{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T06:07:02Z","timestamp":1788847622357,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003500","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Padova","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003500","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Muscle Res Cell Motil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    HOMER proteins are scaffolding proteins critically involved in intracellular signaling, calcium homeostasis, receptor trafficking and synaptic plasticity. Three human HOMER genes (\n                    <jats:italic>HOMER1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>HOMER2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>HOMER3<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) are expressed in both neurons and skeletal muscle fibers. HOMER1 long isoforms multimerize via their carboxy-terminal coiled-coil domain, forming signaling clusters with postsynaptic density proteins. Despite growing evidence of HOMER1 relevance in skeletal muscle physiology, molecular data on human muscle remain scarce. This study investigates the expression of alternatively spliced HOMER1 transcripts in human skeletal muscle, with focus on a previously uncharacterized intermediate isoform, HOMER1E. Human skeletal muscle biopsies (Soleus and Vastus Lateralis) and cerebellum were analyzed by RT-PCR and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) to quantify HOMER1 transcript variants. HOMER1E cDNA was cloned and expressed in HEK293 cells alongside full-length HOMER1. Protein stability was assessed using cycloheximide chase assays. Degradation pathways were investigated with MG-132 (proteasome inhibitor) and Bafilomycin A1 (autophagy inhibitor). Protein\u2013protein interactions were evaluated by co-affinity purification and confocal immunofluorescence. Structural modeling employed AlphaFold-Multimer and DeepCoil predictions. Three HOMER1 transcripts (HOMER1, HOMER1H, HOMER1E) were detected in human skeletal muscle, with HOMER1E representing\u2009~\u20090.2% of total HOMER1 transcripts, as determined by ddPCR. HOMER1E encodes a 224 aa, 25.8 kDa protein which lacks exons 4\u20136 (including the autoinhibitory P-motif) but retains both N- and C-termini. In HEK293 cells, HOMER1E protein was highly unstable, primarily degraded via autophagy, while co-expression with HOMER1 significantly stabilized it. Co-affinity purification and immunofluorescence confirmed direct HOMER1\u2013HOMER1E interaction. Structural modeling predicted a coiled-coil\u2013mediated antiparallel heterodimer interface. HOMER1E is a minor, unstable HOMER1 isoform in human skeletal muscle with no murine counterpart. Its interaction with full-length HOMER1 via the conserved coiled-coil domain, combined with its rapid autophagic turnover, suggests a regulatory role in modulating multimeric HOMER1 scaffolding under specific physiological or developmental conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10974-026-09738-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T04:17:21Z","timestamp":1787804241000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cloning and characterization of intermediate Homer1E of human skeletal muscle"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Sandra","family":"Furlan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Carotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Samaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Minervini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eylem Emek","family":"Akyurek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Dazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Lorenzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Blottner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Salanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorianna","family":"Sandon\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0151-1585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pompeo","family":"Volpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"9738_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07487-w","volume":"630","author":"J Abramson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abramson J, Adler J, Dunger J, Evans R, Green T, Pritzel A et al (2024) Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3. Nature 630:493\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-07487-w","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"9738_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13040432","volume":"13","author":"D Blottner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Blottner D, Moriggi M, Trautmann G, Furlan S, Block K, Gutsmann M et al (2024) Nitrosative Stress in Astronaut Skeletal Muscle in Spaceflight. Antioxid (Basel) 13(4):432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox13040432","journal-title":"Antioxid (Basel)"},{"key":"9738_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C711","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00217.2005","volume":"290","author":"E Bortoloso","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bortoloso E, Pilati N, Megighian A, Tibaldo E, Sandon\u00e0 D, Volpe P (2006) Transition of Homer isoforms during skeletal muscle regeneration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 290:C711\u2013C718","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"9738_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-01-00167.2002","volume":"22","author":"D Bottai","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bottai D, Guzowski JF, Schwarz MK, Kang SH, Xiao B, Lanahan A et al (2002) Synaptic activity-induced conversion of intronic to exonic sequence in Homer 1 immediate early gene expression. J Neurosci 22:167\u2013175","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"9738_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/386284a0","volume":"386","author":"P Brakeman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brakeman P, Lanahan A, O\u2019Brien R, Roche K, Barnes CA, Huganir RL et al (1997) Homer: a protein that selectively binds metabotropic glutamate receptors. Nature 386:284\u2013288","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9738_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44722","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M207675200","volume":"277","author":"W Feng","year":"2002","unstructured":"Feng W, Tu J, Yang T, Vernon PS, Allen PD, Worle PF et al (2002) Homer regulates gain of ryanodine receptor type 1 channel complex. J Biol Chem 277:44722\u201344730","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"9738_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2023.152001","volume":"125","author":"S Furlan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Furlan S, Paradiso B, Greotti E, Volpe P, Nori A (2023) Calsequestrin in Purkinje cells of mammalian cerebellum. Acta Histochem 125(2):152001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acthis.2023.152001","journal-title":"Acta Histochem"},{"key":"9738_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gabler F, Nam SZ, Till S, Mirdita M, Steinegger M, S\u00f6ding J et al (2020) Protein Sequence Analysis Using the MPI Bioinformatics Toolkit. Curr. Protoc. Bioinformatics 72(1):e108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpbi.108. PMID: 33315308","DOI":"10.1002\/cpbi.108"},{"key":"9738_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.01.050","volume":"137","author":"MK Hayashi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hayashi MK, Tang C, Verpelli C, Narayanan R, Stearns MH, Xu RM et al (2009) The postsynaptic density proteins Homer and Shank form a polymeric network structure. Cell 137:159\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2009.01.050","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"9738_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4160(03)00082-4","volume":"34","author":"S-Y Hwang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hwang S-Y, Wei H, Westhoff JH, Duncan RS, Ozawa F, Volpe P et al (2003) Differential functional interaction of two Vesl\/Homer protein isoforms with ryanodine receptor type 1: a novel mechanism for control of intracellular calcium signalling. Cell Calcium 34:177\u2013184","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"9738_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(02)00170-5","volume":"318","author":"K Irie","year":"2002","unstructured":"Irie K, Nakatsu T, Mitsuoka K, Miyazawa A, Sobue K, Hiroaki Y et al (2002) Crystal structure of the Homer 1 family conserved region reveals the interaction between the EVH1 domain and own proline-rich motif. J Mol Biol 318:1117\u20131126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-2836(02)00170-5","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"9738_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03819-2","volume":"596","author":"J Jumper","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jumper J, Evans R, Pritzel A, Green T, Figurnov M, Ronneberger O et al (2021) Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold. Nature 596:583\u2013589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-03819-2","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9738_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2004.10.002","volume":"28","author":"M Klugmann","year":"2005","unstructured":"Klugmann M, Symes CW, Leichtlein CB, Klaussner BK, Dunning J, Fong D et al (2005) AAV-mediated hippocampal expression of short and long Homer 1 proteins differentially affects cognition and seizure activity in adult rats. Mol Cell Neurosci 28:347\u2013360","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"9738_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5149","volume":"246","author":"A Lechado i Terradas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lechado i Terradas A, Vitadello M, Traini L, Namuduri AV, Gastaldello S, Gorza L (2018) Sarcolemmal loss of active nNOS (Nos1) is an oxidative stress-dependent, early event driving disuse atrophy. J Pathol 246:433\u2013446","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"9738_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5378.818","volume":"281","author":"SO Marx","year":"1998","unstructured":"Marx SO, Ondrias K, Marks AR (1998) Coupled gating between individual skeletal muscle Ca2+ release channels (ryanodine receptors). Science 281:818\u2013821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.281.5378.818","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9738_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pettersen EF, Goddard TD, Huang CC, Couch GS, Greenblatt DM, Meng EC et al (2004) UCSF Chimera\u2013a visualization system for exploratory research and analysis. J Comput. Chem. 25, 1605\u20131612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcc.20084. PMID: 15264254","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.20084"},{"key":"9738_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4312","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-186049","volume":"25","author":"M Salanova","year":"2011","unstructured":"Salanova M, Bortoloso E, Schiffl G, Gutsmann M, Belavy DL, Felsenberg D et al (2011) Expression and regulation of Homer in human skeletal muscle during neuromuscular junction adaptation to disuse and exercise. FASEB J 25:4312\u20134325","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"9738_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143416002001549","volume":"32","author":"M Salanova","year":"2002","unstructured":"Salanova M, Priori G, Barone V, Intravaia E, Flucher B, Ciruela F et al (2002) Homer proteins and InsP3 receptors co-localise in the longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle fibres. Cell Calcium 32:193\u2013200","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"9738_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1198","volume":"65","author":"M Salanova","year":"2013","unstructured":"Salanova M, Volpe P, Blottner D (2013) Homer protein family regulation in skeletal muscle and neuromuscular adaptation. IUBMB Life 65:769\u2013776","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"9738_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3948","volume":"279","author":"D Sandon\u00e0","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sandon\u00e0 D, Tibaldo E, Volpe P (2000) Evidence for the presence of two homer 1 transcripts in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 279:348\u2013353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3948","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"9738_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20116","volume":"473","author":"Y Shiraishi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shiraishi Y, Mizutani A, Yuasa S, Mikoshiba K, Furuichi T (2004) Differential expression of Homer family proteins in the developing mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 473:582\u2013599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.20116","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9738_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2007-8-2-206","volume":"8","author":"Y Shiraishi-Yamaguchi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shiraishi-Yamaguchi Y, Furuichi T (2007) The Homer family proteins. Genome Biol 8(2):206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/gb-2007-8-2-206","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"9738_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2000.01078.x","volume":"267","author":"MM Soloviev","year":"2000","unstructured":"Soloviev MM, Ciruela F, Chan WY, McIlhinney RA (2000) Mouse brain and muscle tissues constitutively express high levels of Homer proteins. Eur J Biochem 267:634\u2013639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2000.01078.x","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"9738_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2006.05.002","volume":"16","author":"KK Szumlinski","year":"2006","unstructured":"Szumlinski KK, Kalivas PW, Worley PF (2006) Homer proteins: implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Curr Opin Neurobiol 16:251\u2013257","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"9738_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13801","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.24.13801","volume":"96","author":"S Tadokoro","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tadokoro S, Tachibana T, Imanaka T, Nishida W, Sobue K (1999) Involvement of unique leucine-zipper motif of PSD-Zip45 (Homer 1c\/vesl-1L) in group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor clustering. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 96:13801\u201313806. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.96.24.13801","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA)"},{"key":"9738_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02217-x","volume":"7","author":"SC Taylor","year":"2017","unstructured":"Taylor SC, Laperriere G, Germain H (2017) Droplet digital PCR versus qPCR for gene expression analysis with low abundant targets: from variable nonsense to publication quality data. Sci Rep 7:2409","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"9738_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80589-9","volume":"21","author":"JC Tu","year":"1998","unstructured":"Tu JC, Xiao B, Yuan JP, Lanahan AA, Leoffert K, Li M et al (1998) Homer binds a novel proline-rich motif and links group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors with IP3 receptors. Neuron 21:717\u2013726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80589-9","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"9738_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.02.132","volume":"316","author":"P Volpe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Volpe P, Sandri C, Bortoloso E, Valle G, Nori A (2004) Topology of Homer 1c and Homer 1a in C2C12 myotubes and transgenic skeletal muscle fibers. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 316:884\u2013982","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"9738_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5781","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M311422200","volume":"279","author":"CW Ward","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ward CW, Feng W, Tu J, Pessah IN, Worley PF, Schneider MF (2004) Homer protein increases activation of Ca2+ sparks in permeabilized skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem 279:5781\u20135787","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"9738_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1247\/csf.23.33","volume":"23","author":"A Yamamoto","year":"1998","unstructured":"Yamamoto A, Tagawa Y, Yoshimori T, Moriyama Y, Masaki R, Tashiro Y (1998) Bafilomycin A1prevents maturation of autophagic vacuoles by inhibiting fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes in rat hepatoma cell line, H-4-II-E cells. Cell Struct Funct 23:33\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1247\/csf.23.33","journal-title":"Cell Struct Funct"},{"issue":"6","key":"9738_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00991-1","volume":"26","author":"S Yoon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yoon S, Piguel NH, Khalatyan N, Dionisio LE, Savas JN, Penzes P (2021) Homer1 promotes dendritic spine growth through ankyrin-G and its loss reshapes the synaptic proteome. Mol Psychiatry 26(6):1775\u20131789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-020-00991-1","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"9738_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00716-5","volume":"114","author":"JP Yuan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yuan JP, Kiselyov K, Shin DM, Chen J, Shcheynikov N, Kang SH et al (2003) Homer binds TRPC family channels and is required for gating of TRPC1 by IP3 receptors. Cell 114:777\u2013789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00716-5","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"9738_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80588-7","volume":"21","author":"B Xiao","year":"1998","unstructured":"Xiao B, Tu JC, Petralia RS, Yuan JP, Doan A, Breder CD et al (1998) Homer regulates the association of group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors with multivalent complexes of homer-related, synaptic proteins. Neuron 21:707\u2013716","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"9738_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2007.00306.x","volume":"6","author":"CH Zhu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhu CH, Mouly V, Cooper RN, Mamchaoui K, Bigot A, Shay JW et al (2007) Cellular senescence in human myoblasts is overcome by human telomerase reverse transcriptase and cyclin-dependent kinase 4: consequences in aging muscle and therapeutic strategies for muscular dystrophies. Aging Cell 6:515\u2013523","journal-title":"Aging Cell"}],"container-title":["Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10974-026-09738-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10974-026-09738-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10974-026-09738-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T05:20:59Z","timestamp":1788844859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10974-026-09738-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["9738"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10974-026-09738-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0142-4319","1573-2657"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0142-4319","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2657","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Human VL muscle samples were collected in July 2007 at the Orthopaedic Hospital of Valdoltra (Koper, Slovenia) and details on ethical permission have already been published (Blottner et al.\n                      \n                      ); human SOL muscle samples were obtained under the previously authorized protocol (Klugmann et al.\n                      \n                      ). The research has been carried out in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki and all subjects provided written informed consent. The sampling procedure during autopsy was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee of the University of Padova. Experimental protocols for collection of murine muscles have been approved by University of Padova Review Boards, protocol number D2784.N.PDJ; mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation in the certified animal facility of the Vallisneri complex of the University of Padova.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"20"}}