasser","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hochstrasser M (1996) Protein degradation or regulation: Ub the judge. Cell 84:813\u2013815","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"9439_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3087","volume":"12","author":"ST Holgate","year":"2011","unstructured":"Holgate ST, Komaroff AL, Mangan D, Wessely S (2011) Chronic fatigue syndrome: understanding a complex illness. Nat Rev Neurosci 12:539\u2013544. doi: 10.1038\/nrn3087","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"9439_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200421696","volume":"114","author":"RB Hunter","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hunter RB, Kandarian SC (2004) Disruption of either the Nfkb1 or the Bcl3 gene inhibits skeletal muscle atrophy. J Clin Investig 114:1504\u20131511. doi: 10.1172\/JCI21696","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"9439_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0866com","volume":"16","author":"RB Hunter","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hunter RB, Stevenson E, Koncarevic A, Mitchell-Felton H, Essig DA, Kandarian SC (2002) Activation of an alternative NF-kappaB pathway in skeletal muscle during disuse atrophy. FASEB J 16:529\u2013538","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"9439_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C834","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00579.2003","volume":"287","author":"RW Jackman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jackman RW, Kandarian SC (2004) The molecular basis of skeletal muscle atrophy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 287:C834\u2013C843. doi: 10.1152\/ajpcell.00579.2003287\/4\/C834","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"9439_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1097\/00075197-200105000-00003","volume":"4","author":"RT Jagoe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jagoe RT, Goldberg AL (2001) What do we really know about the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in muscle atrophy? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 4:183\u2013190","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"9439_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05902","volume":"447","author":"J Jin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jin J, Li X, Gygi SP, Harper JW (2007) Dual E1 activation systems for ubiquitin differentially regulate E2 enzyme charging. Nature 447:1135\u20131138. doi: 10.1038\/nature05902","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9439_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-1228fje","volume":"18","author":"SW Jones","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jones SW, Hill RJ, Krasney PA, O\u2019Conner B, Peirce N, Greenhaff PL (2004) Disuse atrophy and exercise rehabilitation in humans profoundly affects the expression of genes associated with the regulation of skeletal muscle mass. FASEB J 18:1025\u20131027. doi: 10.1096\/fj.03-1228fje","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"9439_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00102","volume":"6","author":"A Kaltsatou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaltsatou A et al (2015) Uremic myopathy: is oxidative stress implicated in muscle dysfunction in uremia? Front Physiol 6:102. doi: 10.3389\/fphys.2015.00102","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"9439_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3300819","volume":"6","author":"I Kawamura","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kawamura I et al (1999) Intratumoral injection of oligonucleotides to the NF kappa B binding site inhibits cachexia in a mouse tumor model. Gene Ther 6:91\u201397. doi: 10.1038\/sj.gt.3300819","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"9439_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18135","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404341102","volume":"101","author":"V Kedar","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kedar V, McDonough H, Arya R, Li HH, Rockman HA, Patterson C (2004) Muscle-specific RING finger 1 is a bona fide ubiquitin ligase that degrades cardiac troponin I. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:18135\u201318140. doi: 10.1073\/pnas.0404341102","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"9439_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1991.tb09191.x","volume":"142","author":"H Kondo","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kondo H, Miura M, Itokawa Y (1991) Oxidative stress in skeletal muscle atrophied by immobilization. Acta Physiol Scand 142:527\u2013528. doi: 10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1991.tb09191.x","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"9439_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E969","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00126.2005","volume":"289","author":"BJ Krawiec","year":"2005","unstructured":"Krawiec BJ, Frost RA, Vary TC, Jefferson LS, Lang CH (2005) Hindlimb casting decreases muscle mass in part by proteasome-dependent proteolysis but independent of protein synthesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 289:E969\u2013E980. doi: 10.1152\/ajpregu.00126.2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"9439_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2008.52","volume":"27","author":"J Lagirand-Cantaloube","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lagirand-Cantaloube J et al (2008) The initiation factor eIF3-f is a major target for Atrogin1\/MAFbx function in skeletal muscle atrophy. EMBO J 27:1266\u20131276. doi: 10.1038\/emboj.2008.52","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"9439_CR65","author":"J Lagirand-Cantaloube","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lagirand-Cantaloube J, Cornille K, Csibi A, Batonnet-Pichon S, Leibovitch MP, Leibovitch SA (2009) Inhibition of Atrogin-1\/MAFbx mediated MyoD proteolysis prevents skeletal muscle atrophy in vivo. PLoS One. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0004973","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"9439_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(02)00602-2","volume":"294","author":"JM Lawler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lawler JM, Song W (2002) Specificity of antioxidant enzyme inhibition in skeletal muscle to reactive nitrogen species donors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 294:1093\u20131100. doi: 10.1016\/S0006-291X(02)00602-2","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"9439_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(03)00186-2","volume":"35","author":"JM Lawler","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lawler JM, Song W, Demaree SR (2003) Hindlimb unloading increases oxidative stress and disrupts antioxidant capacity in skeletal muscle. Free Radic Biol Med 35:9\u201316","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"9439_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/2044-5040-1-2","volume":"1","author":"SJ Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee SJ, Glass DJ (2011) Treating cancer cachexia to treat cancer. Skelet Muscle 1:2. doi: 10.1186\/2044-5040-1-2","journal-title":"Skelet Muscle"},{"key":"9439_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200910-1487OC","volume":"183","author":"S Levine","year":"2011","unstructured":"Levine S et al (2011) Increased proteolysis, myosin depletion, and atrophic AKT-FOXO signaling in human diaphragm disuse. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183:483\u2013490. doi: 10.1164\/rccm.200910-1487OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"9439_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1165","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2000.279.4.R1165","volume":"279","author":"YP Li","year":"2000","unstructured":"Li YP, Reid MB (2000) NF-kappaB mediates the protein loss induced by TNF-alpha in differentiated skeletal muscle myotubes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 279:R1165\u2013R1170","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"9439_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.12.10.871","volume":"12","author":"YP Li","year":"1998","unstructured":"Li YP, Schwartz RJ, Waddell ID, Holloway BR, Reid MB (1998) Skeletal muscle myocytes undergo protein loss and reactive oxygen-mediated NF-kappaB activation in response to tumor necrosis factor alpha. FASEB J 12:871\u2013880","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"9439_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C806","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00129.2003","volume":"285","author":"YP Li","year":"2003","unstructured":"Li YP, Chen Y, Li AS, Reid MB (2003) Hydrogen peroxide stimulates ubiquitin-conjugating activity and expression of genes for specific E2 and E3 proteins in skeletal muscle myotubes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 285:C806\u2013C812. doi: 10.1152\/ajpcell.00129.200300129.2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"9439_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-2364com","volume":"19","author":"YP Li","year":"2005","unstructured":"Li YP, Chen Y, John J, Moylan J, Jin B, Mann DL, Reid MB (2005) TNF-alpha acts via p38 MAPK to stimulate expression of the ubiquitin ligase atrogin1\/MAFbx in skeletal muscle. FASEB J 19:362\u2013370. doi: 10.1096\/fj.04-2364com","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"9439_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2002.00993.x","volume":"32","author":"E Lofberg","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lofberg E et al (2002) Effects of high doses of glucocorticoids on free amino acids, ribosomes and protein turnover in human muscle. Eur J Clin Investig 32:345\u2013353","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Investig"},{"key":"9439_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.12163","volume":"280","author":"CJ Malavaki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Malavaki CJ et al (2013) Imatinib as a key inhibitor of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor mediated expression of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans and functional properties of breast cancer cells. FEBS J 280:2477\u20132489. doi: 10.1111\/febs.12163","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"9439_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.11.001","volume":"6","author":"C Mammucari","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mammucari C et al (2007) FoxO3 controls autophagy in skeletal muscle in vivo. Cell Metab 6:458\u2013471. doi: 10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.11.001","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"9439_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.5905","volume":"4","author":"C Mammucari","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mammucari C, Schiaffino S, Sandri M (2008) Downstream of Akt: FoxO3 and mTOR in the regulation of autophagy in skeletal muscle. Autophagy 4:524\u2013526","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"9439_CR78","author":"UB Masharani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Masharani UB et al (2011) Insulin resistance in non-obese subjects is associated with activation of the JNK pathway and impaired insulin signaling in skeletal muscle. PLoS One. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0019878","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"9439_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.20757","volume":"209","author":"C McFarlane","year":"2006","unstructured":"McFarlane C et al (2006) Myostatin induces cachexia by activating the ubiquitin proteolytic system through an NF-kappaB-independent, FoxO1-dependent mechanism. J Cell Physiol 209:501\u2013514. doi: 10.1002\/jcp.20757","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"9439_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00591.2011","volume":"111","author":"K Min","year":"2011","unstructured":"Min K, Smuder AJ, Kwon OS, Kavazis AN, Szeto HH, Powers SK (2011) Mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants protect skeletal muscle against immobilization-induced muscle atrophy. J Appl Physiol 111:1459\u20131466. doi: 10.1152\/japplphysiol.00591.2011","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"9439_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.09.004","volume":"143","author":"V Moresi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moresi V et al (2010) Myogenin and class II HDACs control neurogenic muscle atrophy by inducing E3 ubiquitin ligases. Cell 143:35\u201345. doi: 10.1016\/j.cell.2010.09.004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"9439_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20081386","volume":"417","author":"MP Murphy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Murphy MP (2009) How mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species. Biochem J 417:1\u201313. doi: 10.1042\/BJ20081386","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"9439_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4433","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-159608","volume":"24","author":"KT Murphy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Murphy KT, Koopman R, Naim T, Leger B, Trieu J, Ibebunjo C, Lynch GS (2010) Antibody-directed myostatin inhibition in 21-mo-old mice reveals novel roles for myostatin signaling in skeletal muscle structure and function. FASEB J 24:4433\u20134442. doi: 10.1096\/fj.10-159608","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"9439_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4798","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01347-08","volume":"29","author":"R Nakao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nakao R et al (2009) Ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b is a negative regulator for insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling during muscle atrophy caused by unloading. Mol Cell Biol 29:4798\u20134811. doi: 10.1128\/MCB.01347-08","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"9439_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0419fje","volume":"18","author":"T Nikawa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nikawa T et al (2004) Skeletal muscle gene expression in space-flown rats. FASEB J 18:522\u2013524. doi: 10.1096\/fj.03-0419fje","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"9439_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.2119\/2006-00066.Nordquist","volume":"13","author":"J Nordquist","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nordquist J, Hoglund AS, Norman H, Tang X, Dworkin B, Larsson L (2007) Transcription factors in muscle atrophy caused by blocked neuromuscular transmission and muscle unloading in rats. Mol Med 13:461\u2013470. doi: 10.2119\/2006-00066.Nordquist","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"9439_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-010-0505-7","volume":"181","author":"MM Nowell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nowell MM, Choi H, Rourke BC (2011) Muscle plasticity in hibernating ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis) is induced by seasonal, but not low-temperature, mechanisms Journal of comparative physiology B. Biochem Syst Environ Physiol 181:147\u2013164. doi: 10.1007\/s00360-010-0505-7","journal-title":"Biochem Syst Environ Physiol"},{"key":"9439_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512003297","volume":"109","author":"M Ogawa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ogawa M et al (2013) The preventive effect of beta-carotene on denervation-induced soleus muscle atrophy in mice. Br J Nutr 109:1349\u20131358. doi: 10.1017\/S0007114512003297","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"9439_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9213","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.142166599","volume":"99","author":"G Pallafacchina","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pallafacchina G, Calabria E, Serrano AL, Kalhovde JM, Schiaffino S (2002) A protein kinase B-dependent and rapamycin-sensitive pathway controls skeletal muscle growth but not fiber type specification. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:9213\u20139218. doi: 10.1073\/pnas.142166599","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"9439_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.08.086","volume":"176","author":"S Palus","year":"2014","unstructured":"Palus S, von Haehling S, Springer J (2014) Muscle wasting: an overview of recent developments in basic research. Int J Cardiol 176:640\u2013644. doi: 10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.08.086","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"9439_CR91","first-page":"877","volume":"21","author":"V Paschalis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Paschalis V et al (2007) Uniform and prolonged changes in blood oxidative stress after muscle-damaging exercise. In Vivo 21:877\u2013883","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"9439_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.203232","volume":"589","author":"MA Pellegrino","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pellegrino MA, Desaphy JF, Brocca L, Pierno S, Camerino DC, Bottinelli R (2011) Redox homeostasis, oxidative stress and disuse muscle atrophy. J Physiol 589:2147\u20132160. doi: 10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.203232","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"9439_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385940-2.00004-8","volume":"96","author":"JM Peterson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Peterson JM, Bakkar N, Guttridge DC (2011) NF-kappaB signaling in skeletal muscle health and disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 96:85\u2013119. doi: 10.1016\/B978-0-12-385940-2.00004-8","journal-title":"Curr Top Dev Biol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"9439_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S155","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0255-x","volume":"44","author":"SK Powers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Powers SK (2014) Can antioxidants protect against disuse muscle atrophy? Sports Med 44(Suppl 2):S155\u2013S165. doi: 10.1007\/s40279-014-0255-x","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"9439_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01202.2006","volume":"102","author":"SK Powers","year":"2007","unstructured":"Powers SK, Kavazis AN, McClung JM (2007) Oxidative stress and disuse muscle atrophy. J Appl Physiol 102:2389\u20132397. doi: 10.1152\/japplphysiol.01202.2006","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"9439_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.3973","volume":"15","author":"SK Powers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Powers SK, Smuder AJ, Criswell DS (2011) Mechanistic links between oxidative stress and disuse muscle atrophy. Antioxid Redox Signal 15:2519\u20132528. doi: 10.1089\/ars.2011.3973","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"9439_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328352b4c2","volume":"15","author":"SK Powers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Powers SK, Smuder AJ, Judge AR (2012) Oxidative stress and disuse muscle atrophy: cause or consequence? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 15:240\u2013245. doi: 10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328352b4c2","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"9439_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.6.1235","volume":"82","author":"LB Pupim","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pupim LB, Flakoll PJ, Yu c, Ikizler TA (2005) Recombinant human growth hormone improves muscle amino acid uptake and whole-body protein metabolism in chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Clin Nutr 82:1235\u20131243","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"9439_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02470","volume":"118","author":"M Qi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Qi M, Elion EA (2005) MAP kinase pathways. J Cell Sci 118:3569\u20133572. doi: 10.1242\/jcs.02470","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"9439_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E876","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00107.2003","volume":"285","author":"S Reisz-Porszasz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Reisz-Porszasz S et al (2003) Lower skeletal muscle mass in male transgenic mice with muscle-specific overexpression of myostatin. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 285:E876\u2013E888. doi: 10.1152\/ajpendo.00107.200300107.2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"9439_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200903131","volume":"187","author":"V Risson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Risson V et al (2009) Muscle inactivation of mTOR causes metabolic and dystrophin defects leading to severe myopathy. J Cell Biol 187:859\u2013874. doi: 10.1083\/jcb.200903131","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"9439_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2013.03.011","volume":"1832","author":"M Romanick","year":"2013","unstructured":"Romanick M, Thompson LV, Brown-Borg HM (2013) Murine models of atrophy, cachexia, and sarcopenia in skeletal muscle. Biochim Biophys Acta 1832:1410\u20131420","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"9439_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-1028-5-19","volume":"5","author":"M Sadowski","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sadowski M, Sarcevic B (2010) Mechanisms of mono- and poly-ubiquitination: ubiquitination specificity depends on compatibility between the E2 catalytic core and amino acid residues proximal to the lysine. Cell Div 5:19. doi: 10.1186\/1747-1028-5-19","journal-title":"Cell Div"},{"key":"9439_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00306","volume":"3","author":"GK Sakkas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sakkas GK, Karatzaferi C (2012) Hemodialysis fatigue: just \u201csimple\u201d fatigue or a syndrome on its own right? Front Physiol 3:1\u20134","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"9439_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfg325","volume":"18","author":"GK Sakkas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sakkas GK, Ball D, Mercer TH, Sargeant AJ, Tolfrey K, Naish PF (2003a) Atrophy of non-locomotor muscle in patients with end-stage renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transpl 18:2074\u20132081","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transpl"},{"key":"9439_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfg237","volume":"18","author":"GK Sakkas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sakkas GK, Sargeant AJ, Mercer TH, Ball D, Koufaki P, Karatzaferi C, Naish PF (2003b) Changes in muscle morphology in dialysis patients after 6\u00a0months of aerobic exercise training. Nephrol Dial Transpl 18:1854\u20131861","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transpl"},{"key":"9439_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm559","volume":"23","author":"GK Sakkas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sakkas GK et al (2008) Haemodialysis patients with sleep apnoea syndrome experience increased central adiposity and altered muscular composition and functionality. Nephrol Dial Transpl 23:336\u2013344","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transpl"},{"key":"9439_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2009.01995.x","volume":"197","author":"K Sakuma","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sakuma K, Watanabe K, Hotta N, Koike T, Ishida K, Katayama K, Akima H (2009) The adaptive responses in several mediators linked with hypertrophy and atrophy of skeletal muscle after lower limb unloading in humans. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 197:151\u2013159. doi: 10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2009.01995.x","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)"},{"key":"9439_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.00854.x","volume":"212","author":"M Salanova","year":"2008","unstructured":"Salanova M, Schiffl G, Puttmann B, Schoser BG, Blottner D (2008) Molecular biomarkers monitoring human skeletal muscle fibres and microvasculature following long-term bed rest with and without countermeasures. J Anat 212:306\u2013318. doi: 10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.00854.x","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"9439_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.023","volume":"45","author":"M Sandri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sandri M (2013) Protein breakdown in muscle wasting: role of autophagy-lysosome and ubiquitin-proteasome. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 45:2121\u20132129. doi: 10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.04.023","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"9439_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00400-3","volume":"117","author":"M Sandri","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sandri M et al (2004) Foxo transcription factors induce the atrophy-related ubiquitin ligase atrogin-1 and cause skeletal muscle atrophy. Cell 117:399\u2013412","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"9439_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-07-0606","volume":"197","author":"O Schakman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schakman O, Gilson H, Thissen JP (2008) Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced myopathy. J Endocrinol 197:1\u201310. doi: 10.1677\/JOE-07-0606","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"9439_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/2044-5040-1-4","volume":"1","author":"S Schiaffino","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schiaffino S, Mammucari C (2011) Regulation of skeletal muscle growth by the IGF1-Akt\/PKB pathway: insights from genetic models. Skelet Muscle 1:4. doi: 10.1186\/2044-5040-1-4","journal-title":"Skelet Muscle"},{"key":"9439_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3836","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08-110163","volume":"22","author":"SM Senf","year":"2008","unstructured":"Senf SM, Dodd SL, McClung JM, Judge AR (2008) Hsp70 overexpression inhibits NF-kappaB and Foxo3a transcriptional activities and prevents skeletal muscle atrophy. FASEB J 22:3836\u20133845. doi: 10.1096\/fj.08-110163","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"9439_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C38","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00315.2009","volume":"298","author":"SM Senf","year":"2010","unstructured":"Senf SM, Dodd SL, Judge AR (2010) FOXO signaling is required for disuse muscle atrophy and is directly regulated by Hsp70. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 298:C38\u2013C45. doi: 10.1152\/ajpcell.00315.2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"9439_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2006.12.001","volume":"42","author":"S Servais","year":"2007","unstructured":"Servais S, Letexier D, Favier R, Duchamp C, Desplanches D (2007) Prevention of unloading-induced atrophy by vitamin E supplementation: links between oxidative stress and soleus muscle proteolysis? Free Radic Biol Med 42:627\u2013635. doi: 10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2006.12.001","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"9439_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.20392","volume":"27","author":"C Shao","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shao C, Liu M, Wu X, Ding F (2007) Time-dependent expression of myostatin RNA transcript and protein in gastrocnemius muscle of mice after sciatic nerve resection. Microsurgery 27:487\u2013493. doi: 10.1002\/micr.20392","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"9439_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0000000000000013","volume":"7","author":"RC Smith","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smith RC, Lin BK (2013) Myostatin inhibitors as therapies for muscle wasting associated with cancer and other disorders. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 7:352\u2013360","journal-title":"Curr Opin Support Palliat Care"},{"key":"9439_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00030","volume":"5","author":"RJ Stefanetti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stefanetti RJ, Zacharewicz E, Della Gatta P, Garnham A, Russell AP, Lamon S (2014) Ageing has no effect on the regulation of the ubiquitin proteasome-related genes and proteins following resistance exercise. Front Physiol 5:1\u201310","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"9439_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(04)00211-4","volume":"14","author":"TN Stitt","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stitt TN et al (2004) The IGF-1\/PI3\u00a0K\/Akt pathway prevents expression of muscle atrophy-induced ubiquitin ligases by inhibiting FOXO transcription factors. Mol Cell 14:395\u2013403","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"9439_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.81.6.2540","volume":"81","author":"RJ Talmadge","year":"1996","unstructured":"Talmadge RJ, Roy RR, Edgerton VR (1996) Distribution of myosin heavy chain isoforms in non-weight-bearing rat soleus muscle fibers. J Appl Physiol 81:2540\u20132546","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"9439_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1063\/1.347115","volume":"68","author":"DB Thomason","year":"1990","unstructured":"Thomason DB, Booth FW (1990) Atrophy of the soleus muscle by hindlimb unweighting. J Appl Physiol 68:1\u201312","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"9439_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4652(199912)181:3<455::AID-JCP9>3.0.CO;2-K","volume":"181","author":"MG Thompson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Thompson MG, Thom A, Partridge K, Garden K, Campbell GP, Calder G, Palmer RM (1999) Stimulation of myofibrillar protein degradation and expression of mRNA encoding the ubiquitin-proteasome system in C(2)C(12) myotubes by dexamethasone: effect of the proteasome inhibitor MG-132. J Cell Physiol 181:455\u2013461. doi: 10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4652(199912)181:3<455:AID-JCP9>3.0.CO;2-K","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"9439_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RE5","DOI":"10.1126\/stke.2003.172.re5","volume":"172","author":"H Tran","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tran H, Brunet A, Griffith EC, Greenberg ME (2003) The many forks in FOXO\u2019s road. Sci Signal 172:RE5. doi: 10.1126\/stke.2003.172.re5","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"9439_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.062166","volume":"557","author":"S Trappe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Trappe S, Trappe T, Gallagher P, Harber M, Alkner B, Tesch P (2004) Human single muscle fibre function with 84\u00a0day bed-rest and resistance exercise. J Physiol 557:501\u2013513. doi: 10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.062166","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"9439_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00180.2006","volume":"101","author":"ML Urso","year":"2006","unstructured":"Urso ML, Scrimgeour AG, Chen YW, Thompson PD, Clarkson PM (2006) Analysis of human skeletal muscle after 48\u00a0h immobilization reveals alterations in mRNA and protein for extracellular matrix components. J Appl Physiol 101:1136\u20131148. doi: 10.1152\/japplphysiol.00180.2006","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"9439_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10974-012-9303-z","volume":"33","author":"M Vyver van de","year":"2012","unstructured":"van de Vyver M, Myburgh KH (2012) Cytokine and satellite cell responses to muscle damage: interpretation and possible confounding factors in human studies. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 33:177\u2013185. doi: 10.1007\/s10974-012-9303-z","journal-title":"J Muscle Res Cell Motil"},{"key":"9439_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E785","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00646.2007","volume":"295","author":"DS Waddell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Waddell DS, Baehr LM, van den Brandt J, Johnsen SA, Reichardt HM, Furlow JD, Bodine SC (2008) The glucocorticoid receptor and FOXO1 synergistically activate the skeletal muscle atrophy-associated MuRF1 gene. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 295:E785\u2013E797. doi: 10.1152\/ajpendo.00646.2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"9439_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2013.07.003","volume":"12","author":"BT Wall","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wall BT, Dirks ML, van Loon LJ (2013) Skeletal muscle atrophy during short-term disuse: implications for age-related sarcopenia. Ageing Res Rev 12:898\u2013906","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"9439_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4160","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-0251","volume":"147","author":"X Wang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wang X, Hu Z, Hu J, Du J, Mitch WE (2006) Insulin resistance accelerates muscle protein degradation: activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway by defects in muscle cell signalling. Endocrinology 147:4160\u20134168. doi: 10.1210\/en.2006-0251","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"9439_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.08.040","volume":"426","author":"M Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang M, Yu H, Kim YS, Bidwell CA, Kuang S (2012) Myostatin facilitates slow and inhibits fast myosin heavy chain expression during myogenic differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 426:83\u201388. doi: 10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.08.040","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"9439_CR132","first-page":"1","volume":"27","author":"SG Wannamethee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wannamethee SG, Atkins JL (2015) Muscle loss and obesity: the health implications of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity. Proc Nutr Soc 27:1\u20138","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"9439_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00098.2010","volume":"108","author":"MA Whidden","year":"2010","unstructured":"Whidden MA, Smuder AJ, Wu M, Hudson MB, Nelson WB, Powers SK (2010) Oxidative stress is required for mechanical ventilation-induced protease activation in the diaphragm. J Appl Physiol 108:1376\u20131382. doi: 10.1152\/japplphysiol.00098.2010","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"9439_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-1028-2-11","volume":"2","author":"T Woelk","year":"2007","unstructured":"Woelk T, Sigismund S, Penengo L, Polo S (2007) The ubiquitination code: a signalling problem. Cell Div 2:11. doi: 10.1186\/1747-1028-2-11","journal-title":"Cell Div"},{"key":"9439_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6602402","volume":"92","author":"SM Wyke","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wyke SM, Tisdale MJ (2005) NF-kappaB mediates proteolysis-inducing factor induced protein degradation and expression of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in skeletal muscle. Br J Cancer 92:711\u2013721. doi: 10.1038\/sj.bjc.6602402","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"47","key":"9439_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36750","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M005030200","volume":"275","author":"Q Xu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Xu Q, Wu Z (2000) The insulin-like growth factor-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt signaling pathway regulates myogenin expression in normal myogenic cells but not in rhabdomyosarcoma-derived RD cell. J Biol Chem 275(47):36750\u201336757. doi: 10.1074\/jbc.M005030200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"8","key":"9439_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.12868","volume":"51","author":"EM Yiu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yiu EM, Kornberg AJ (2015) Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Paediatr Child Health 51(8):759\u2013764. doi: 10.1111\/jpc.12868","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"9439_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.11.043","volume":"69","author":"P Zhang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhang P, Chen X, Fan M (2007) Signaling mechanisms involved in disuse muscle atrophy. Med Hypotheses 69:310\u2013321. doi: 10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.11.043","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"9439_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.11.004","volume":"6","author":"J Zhao","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhao J et al (2007) FoxO3 coordinately activates protein degradation by the autophagic\/lysosomal and proteasomal pathways in atrophying muscle cells. Cell Metab 6:472\u2013483. doi: 10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.11.004","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"9439_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.5633","volume":"4","author":"J Zhao","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhao J, Brault JJ, Schild A, Goldberg AL (2008) Coordinate activation of autophagy and the proteasome pathway by FoxO transcription factor. Autophagy 4:378\u2013380","journal-title":"Autophagy"}],"container-title":["Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10974-015-9439-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10974-015-9439-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10974-015-9439-8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]],"date-time":"2019-09-03T00:32:38Z","timestamp":1567470758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10974-015-9439-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"references-count":140,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9439"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10974-015-9439-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0142-4319","1573-2657"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0142-4319","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2657","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}}}