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The predominant myotoxic components in snake venoms are catalytically-active phospholipases A\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (PLA\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and PLA\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    homologs devoid of enzymatic activity, which have been used as models to investigate various aspects of muscle degeneration. This review addresses the changes in the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle induced by these toxins. Myotoxic components initially disrupt the integrity of sarcolemma, generating a calcium influx that causes various degenerative events, including hypercontraction of myofilaments. There is removal of specific sarcomeric proteins, owing to the hydrolytic action of muscle calpains and proteinases from invading inflammatory cells, causing an initial redistribution followed by widespread degradation of myofibrillar material. Experiments using skinned cardiomyocytes and skeletal muscle fibers show that these myotoxins do not directly affect the contractile apparatus, implying that hypercontraction is due to cytosolic calcium increase secondary to sarcolemmal damage. Such drastic hypercontraction may contribute to muscle damage by generating mechanical stress and further sarcolemmal damage.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10974-023-09662-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]],"date-time":"2023-12-08T11:02:18Z","timestamp":1702033338000},"page":"69-77","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Alterations of the skeletal muscle contractile apparatus in necrosis induced by myotoxic snake venom phospholipases A2: a mini-review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5189-7183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo Jes\u00fas","family":"L\u00f3pez-D\u00e1vila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2419-6469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Lomonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8385-3081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"9662_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(94)00128-h","volume":"110","author":"M Abul Faiz","year":"1995","unstructured":"Abul Faiz M, Harris JB, Maltin CA, Mantle D (1995) Comparison of structural protein and proteolytic enzyme levels in degenerating and regenerating rat muscle induced by Notechis scutatus venom. 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