{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:31:14Z","timestamp":1792024274261,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["223125\/Z\/21\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["223125\/Z\/21\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Muscle Res Cell Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Smooth muscle cells are widespread in the human body, found in a range of tissues from the vasculature to the gut, airways, bladder and so on. They can be found as isolated cells or organised into syncytia (groups of cells). The organisation of the contractile cytoskeleton (smooth muscle actin and myosin filaments) is less well understood than that of striated (cardiac and skeletal) muscle. This review aims to explore what is known, the potential effects of mutations in smooth muscle actin, myosin and tropomyosin and how they lead to disease, and to highlight what we have still to learn about the smooth muscle contractile cytoskeleton.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10974-026-09731-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T18:24:09Z","timestamp":1776882249000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Smooth muscle contractile cytoskeleton in health and disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Glenn","family":"Carrington","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malika","family":"Zahedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Peckham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"9731_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1674714","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1674714","volume":"16","author":"S Albinsson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Albinsson S, Rippe C, Daoud F, Bastrup JA, Holmberg J, Jepps TA, Sward K (2025) Hippo in smooth muscle - a therapeutic target in vascular diseases driven by aging and hypertension. Front Physiol 16:1674714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2025.1674714","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"15","key":"9731_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005015","volume":"129","author":"S Allahverdian","year":"2014","unstructured":"Allahverdian S, Chehroudi AC, McManus BM, Abraham T, Francis GA (2014) Contribution of intimal smooth muscle cells to cholesterol accumulation and macrophage-like cells in human atherosclerosis. Circulation 129(15):1551\u20131559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"9731_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arevalo Martinez M, Ritsvall O, Bastrup JA, Celik S, Jakobsson G, Daoud F, Winqvist C, Aspberg A, Rippe C, Maegdefessel L, Schiopu A, Jepps TA, Holmberg J, Sward K, Albinsson S (2023) Vascular smooth muscle-specific YAP\/TAZ deletion triggers aneurysm development in mouse aorta. JCI Insight 8(17). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.170845","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.170845"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-2836(75)80098-2","volume":"98","author":"FT Ashton","year":"1975","unstructured":"Ashton FT, Somlyo AV, Somlyo AP (1975) The contractile apparatus of vascular smooth muscle: intermediate high voltage stereo electron microscopy. J Mol Biol 98(1):17\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0022-2836(75)80098-2","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9731_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0029(20000915)50:6<532::AID-JEMT10>3.0.CO;2-E","volume":"50","author":"GJ Babu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Babu GJ, Warshaw DM, Periasamy M (2000) Smooth muscle myosin heavy chain isoforms and their role in muscle physiology. Microsc Res Tech 50(6):532\u2013540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1097-0029(20000915)50:6%3C532::AID-JEMT10%3E3.0.CO;2-E","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"9731_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/s0074-7696(08)61062-1","volume":"105","author":"R Bagby","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bagby R (1986) Toward a comprehensive three-dimensional model of the contractile system of vertebrate smooth muscle cells. Int Rev Cytol 105:67\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0074-7696(08)61062-1","journal-title":"Int Rev Cytol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1113\/JP287636","volume":"604","author":"GM Bautista","year":"2026","unstructured":"Bautista GM, Santana LF, Martin MG (2026) Piezo1 in intestinal smooth muscle cells: Emerging perspectives. J Physiol 604(1):129\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/JP287636","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9731_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.TEB.2009.0630","volume":"16","author":"JA Beamish","year":"2010","unstructured":"Beamish JA, He P, Kottke-Marchant K, Marchant RE (2010) Molecular regulation of contractile smooth muscle cell phenotype: implications for vascular tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 16(5):467\u2013491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ten.TEB.2009.0630","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part B Rev"},{"issue":"46","key":"9731_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33398","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.499848","volume":"288","author":"N Billington","year":"2013","unstructured":"Billington N, Wang A, Mao J, Adelstein RS, Sellers JR (2013) Characterization of three full-length human nonmuscle myosin II paralogs. J Biol Chem 288(46):33398\u201333410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M113.499848","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"9731_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.95.2.403","volume":"95","author":"M Bond","year":"1982","unstructured":"Bond M, Somlyo AV (1982) Dense bodies and actin polarity in vertebrate smooth muscle. J Cell Biol 95(2 Pt 1):403\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1083\/jcb.95.2.403","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9731_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.97.4.1062","volume":"97","author":"WZ Cande","year":"1983","unstructured":"Cande WZ, Tooth PJ, Kendrick-Jones J (1983) Regulation of contraction and thick filament assembly-disassembly in glycerinated vertebrate smooth muscle cells. J Cell Biol 97(4):1062\u20131071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1083\/jcb.97.4.1062","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-022-00993-2","volume":"20","author":"G Cao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cao G, Xuan X, Hu J, Zhang R, Jin H, Dong H (2022) How vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype switching contributes to vascular disease. Cell Commun Signal 20(1):180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12964-022-00993-2","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2023.105514","volume":"300","author":"D Casas-Mao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Casas-Mao D, Carrington G, Pujol MG, Peckham M (2024) Effects of specific disease mutations in non-muscle myosin 2A on its structure and function. J Biol Chem 300(1):105514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbc.2023.105514","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"9731_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casas-Mao D, Carrington G, Peckham M (2026) Cryo-EM structure of shutdown human non-muscle myosin 2A. Sci Adv. https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.aed1858","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.10.15.682586"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.105.1.371","volume":"105","author":"JF Casella","year":"1987","unstructured":"Casella JF, Craig SW, Maack DJ, Brown AE (1987) Cap Z(36\/32), a barbed end actin-capping protein, is a component of the Z-line of skeletal muscle. J Cell Biol 105(1):371\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1083\/jcb.105.1.371","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9731_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-010-0040-5","volume":"2","author":"JM Chalovich","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chalovich JM, Schroeter MM (2010) Synaptopodin family of natively unfolded, actin binding proteins: physical properties and potential biological functions. Biophys Rev 2(4):181\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12551-010-0040-5","journal-title":"Biophys Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1979.59.1.1","volume":"59","author":"J Chamley-Campbell","year":"1979","unstructured":"Chamley-Campbell J, Campbell GR, Ross R (1979) The smooth muscle cell in culture. Physiol Rev 59(1):1\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.1979.59.1.1","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"9731_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309799","volume":"119","author":"J Chappell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chappell J, Harman JL, Narasimhan VM, Yu H, Foote K, Simons BD, Bennett MR, Jorgensen HF (2016) Extensive Proliferation of a Subset of Differentiated, yet Plastic, Medial Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Contributes to Neointimal Formation in Mouse Injury and Atherosclerosis Models. Circ Res 119(12):1313\u20131323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309799","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"9731_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2311883121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2311883121","volume":"121","author":"L Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen L, Liu J, Rastegarpouyani H, Janssen PML, Pinto JR, Taylor KA (2024) Structure of mavacamten-free human cardiac thick filaments within the sarcomere by cryoelectron tomography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 121(9):e2311883121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2311883121","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"30","key":"9731_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20959","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M709621200","volume":"283","author":"RJ Chi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chi RJ, Simon AR, Bienkiewicz EA, Felix A, Keller TC 3rd (2008) Smooth muscle titin Zq domain interaction with the smooth muscle alpha-actinin central rod. J Biol Chem 283(30):20959\u201320967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M709621200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"15","key":"9731_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.202812","volume":"130","author":"P Chitano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chitano P, Wang L, Tin GYY, Ikebe M, Pare PD, Seow CY (2017) Smooth muscle function and myosin polymerization. J Cell Sci 130(15):2468\u20132480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jcs.202812","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"9731_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200504-028SR","volume":"2","author":"KF Chung","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chung KF (2005) The role of airway smooth muscle in the pathogenesis of airway wall remodeling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2(4):347\u2013354 discussion 371\u2009\u2013\u2009342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1513\/pats.200504-028SR","journal-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"9731_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.75.3.990","volume":"75","author":"R Craig","year":"1977","unstructured":"Craig R, Megerman J (1977) Assembly of smooth muscle myosin into side-polar filaments. J Cell Biol 75(3):990\u2013996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1083\/jcb.75.3.990","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01682153","volume":"9","author":"RA Cross","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cross RA (1988) What is 10S myosin for? J Muscle Res Cell Motil 9(1):108\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01682153","journal-title":"J Muscle Res Cell Motil"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(88)90100-3","volume":"203","author":"RA Cross","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cross RA, Jackson AP, Citi S, Kendrick-Jones J, Bagshaw CR (1988) Active site trapping of nucleotide by smooth and non-muscle myosins. J Mol Biol 203(1):173\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-2836(88)90100-3","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"9731_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Currey L, Thor S, Piper M (2021) TEAD family transcription factors in development and disease. Development 148(12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dev.196675","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.196675"},{"key":"9731_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2022.115307","volume":"206","author":"F Daoud","year":"2022","unstructured":"Daoud F, Arevalo Martinez M, Holst J, Holmberg J, Albinsson S, Sward K (2022) Role of smooth muscle YAP and TAZ in protection against phenotypic modulation, inflammation, and aneurysm development. Biochem Pharmacol 206:115307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcp.2022.115307","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9731_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00053.2021","volume":"103","author":"MJ Davis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Davis MJ, Earley S, Li YS, Chien S (2023) Vascular mechanotransduction. Physiol Rev 103(2):1247\u20131421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00053.2021","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"9731_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2025-0238LE","author":"T Dey","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dey T, Zhyvylo I, Jiang L, Olapoju SO, Pena A, Avolio T, Lin D, Goncharov D, Greenland JR, Wolters PJ, DeLisser H, Pullamsetti SS, Kudryashova TV, Goncharova EA (2025) Non-Canonical HIPPO-MST1\/2 Promotes Hyper-Proliferation of Pulmonary Vascular Cells through CDC20. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1165\/rcmb.2025-0238LE","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"9731_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Donadon M, Santoro MM (2021) The origin and mechanisms of smooth muscle cell development in vertebrates. Development 148(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dev.197384","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.197384"},{"issue":"6 Pt 1","key":"9731_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.111.6.2463","volume":"111","author":"A Draeger","year":"1990","unstructured":"Draeger A, Amos WB, Ikebe M, Small JV (1990) The cytoskeletal and contractile apparatus of smooth muscle: contraction bands and segmentation of the contractile elements. J Cell Biol 111(6 Pt 1):2463\u20132473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1083\/jcb.111.6.2463","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"7988","key":"9731_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06691-4","volume":"623","author":"D Dutta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dutta D, Nguyen V, Campbell KS, Padron R, Craig R (2023) Cryo-EM structure of the human cardiac myosin filament. Nature 623(7988):853\u2013862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-023-06691-4","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"9731_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/s1357-2725(96)00085-4","volume":"28","author":"M el-Mezgueldi","year":"1996","unstructured":"el-Mezgueldi M (1996) Calponin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 28(11):1185\u20131189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1357-2725(96)00085-4","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9731_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20051690","volume":"396","author":"I Ferjani","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ferjani I, Fattoum A, Maciver SK, Benistant C, Chahinian A, Manai M, Benyamin Y, Roustan C (2006) A direct interaction with calponin inhibits the actin-nucleating activity of gelsolin. Biochem J 396(3):461\u2013468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BJ20051690","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"issue":"11","key":"9731_CR35","first-page":"1111","volume":"82","author":"V Fiorenza","year":"1987","unstructured":"Fiorenza V, Yee YS, Zfass AM (1987) Small intestinal motility: normal and abnormal function. Am J Gastroenterol 82(11):1111\u20131114. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/3314483","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9731_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00111.2010","volume":"42A","author":"SA Fisher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fisher SA (2010) Vascular smooth muscle phenotypic diversity and function. Physiol Genomics 42A(3):169\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00111.2010","journal-title":"Physiol Genomics"},{"key":"9731_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2016.07.003","volume":"78","author":"SA Fisher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fisher SA (2017) Smooth Muscle Phenotypic Diversity: Effect on Vascular Function and Drug Responses. Adv Pharmacol 78:383\u2013415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.apha.2016.07.003","journal-title":"Adv Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01191-9","volume":"7","author":"M Fu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fu M, Hu Y, Lan T, Guan KL, Luo T, Luo M (2022) The Hippo signalling pathway and its implications in human health and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 7(1):376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-022-01191-9","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"9731_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10974-014-9389-6","volume":"36","author":"MA Geeves","year":"2015","unstructured":"Geeves MA, Hitchcock-DeGregori SE, Gunning PW (2015) A systematic nomenclature for mammalian tropomyosin isoforms. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 36(2):147\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10974-014-9389-6","journal-title":"J Muscle Res Cell Motil"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01682144","volume":"9","author":"A Godfraind-De Becker","year":"1988","unstructured":"Godfraind-De Becker A, Gillis JM (1988) Analysis of the birefringence of the smooth muscle anococcygeus of the rat, at rest and in contraction. I. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 9(1):9\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01682144","journal-title":"J Muscle Res Cell Motil"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116768","volume":"45","author":"J Gugel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gugel J, Currie J, Alamillo L, Flint J, Kim KY, Debliqui M, Ellisman MH, Lam MPY, Lau E, Arrojo EDR, Leinwand L (2025) Longevity of cardiac and skeletal muscle proteins is dependent on tissue and subcellular compartmentation patterns. Cell Rep 45(1):116768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116768","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"9731_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.2000.15.29.x","volume":"15","author":"SJ Gunst","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gunst SJ, Tang DD (2000) The contractile apparatus and mechanical properties of airway smooth muscle. Eur Respir J 15(3):600\u2013616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1399-3003.2000.15.29.x","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"3","key":"9731_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C576","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00253.2008","volume":"295","author":"SJ Gunst","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gunst SJ, Zhang W (2008) Actin cytoskeletal dynamics in smooth muscle: a new paradigm for the regulation of smooth muscle contraction. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 295(3):C576\u2013587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00253.2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9731_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2012.206","volume":"21","author":"M Harakalova","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harakalova M, van der Smagt J, de Kovel CG, Van\u2019t Slot R, Poot M, Nijman IJ, Medic J, Joziasse I, Deckers J, Roos-Hesselink JW, Wessels MW, Baars HF, Weiss MM, Pals G, Golmard L, Jeunemaitre X, Lindhout D, Cuppen E, Baas AF (2013) Incomplete segregation of MYH11 variants with thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections and patent ductus arteriosus. Eur J Hum Genet 21(5):487\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ejhg.2012.206","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"44","key":"9731_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28860","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.44.28860","volume":"273","author":"K Hayashi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hayashi K, Saga H, Chimori Y, Kimura K, Yamanaka Y, Sobue K (1998) Differentiated phenotype of smooth muscle cells depends on signaling pathways through insulin-like growth factors and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J Biol Chem 273(44):28860\u201328867. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.273.44.28860","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"52","key":"9731_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabk3273","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abk3273","volume":"7","author":"SM Heissler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heissler SM, Arora AS, Billington N, Sellers JR, Chinthalapudi K (2021) Cryo-EM structure of the autoinhibited state of myosin-2. Sci Adv 7(52):eabk3273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abk3273","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"2","key":"9731_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1005697301043","volume":"21","author":"JL Hodgkinson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hodgkinson JL (2000) Actin and the smooth muscle regulatory proteins: a structural perspective. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 21(2):115\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1005697301043","journal-title":"J Muscle Res Cell Motil"},{"issue":"6","key":"9731_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(97)78885-4","volume":"72","author":"JL Hodgkinson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hodgkinson JL, Marston SB, Craig R, Vibert P, Lehman W (1997) Three-dimensional image reconstruction of reconstituted smooth muscle thin filaments: effects of caldesmon. Biophys J 72(6):2398\u20132404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0006-3495(97)78885-4","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"9731_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00191","volume":"7","author":"KP Hough","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hough KP, Curtiss ML, Blain TJ, Liu RM, Trevor J, Deshane JS, Thannickal VJ (2020) Airway Remodeling in Asthma. Front Med (Lausanne) 7:191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2020.00191","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"9731_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206147","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1206147","volume":"11","author":"TB Hsieh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hsieh TB, Jin JP (2023) Evolution and function of calponin and transgelin. Front Cell Dev Biol 11:1206147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2023.1206147","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"9731_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10974-025-09704-z","author":"A Hussain","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hussain A, Asare-Amankwah Y, Lymperopoulos NS, Thornton MJ, Riches-Suman K (2025) Smooth muscle cells from skin perforator vessels as a new tool for vascular research. J Muscle Res Cell Motil. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10974-025-09704-z","journal-title":"J Muscle Res Cell Motil"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-024-01063-5","volume":"22","author":"M Irving","year":"2025","unstructured":"Irving M (2025) Functional control of myosin motors in the cardiac cycle. Nat Rev Cardiol 22(1):9\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41569-024-01063-5","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-021-00733-y","volume":"45","author":"M Ito","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ito M, Okamoto R, Ito H, Zhe Y, Dohi K (2022) Regulation of myosin light-chain phosphorylation and its roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. Hypertens Res 45(1):40\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41440-021-00733-y","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"issue":"16","key":"9731_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6022","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707846105","volume":"105","author":"HS Jung","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jung HS, Burgess SA, Billington N, Colegrave M, Patel H, Chalovich JM, Chantler PD, Knight PJ (2008a) Conservation of the regulated structure of folded myosin 2 in species separated by at least 600 million years of independent evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105(16):6022\u20136026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0707846105","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"8","key":"9731_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3234","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e08-02-0206","volume":"19","author":"HS Jung","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jung HS, Komatsu S, Ikebe M, Craig R (2008b) Head-head and head-tail interaction: a general mechanism for switching off myosin II activity in cells. Mol Biol Cell 19(8):3234\u20133242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1091\/mbc.e08-02-0206","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-015-2506-9","volume":"95","author":"T Kanematsu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kanematsu T, Suzuki N, Yoshida T, Kishimoto M, Aoki T, Ogawa M, Kagami Y, Kiyoi H, Matsushita T, Kunishima S (2016) A case of MYH9 disorders caused by a novel mutation (p.K74E). Ann Hematol 95(1):161\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00277-015-2506-9","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-824X-6-6","volume":"6","author":"E Kennedy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kennedy E, Hakimjavadi R, Greene C, Mooney CJ, Fitzpatrick E, Collins LE, Loscher CE, Guha S, Morrow D, Redmond EM, Cahill PA (2014) Embryonic rat vascular smooth muscle cells revisited - a model for neonatal, neointimal SMC or differentiated vascular stem cells? Vasc Cell 6(1):6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2045-824X-6-6","journal-title":"Vasc Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6032","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33688-w","volume":"13","author":"SB Kokate","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kokate SB, Ciuba K, Tran VD, Kumari R, Tojkander S, Engel U, Kogan K, Kumar S, Lappalainen P (2022) Caldesmon controls stress fiber force-balance through dynamic cross-linking of myosin II and actin-tropomyosin filaments. Nat Commun 13(1):6032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-022-33688-w","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"9731_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s11373-005-9060-8","volume":"13","author":"J Kordowska","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kordowska J, Huang R, Wang CL (2006) Phosphorylation of caldesmon during smooth muscle contraction and cell migration or proliferation. J Biomed Sci 13(2):159\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11373-005-9060-8","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"9731_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319100","volume":"130","author":"TV Kudryashova","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kudryashova TV, Dabral S, Nayakanti S, Ray A, Goncharov DA, Avolio T, Shen Y, Rode A, Pena A, Jiang L, Lin D, Baust J, Bachman TN, Graumann J, Ruppert C, Guenther A, Schmoranzer M, Grobs Y, Lemay E, Goncharova S, E. A (2022) Noncanonical HIPPO\/MST Signaling via BUB3 and FOXO Drives Pulmonary Vascular Cell Growth and Survival. Circ Res 130(5):760\u2013778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319100","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"9731_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.123.319703","volume":"44","author":"CS Kwartler","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kwartler CS, Esparza Pinelo JE (2024) Use of iPSC-Derived Smooth Muscle Cells to Model Physiology and Pathology. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 44(7):1523\u20131536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/ATVBAHA.123.319703","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9731_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2006.07.077","volume":"362","author":"S Labeit","year":"2006","unstructured":"Labeit S, Lahmers S, Burkart C, Fong C, McNabb M, Witt S, Witt C, Labeit D, Granzier H (2006) Expression of distinct classes of titin isoforms in striated and smooth muscles by alternative splicing, and their conserved interaction with filamins. J Mol Biol 362(4):664\u2013681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmb.2006.07.077","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9731_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2019.02.003","volume":"1867","author":"S Lange","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lange S, Pinotsis N, Agarkova I, Ehler E (2020) The M-band: The underestimated part of the sarcomere. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 1867(3):118440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2019.02.003","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"9731_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s10974-012-9283-z","volume":"33","author":"W Lehman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lehman W, Morgan KG (2012) Structure and dynamics of the actin-based smooth muscle contractile and cytoskeletal apparatus. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 33(6):461\u2013469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10974-012-9283-z","journal-title":"J Muscle Res Cell Motil"},{"issue":"2","key":"9731_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2170517","volume":"217","author":"SE Lewis","year":"1984","unstructured":"Lewis SE, Kelly FJ, Goldspink DF (1984) Pre- and post-natal growth and protein turnover in smooth muscle, heart and slow- and fast-twitch skeletal muscles of the rat. Biochem J 217(2):517\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bj2170517","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2016.02.040","volume":"585","author":"R Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu R, Jin JP (2016) Calponin isoforms CNN1, CNN2 and CNN3: Regulators for actin cytoskeleton functions in smooth muscle and non-muscle cells. Gene 585(1):143\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gene.2016.02.040","journal-title":"Gene"},{"issue":"23","key":"9731_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5867","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.264168","volume":"591","author":"JC Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu JC, Rottler J, Wang L, Zhang J, Pascoe CD, Lan B, Norris BA, Herrera AM, Pare PD, Seow CY (2013) Myosin filaments in smooth muscle cells do not have a constant length. J Physiol 591(23):5867\u20135878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.264168","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"9731_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lohanadan K, Assent M, Linnemann A, Schuld J, Heukamp LC, Krause K, Vorgerd M, Reimann J, Schanzer A, Kirfel G, Furst DO, Van der Ven P (2023) Synaptopodin-2 Isoforms Have Specific Binding Partners and Display Distinct, Muscle Cell Type-Specific Expression Patterns. Cells 13(1) F. M. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells13010085","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13010085"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"9731_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10974-009-9189-6","volume":"30","author":"PK Luther","year":"2009","unstructured":"Luther PK (2009) The vertebrate muscle Z-disc: sarcomere anchor for structure and signalling. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 30(5\u20136):171\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10974-009-9189-6","journal-title":"J Muscle Res Cell Motil"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2800033","volume":"280","author":"R Makuch","year":"1991","unstructured":"Makuch R, Birukov K, Shirinsky V, Dabrowska R (1991) Functional interrelationship between calponin and caldesmon. Biochem J 280(1):33\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bj2800033. (Pt 1)","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"issue":"2","key":"9731_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2370605","volume":"237","author":"SB Marston","year":"1986","unstructured":"Marston SB (1986) Ca2\u2009+\u2009can control vascular smooth-muscle thin filaments without caldesmon phosphorylation. Biochem J 237(2):605\u2013607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bj2370605","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"issue":"6","key":"9731_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00712237","volume":"6","author":"SB Marston","year":"1985","unstructured":"Marston SB, Smith CW (1985) The thin filaments of smooth muscles. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 6(6):669\u2013708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00712237","journal-title":"J Muscle Res Cell Motil"},{"issue":"2","key":"9731_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01874158","volume":"13","author":"S Marston","year":"1992","unstructured":"Marston S, Pinter K, Bennett P (1992) Caldesmon binds to smooth muscle myosin and myosin rod and crosslinks thick filaments to actin filaments. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 13(2):206\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01874158","journal-title":"J Muscle Res Cell Motil"},{"issue":"11","key":"9731_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8134","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)37170-3","volume":"269","author":"SB Marston","year":"1994","unstructured":"Marston SB, Fraser ID, Huber PA, Pritchard K, Gusev NB, Torok K (1994) Location of two contact sites between human smooth muscle caldesmon and Ca(2+)-calmodulin. J Biol Chem 269(11):8134\u20138139. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/8132538","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"9731_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M300046-MCP200","volume":"3","author":"E McGregor","year":"2004","unstructured":"McGregor E, Kempster L, Wait R, Gosling M, Dunn MJ, Powell JT (2004) F-actin capping (CapZ) and other contractile saphenous vein smooth muscle proteins are altered by hemodynamic stress: a proteonomic approach. Mol Cell Proteom 3(2):115\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/mcp.M300046-MCP200","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteom"},{"issue":"5","key":"9731_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00561-y","volume":"19","author":"A Mercado-Perez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mercado-Perez A, Beyder A (2022) Gut feelings: mechanosensing in the gastrointestinal tract. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 19(5):283\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-021-00561-y","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9731_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011784108","volume":"108","author":"DL Milton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Milton DL, Schneck AN, Ziech DA, Ba M, Facemyer KC, Halayko AJ, Baker JE, Gerthoffer WT, Cremo CR (2011) Direct evidence for functional smooth muscle myosin II in the 10S self-inhibited monomeric conformation in airway smooth muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(4):1421\u20131426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1011784108","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(85)81003-6","volume":"191","author":"CJ Moody","year":"1985","unstructured":"Moody CJ, Marston SB, Smith CW (1985) Bundling of actin filaments by aorta caldesmon is not related to its regulatory function. FEBS Lett 191(1):107\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0014-5793(85)81003-6","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"9731_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2017.10.001","volume":"81","author":"M Murali","year":"2018","unstructured":"Murali M, MacDonald JA (2018) Smoothelins and the Control of Muscle Contractility. Adv Pharmacol 81:39\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.apha.2017.10.001","journal-title":"Adv Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9731_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.64.6.691","volume":"64","author":"RA Murphy","year":"1974","unstructured":"Murphy RA, Herlihy JT, Megerman J (1974) Force-generating capacity and contractile protein content of arterial smooth muscle. J Gen Physiol 64(6):691\u2013705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1085\/jgp.64.6.691","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9731_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H804","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00346.2024","volume":"327","author":"T Naiya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Naiya T, Meganathan I, Ness N, Oudit GY, Murray A, Kassiri Z (2024) Contribution of the arterial cells to atherosclerosis and plaque formation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 327(4):H804\u2013H823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpheart.00346.2024","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9731_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.107.3.445","volume":"107","author":"AJ North","year":"1994","unstructured":"North AJ, Gimona M, Lando Z, Small JV (1994) Actin isoform compartments in chicken gizzard smooth muscle cells. J Cell Sci 107(3):445\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jcs.107.3.445","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"issue":"6692","key":"9731_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadn9560","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn9560","volume":"384","author":"W Oosterheert","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oosterheert W, Boiero Sanders M, Funk J, Prumbaum D, Raunser S, Bieling P (2024) Molecular mechanism of actin filament elongation by formins. Science 384(6692):eadn9560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.adn9560","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9731_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Parker F, Baboolal TG, Peckham M (2020) Actin Mutations and Their Role in Disease. Int J Mol Sci 21(9). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21093371","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093371"},{"key":"9731_CR85","unstructured":"Peckham M (2011) Histology at a Glance. Wiley-Blackwell"},{"issue":"13","key":"9731_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1039\/b822339d","volume":"5","author":"M Peckham","year":"2009","unstructured":"Peckham M, Knight PJ (2009) When a predicted coiled coil is really a single alpha-helix, in myosins and other proteins. Soft Matter 5(13):2493\u20132503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/b822339d","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"issue":"39","key":"9731_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2309955120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2309955120","volume":"120","author":"S Rajan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rajan S, Yoon J, Wu H, Srapyan S, Baskar R, Ahmed G, Yang T, Grintsevich EE, Reisler E, Terman JR (2023) Disassembly of bundled F-actin and cellular remodeling via an interplay of Mical, cofilin, and F-actin crosslinkers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 120(39):e2309955120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2309955120","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"9731_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Randar S, Silva-Velasco DL, Priviero F, Webb RC (2025) RhoA\/Rho-Kinase Signaling in Vascular Smooth Muscle and Endothelium: Mechanistic Insights and Translational Implications in Hypertension. Biomolecules 15(11). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom15111607","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15111607"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/s0008-6363(97)00156-9","volume":"36","author":"RS Rao","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rao RS, Miano JM, Olson EN, Seidel CL (1997) The A10 cell line: a model for neonatal, neointimal, or differentiated vascular smooth muscle cells? Cardiovasc Res 36(1):118\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0008-6363(97)00156-9","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"26","key":"9731_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6782","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1700868114","volume":"114","author":"C Risi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Risi C, Eisner J, Belknap B, Heeley DH, White HD, Schroder GF, Galkin VE (2017) Ca(2+)-induced movement of tropomyosin on native cardiac thin filaments revealed by cryoelectron microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114(26):6782\u20136787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1700868114","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6778","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26842-3","volume":"12","author":"Z Rolfs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rolfs Z, Frey BL, Shi X, Kawai Y, Smith LM, Welham NV (2021) An atlas of protein turnover rates in mouse tissues. Nat Commun 12(1):6778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-26842-3","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200107131","volume":"156","author":"AS Rovner","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rovner AS, Fagnant PM, Lowey S, Trybus KM (2002) The carboxyl-terminal isoforms of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain determine thick filament assembly properties. J Cell Biol 156(1):113\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1083\/jcb.200107131","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"17","key":"9731_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3929","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270845","volume":"593","author":"RJ Saphirstein","year":"2015","unstructured":"Saphirstein RJ, Gao YZ, Lin QQ, Morgan KG (2015) Cortical actin regulation modulates vascular contractility and compliance in veins. J Physiol 593(17):3929\u20133941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/JP270845","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"7838","key":"9731_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2990-5","volume":"588","author":"CA Scarff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scarff CA, Carrington G, Casas-Mao D, Chalovich JM, Knight PJ, Ranson NA, Peckham M (2020) Structure of the shutdown state of myosin-2. Nature 588(7838):515\u2013520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2990-5","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"9731_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1363","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00329.2005","volume":"289","author":"CY Seow","year":"2005","unstructured":"Seow CY (2005) Myosin filament assembly in an ever-changing myofilament lattice of smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 289(6):C1363\u20131368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00329.2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9731_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu700","volume":"31","author":"D Simm","year":"2015","unstructured":"Simm D, Hatje K, Kollmar M (2015) Waggawagga: comparative visualization of coiled-coil predictions and detection of stable single alpha-helices (SAH domains). Bioinformatics 31(5):767\u2013769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu700","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.102.1.210","volume":"102","author":"JV Small","year":"1986","unstructured":"Small JV, Furst DO, De Mey J (1986) Localization of filamin in smooth muscle. J Cell Biol 102(1):210\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1083\/jcb.102.1.210","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)75896-7","volume":"262","author":"CW Smith","year":"1987","unstructured":"Smith CW, Pritchard K, Marston SB (1987) The mechanism of Ca2\u2009+\u2009regulation of vascular smooth muscle thin filaments by caldesmon and calmodulin. J Biol Chem 262(1):116\u2013122. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/2947901","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"9731_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.285866","volume":"593","author":"AV Somlyo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Somlyo AV (2015) Smooth muscle myosin filament controversy, once again? J Physiol 593(2):473\u2013475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.285866","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"5841","key":"9731_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/294567a0","volume":"294","author":"AV Somlyo","year":"1981","unstructured":"Somlyo AV, Butler TM, Bond M, Somlyo AP (1981) Myosin filaments have non-phosphorylated light chains in relaxed smooth muscle. Nature 294(5841):567\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/294567a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909468107","volume":"107","author":"MA Stewart","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stewart MA, Franks-Skiba K, Chen S, Cooke R (2010) Myosin ATP turnover rate is a mechanism involved in thermogenesis in resting skeletal muscle fibers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(1):430\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0909468107","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"9731_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2005.08.010","volume":"353","author":"R Straussman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Straussman R, Squire JM, Ben-Ya\u2019acov A, Ravid S (2005) Skip residues and charge interactions in myosin II coiled-coils: implications for molecular packing. J Mol Biol 353(3):613\u2013628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmb.2005.08.010","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"issue":"29","key":"9731_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24064","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.371609","volume":"287","author":"C Sutherland","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sutherland C, Walsh MP (2012) Myosin regulatory light chain diphosphorylation slows relaxation of arterial smooth muscle. J Biol Chem 287(29):24064\u201324076. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M112.371609","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"11","key":"9731_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6262","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.11.6262","volume":"273","author":"HL Sweeney","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sweeney HL, Rosenfeld SS, Brown F, Faust L, Smith J, Xing J, Stein LA, Sellers JR (1998) Kinetic tuning of myosin via a flexible loop adjacent to the nucleotide binding pocket. J Biol Chem 273(11):6262\u20136270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.273.11.6262","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"7988","key":"9731_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06690-5","volume":"623","author":"D Tamborrini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tamborrini D, Wang Z, Wagner T, Tacke S, Stabrin M, Grange M, Kho AL, Rees M, Bennett P, Gautel M, Raunser S (2023) Structure of the native myosin filament in the relaxed cardiac sarcomere. Nature 623(7988):863\u2013871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-023-06690-5","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9731_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-015-0296-1","volume":"16","author":"DD Tang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tang DD (2015) Critical role of actin-associated proteins in smooth muscle contraction, cell proliferation, airway hyperresponsiveness and airway remodeling. Respir Res 16:134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12931-015-0296-1","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"9731_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2008.11.074","volume":"96","author":"RG Thakar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thakar RG, Cheng Q, Patel S, Chu J, Nasir M, Liepmann D, Komvopoulos K, Li S (2009) Cell-shape regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation. Biophys J 96(8):3423\u20133432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpj.2008.11.074","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"issue":"8","key":"9731_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0142-z","volume":"20","author":"A Totaro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Totaro A, Panciera T, Piccolo S (2018) YAP\/TAZ upstream signals and downstream responses. Nat Cell Biol 20(8):888\u2013899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41556-018-0142-z","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9731_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2007.01.061","volume":"45","author":"NA Turner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Turner NA, Ho S, Warburton P, O\u2019Regan DJ, Porter KE (2007) Smooth muscle cells cultured from human saphenous vein exhibit increased proliferation, invasion, and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in vitro compared with paired internal mammary artery cells. J Vasc Surg 45(5):1022\u20131028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvs.2007.01.061","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"9731_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C671","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00307.2024","volume":"327","author":"I Veisman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Veisman I, Massey WJ, Goren I, Liu W, Chauhan G, Rieder F (2024) Muscular hyperplasia in Crohn\u2019s disease strictures: through thick and thin. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 327(3):C671\u2013C683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00307.2024","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9731_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1371","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1993.265.5.C1371","volume":"265","author":"MP Walsh","year":"1993","unstructured":"Walsh MP, Carmichael JD, Kargacin GJ (1993) Characterization and confocal imaging of calponin in gastrointestinal smooth muscle. Am J Physiol 265(5):C1371\u20131378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.1993.265.5.C1371","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"21","key":"9731_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13958","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)92796-1","volume":"266","author":"CL Wang","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wang CL, Chalovich JM, Graceffa P, Lu RC, Mabuchi K, Stafford WF (1991) A long helix from the central region of smooth muscle caldesmon. J Biol Chem 266(21):13958\u201313963. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/1856225","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"9731_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2019-0310OC","volume":"62","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wang R, Tang DD (2020) Ste20-like Kinase-mediated Control of Actin Polymerization Is a New Mechanism for Thin Filament-associated Regulation of Airway Smooth Muscle Contraction. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 62(5):645\u2013656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1165\/rcmb.2019-0310OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"6582","key":"9731_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabn1934","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abn1934","volume":"375","author":"Z Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Z, Grange M, Pospich S, Wagner T, K A. L., Gautel M, Raunser S (2022) Structures from intact myofibrils reveal mechanism of thin filament regulation through nebulin. Science 375(6582):eabn1934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abn1934","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"9731_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4361","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.071051098","volume":"98","author":"T Wendt","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wendt T, Taylor D, Trybus KM, Taylor K (2001) Three-dimensional image reconstruction of dephosphorylated smooth muscle heavy meromyosin reveals asymmetry in the interaction between myosin heads and placement of subfragment 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98(8):4361\u20134366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.071051098","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6","key":"9731_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/0898-6568(93)90029-l","volume":"5","author":"SJ Winder","year":"1993","unstructured":"Winder SJ, Walsh MP (1993) Calponin: thin filament-linked regulation of smooth muscle contraction. Cell Signal 5(6):677\u2013686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0898-6568(93)90029-l","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.134.1.53","volume":"134","author":"JQ Xu","year":"1996","unstructured":"Xu JQ, Harder BA, Uman P, Craig R (1996) Myosin filament structure in vertebrate smooth muscle. J Cell Biol 134(1):53\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1083\/jcb.134.1.53","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"7838","key":"9731_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-3007-0","volume":"588","author":"S Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang S, Tiwari P, Lee KH, Sato O, Ikebe M, Padron R, Craig R (2020) Cryo-EM structure of the inhibited (10S) form of myosin II. Nature 588(7838):521\u2013525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-3007-0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-2836(83)80326-x","volume":"168","author":"LD Yates","year":"1983","unstructured":"Yates LD, Greaser ML (1983) Quantitative determination of myosin and actin in rabbit skeletal muscle. J Mol Biol 168(1):123\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0022-2836(83)80326-x","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9731_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1645840","volume":"39","author":"C Zaninetti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zaninetti C, De Rocco D, Giangregorio T, Bozzi V, Demeter J, Leoni P, Noris P, Ryhanen S, Barozzi S, Pecci A, Savoia A (2019) MYH9-Related Thrombocytopenia: Four Novel Variants Affecting the Tail Domain of the Non-Muscle Myosin Heavy Chain IIA Associated with a Mild Clinical Evolution of the Disorder. Hamostaseologie 39(1):87\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0038-1645840","journal-title":"Hamostaseologie"},{"issue":"5","key":"9731_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1145","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00387.2004","volume":"288","author":"W Zhang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhang W, Wu Y, Du L, Tang DD, Gunst SJ (2005) Activation of the Arp2\/3 complex by N-WASp is required for actin polymerization and contraction in smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 288(5):C1145\u20131160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00387.2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9731_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00020.2022","volume":"103","author":"W Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang W, Wu Y, S JG (2023) Membrane adhesion junctions regulate airway smooth muscle phenotype and function. Physiol Rev 103(3):2321\u20132347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00020.2022","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"9731_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70270","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70270","volume":"13","author":"C Zhu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhu C, Bishop T, Gregorich ZR, Guo W (2025) Titin is a new factor regulating arterial stiffness through vascular smooth muscle cell tone in male rats. Physiol Rep 13(6):e70270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14814\/phy2.70270","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"}],"container-title":["Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10974-026-09731-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10974-026-09731-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10974-026-09731-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T01:23:10Z","timestamp":1780449790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10974-026-09731-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["9731"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10974-026-09731-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0142-4319","1573-2657"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0142-4319","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2657","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"13"}}