{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T19:27:39Z","timestamp":1787686059253,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655683200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2017-04207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2017-04207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2017-04055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2017-04055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lifetime Data Anal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10985-022-09561-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T17:02:56Z","timestamp":1655744576000},"page":"560-584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Marker-dependent observation and carry-forward of internal covariates in Cox regression"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1414-4908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard J.","family":"Cook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3192-0470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerald F.","family":"Lawless","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingfeng","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"9561_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2001.00993.x","volume":"57","author":"O Aalen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Aalen O, Borgan \u00d8, Fekj\u00e6r H (2001) Covariate adjustment of event histories estimated from Markov chains: the additive approach. Biometrics 57(4):993\u20131001","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"9561_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1991.441","volume":"64","author":"D Altman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Altman D (1991) Categorising continuous variables. Br J Cancer 64(5):975","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"9561_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176345976","volume":"10","author":"P Andersen","year":"1982","unstructured":"Andersen P, Gill R (1982) Cox\u2019s regression model for counting processes: a large sample study. The Annals of Statistics 10(4):1100\u20131120","journal-title":"The Annals of Statistics"},{"issue":"4","key":"9561_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/4.4.633","volume":"4","author":"P Andersen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Andersen P, Liestol K (2003) Attenuation caused by infrequently updated covariates in survival analysis. Biostatistics 4(4):633\u2013649","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"issue":"5","key":"9561_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07485.x","volume":"98","author":"S Andy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Andy S, Keeffe E (2003) Elevated AST or ALT to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: accurate predictor of disease prevalence? The American Journal of Gastroenterology 98(5):955\u2013956","journal-title":"The American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9561_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-020-01606-5","volume":"58","author":"A Butler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Butler A, English E, Kilpatrick E, \u00d6stlundh L, Chemaitelly H, Abu-Raddad L, Alberti K, Atkin S, John W (2021) Diagnosing type 2 diabetes using Hemoglobin A1c: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic cutpoint based on microvascular complications. Acta Diabetologica 58(3):279\u2013300","journal-title":"Acta Diabetologica"},{"key":"9561_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315119731","volume-title":"Multistate Models for the Analysis of Life History Data","author":"R Cook","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cook R, Lawless J (2018) Multistate Models for the Analysis of Life History Data. Chapman and Hall\/CRC, Boca Raton, FL"},{"issue":"3","key":"9561_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxz047","volume":"22","author":"R Cook","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cook R, Lawless J (2021) Independence conditions and the analysis of life history studies with intermittent observation. Biostatistics 22(3):455\u2013481","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"issue":"4","key":"9561_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7152(01)00155-9","volume":"55","author":"S Datta","year":"2001","unstructured":"Datta S, Satten G (2001) Validity of the Aalen-Johansen estimators of stage occupation probabilities and Nelson-Aalen estimators of integrated transition hazards for non-Markov models. Statistics & Probability Letters 55(4):403\u2013411","journal-title":"Statistics & Probability Letters"},{"issue":"24","key":"9561_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3817","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1083","volume":"20","author":"M de Bruijne","year":"2001","unstructured":"de Bruijne M, Cessie S, Kluin-Nelemans H, Houwelingen H (2001) On the use of Cox regression in the presence of an irregularly observed time-dependent covariate. Stat Med 20(24):3817\u20133829","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"9561_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x","volume":"39","author":"A Dempster","year":"1977","unstructured":"Dempster A, Laird N, Rubin D (1977) Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm. J Royal Stat Soc: Series B (Methodological) 39(1):1\u201338","journal-title":"J Royal Stat Soc: Series B (Methodological)"},{"issue":"5","key":"9561_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2010.02265.x","volume":"268","author":"K Eeg-Olofsson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eeg-Olofsson K, Cederholm J, Nilsson P, Zethelius B, Svensson AM, Gudbj\u00f6rnsdottir S, Eliasson B (2010) New aspects of HbA1c as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in type 2 diabetes: an observational study from the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR). J Intern Med 268(5):471\u2013482","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"9561_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1198\/tast.2009.0001","volume":"63","author":"A Gelman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gelman A, Park D (2009) Splitting a predictor at the upper quarter or third and the lower quarter or third. The American Statistician 63(1):1\u20138","journal-title":"The American Statistician"},{"issue":"1","key":"9561_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq262","volume":"50","author":"D Gladman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gladman D, Chandran V (2011) Observational cohort studies: lessons learnt from the University of Toronto Psoriatic Arthritis Program. Rheumatology 50(1):25\u201331","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9561_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00128468","volume":"2","author":"N Jewell","year":"1996","unstructured":"Jewell N, Kalbfleisch J (1996) Marker processes in survival analysis. Lifetime Data Anal 2(1):15\u201329","journal-title":"Lifetime Data Anal"},{"issue":"13","key":"9561_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.8517","volume":"39","author":"S Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang S, Cook R, Zeng L (2020) Mitigating bias from intermittent measurement of time-dependent covariates in failure time analysis. Stat Med 39(13):1833\u20131845","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"408","key":"9561_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1989.10478874","volume":"84","author":"D Lin","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lin D, Wei LJ (1989) The robust inference for the Cox proportional hazards model. Journal of the American Statistical Association 84(408):1074\u20131078","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"2","key":"9561_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1982.tb01203.x","volume":"44","author":"T Louis","year":"1982","unstructured":"Louis T (1982) Finding the observed information matrix when using the EM algorithm. J Royal Stat Soc: Series B (Methodological) 44(2):226\u2013233","journal-title":"J Royal Stat Soc: Series B (Methodological)"},{"issue":"4","key":"9561_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9469.00163","volume":"26","author":"T Martinussen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Martinussen T (1999) Cox regression with incomplete covariate measurements using the EM - algorithm. Scandinavian J Stat 26(4):479\u2013491","journal-title":"Scandinavian J Stat"},{"issue":"1","key":"9561_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.03093","volume":"64","author":"E McQuarrie","year":"2014","unstructured":"McQuarrie E, Traynor J, Taylor A, Freel E, Fox J, Jardine A, Mark P (2014) Association between urinary sodium, creatinine, albumin, and long-term survival in chronic kidney disease. Hypertension 64(1):111\u2013117","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"9561_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-statistics-030718-105048","volume":"6","author":"G Papageorgiou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Papageorgiou G, Mauff K, Tomer A, Rizopoulos D (2019) An overview of joint modeling of time-to-event and longitudinal outcomes. Annual review of Statistics and its Application 6:223\u2013240","journal-title":"Annual review of Statistics and its Application"},{"key":"9561_CR22","unstructured":"R Core Team (2018) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"9561_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.2307\/2983065","volume":"156","author":"J Raboud","year":"1993","unstructured":"Raboud J, Reid N, Coates R, Farewell V (1993) Estimating risks of progressing to AIDS when covariates are measured with error. J Royal Stat Soc: Series A 156(3):393\u2013406","journal-title":"J Royal Stat Soc: Series A"},{"issue":"7","key":"9561_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/37.7.760","volume":"37","author":"P Rahman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rahman P, Gladman D, Cook R, Zhou Y, Young G, Salonen D (1998) Radiological assessment in psoriatic arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 37(7):760\u2013765","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9561_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2331","volume":"25","author":"P Royston","year":"2006","unstructured":"Royston P, Altman D, Sauerbrei W (2006) Dichotomizing continuous predictors in multiple regression: a bad idea. Stat Med 25(1):127\u2013141","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"9561_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/73.2.363","volume":"73","author":"C Struthers","year":"1986","unstructured":"Struthers C, Kalbfleisch J (1986) Misspecified proportional hazard models. Biometrika 73(2):363\u2013369","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"2","key":"9561_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/88.2.447","volume":"88","author":"A Tsiatis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tsiatis A, Davidian M (2001) A semiparametric estimator for the proportional hazards model with longitudinal covariates measured with error. Biometrika 88(2):447\u2013458","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"3","key":"9561_CR28","first-page":"809","volume":"14","author":"A Tsiatis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tsiatis A, Davidian M (2004) Joint modeling of longitudinal and time-to-event data: an overview. Statistica Sinica 14(3):809\u2013834","journal-title":"Statistica Sinica"},{"issue":"4","key":"9561_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.05.009","volume":"69","author":"G Wong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wong G, Chan H, Tse YK, Yip T, Lam K, Lui G, Wong V (2018) Normal on-treatment ALT during antiviral treatment is associated with a lower risk of hepatic events in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 69(4):793\u2013802","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9561_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.2307\/2533118","volume":"53","author":"M Wulfsohn","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wulfsohn M, Tsiatis A (1997) A joint model for survival and longitudinal data measured with error. Biometrics 53(1):330\u2013339","journal-title":"Biometrics"}],"container-title":["Lifetime Data Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10985-022-09561-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10985-022-09561-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10985-022-09561-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T07:49:58Z","timestamp":1727423398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10985-022-09561-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["9561"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10985-022-09561-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1380-7870","1572-9249"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1380-7870","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9249","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 November 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 June 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}