{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T10:27:38Z","timestamp":1783938458326,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]],"date-time":"2024-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]],"date-time":"2024-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["40007517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["40007517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012331","name":"Agentschap Innoveren en Ondernemen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HBC.2022.0145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBC.2022.0145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012331","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008897","name":"Janssen Pharmaceutica","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["HBC.2022.0145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBC.2022.0145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008897","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002661","name":"Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["40007517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["40007517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lifetime Data Anal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10985-024-09638-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]],"date-time":"2024-10-13T21:01:43Z","timestamp":1728853303000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluating time-to-event surrogates for time-to-event true endpoints: an information-theoretic approach based on causal inference"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4574-8261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Stijven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geert","family":"Molenberghs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Van Keilegom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"Van der Elst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariel","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"9638_CR1","unstructured":"Alonso A (2018) An information-theoretic approach for the evaluation of surrogate endpoints. In: Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd"},{"issue":"6","key":"9638_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.9997","volume":"43","author":"A Alonso Abad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alonso Abad A, Ong F, Stijven F, Van der Elst W, Molenberghs G, Van Keilegom I, Verbeke G, Callegaro A (2024) An information-theoretic approach for the assessment of a continuous outcome as a surrogate for a binary true endpoint based on causal inference: application to vaccine evaluation. Stat Med 43(6):1083\u20131102","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"9638_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12245","volume":"71","author":"A Alonso","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alonso A, Van der Elst W, Molenberghs G, Buyse M, Burzykowski T (2015) On the relationship between the causal-inference and meta-analytic paradigms for the validation of surrogate endpoints. Biometrics 71(1):15\u201324","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"9638_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12483","volume":"72","author":"A Alonso","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alonso A, Van der Elst W, Molenberghs G, Buyse M, Burzykowski T (2016) An information-theoretic approach for the evaluation of surrogate endpoints based on causal inference. Biometrics 72(3):669\u2013677","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"9638_CR5","volume-title":"Applied surrogate endpoint evaluation methods with SAS and R","author":"A Alonso","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alonso A, Bigirumurame T, Burzykowski T, Buyse M, Molenberghs G, Muchene L, Perualila N, Shkedy Z, Van der Elst W (2017) Applied surrogate endpoint evaluation methods with SAS and R. CRC Press, Boca Raton"},{"issue":"4","key":"9638_CR6","first-page":"405","volume":"50","author":"T Burzykowski","year":"2001","unstructured":"Burzykowski T, Molenberghs G, Buyse M, Geys H, Renard D (2001) Validation of surrogate end points in multiple randomized clinical trials with failure time end points. J Roy Stat Soc: Ser C (Appl Stat) 50(4):405\u2013422","journal-title":"J Roy Stat Soc: Ser C (Appl Stat)"},{"issue":"2","key":"9638_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1177\/009286150003400213","volume":"34","author":"M Buyse","year":"2000","unstructured":"Buyse M, Molenberghs G, Burzykowski T, Renard D, Geys H (2000) Statistical validation of surrogate endpoints: problems and proposals. Drug Inf J 34(2):447\u2013454","journal-title":"Drug Inf J"},{"issue":"1","key":"9638_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/1.1.49","volume":"1","author":"M Buyse","year":"2000","unstructured":"Buyse M, Molenberghs G, Burzykowski T, Renard D, Geys H (2000) The validation of surrogate endpoints in meta-analyses of randomized experiments. Biostatistics 1(1):49\u201367","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"9638_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280214539655","volume":"26","author":"A Conlon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Conlon A, Taylor J, Elliott M (2017) Surrogacy assessment using principal stratification and a gaussian copula model. Stat Methods Med Res 26(1):88\u2013107","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"9638_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1995.13.4.921","volume":"13","author":"Corfu-A Study Group","year":"1995","unstructured":"Corfu-A Study Group (1995) Phase III randomized study of two fluorouracil combinations with either interferon alfa-2a or leucovorin in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 13(4):921\u2013928","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"9638_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-13785-4","volume-title":"Analyzing dependent data with vine copulas","author":"C Czado","year":"2019","unstructured":"Czado C (2019) Analyzing dependent data with vine copulas, vol 222. Springer, Cham"},{"issue":"3","key":"9638_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asac067","volume":"110","author":"C Czado","year":"2023","unstructured":"Czado C, Van Keilegom I (2023) Dependent censoring based on parametric copulas. Biometrika 110(3):721\u2013738","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"4","key":"9638_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/88.4.907","volume":"88","author":"JP Fine","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fine JP, Jiang H, Chappell R (2001) On semi-competing risks data. Biometrika 88(4):907\u2013919","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"2","key":"9638_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5487","volume":"32","author":"H Fu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fu H, Wang Y, Liu J, Kulkarni PM, Melemed AS (2013) Joint modeling of progression-free survival and overall survival by a bayesian normal induced copula estimation model. Stat Med 32(2):240\u2013254","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"9638_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georges P, Lamy AG, Nicolas E, Quibel G, Roncalli T (2001) Multivariate survival modelling: a unified approach with copulas. Available at SSRN: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=1032559","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1032559"},{"issue":"4","key":"9638_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2008.01014.x","volume":"64","author":"PB Gilbert","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gilbert PB, Hudgens MG (2008) Evaluating candidate principal surrogate endpoints. Biometrics 64(4):1146\u20131154","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"9638_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1996.14.10.2674","volume":"14","author":"F Greco","year":"1996","unstructured":"Greco F, Figlin R, York M, Einhorn L, Schilsky R, Marshall E, Buys S, Froimtchuk M, Schuller J, Schuchter L et al (1996) Phase III randomized study to compare interferon alfa-2a in combination with fluorouracil versus fluorouracil alone in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 14(10):2674\u20132681","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"405","key":"9638_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1989.10478751","volume":"84","author":"H Joe","year":"1989","unstructured":"Joe H (1989) Relative entropy measures of multivariate dependence. J Am Stat Assoc 84(405):157\u2013164","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"9638_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmva.2004.06.003","volume":"94","author":"H Joe","year":"2005","unstructured":"Joe H (2005) Asymptotic efficiency of the two-stage estimation method for copula-based models. J Multivar Anal 94(2):401\u2013419","journal-title":"J Multivar Anal"},{"issue":"1","key":"9638_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/1471082X0100100104","volume":"1","author":"MG Kenward","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kenward MG, Goetghebeur EJ, Molenberghs G (2001) Sensitivity analysis for incomplete categorical data. Stat Model 1(1):31\u201348","journal-title":"Stat Model"},{"issue":"1","key":"9638_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(57)90116-X","volume":"1","author":"EH Linfoot","year":"1957","unstructured":"Linfoot EH (1957) An informational measure of correlation. Inf Control 1(1):85\u201389","journal-title":"Inf Control"},{"issue":"4","key":"9638_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12103","volume":"69","author":"DM Long","year":"2013","unstructured":"Long DM, Hudgens MG (2013) Sharpening bounds on principal effects with covariates. Biometrics 69(4):812\u2013819","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"26","key":"9638_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3867","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.8698","volume":"39","author":"P Meyvisch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meyvisch P, Alonso A, Van der Elst W, Molenberghs G (2020) On the relationship between association and surrogacy when both the surrogate and true endpoint are binary outcomes. Stat Med 39(26):3867\u20133878","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"9638_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470510445","volume-title":"Missing data in clinical studies","author":"G Molenberghs","year":"2007","unstructured":"Molenberghs G, Kenward M (2007) Missing data in clinical studies. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester"},{"issue":"1","key":"9638_CR25","first-page":"15","volume":"50","author":"G Molenberghs","year":"2001","unstructured":"Molenberghs G, Kenward MG, Goetghebeur E (2001) Sensitivity analysis for incomplete contingency tables: the Slovenian plebiscite case. J Roy Stat Soc: Ser C (Appl Stat) 50(1):15\u201329","journal-title":"J Roy Stat Soc: Ser C (Appl Stat)"},{"key":"9638_CR26","volume-title":"An introduction to copulas","author":"RB Nelsen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nelsen RB (2006) An introduction to copulas, 2nd edn. Springer series in statistics, Springer, New York","edition":"2"},{"issue":"4","key":"9638_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxab049","volume":"23","author":"D Nevo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nevo D, Gorfine M (2022) Causal inference for semi-competing risks data. Biostatistics 23(4):1115\u20131132","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"issue":"3","key":"9638_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.10.007","volume":"84","author":"DE Pankevich","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pankevich DE, Altevogt BM, Dunlop J, Gage FH, Hyman SE (2014) Improving and accelerating drug development for nervous system disorders. Neuron 84(3):546\u2013553","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"10","key":"9638_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6820","volume":"35","author":"L Parast","year":"2016","unstructured":"Parast L, McDermott MM, Tian L (2016) Robust estimation of the proportion of treatment effect explained by surrogate marker information. Stat Med 35(10):1637\u20131653","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"9638_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780080407","volume":"8","author":"RL Prentice","year":"1989","unstructured":"Prentice RL (1989) Surrogate endpoints in clinical trials: definition and operational criteria. Stat Med 8(4):431\u2013440","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"9638_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.202200324","volume":"66","author":"EK Roberts","year":"2024","unstructured":"Roberts EK, Elliott MR, Taylor JM (2024) Surrogacy validation for time-to-event outcomes with illness-death frailty models. Biom J 66(1):1\u201320","journal-title":"Biom J"},{"issue":"1","key":"9638_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/70.1.41","volume":"70","author":"P Rosenbaum","year":"1983","unstructured":"Rosenbaum P, Rubin D (1983) The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika 70(1):41\u201355","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"15","key":"9638_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1203","volume":"21","author":"P Royston","year":"2002","unstructured":"Royston P, Parmar MK (2002) Flexible parametric proportional-hazards and proportional-odds models for censored survival data, with application to prognostic modelling and estimation of treatment effects. Stat Med 21(15):2175\u20132197","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"9638_CR34","first-page":"953","volume":"16","author":"S Vansteelandt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vansteelandt S, Goetghebeur E, Kenward MG, Molenberghs G (2006) Ignorance and uncertainty regions as inferential tools in a sensitivity analysis. Stat Sin 16(3):953\u2013979","journal-title":"Stat Sin"},{"issue":"3","key":"9638_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2009.01340.x","volume":"66","author":"J Xu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Xu J, Kalbfleisch JD, Tai B (2010) Statistical analysis of illness-death processes and semicompeting risks data. Biometrics 66(3):716\u2013725","journal-title":"Biometrics"}],"container-title":["Lifetime Data Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10985-024-09638-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10985-024-09638-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10985-024-09638-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T05:28:10Z","timestamp":1737610090000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10985-024-09638-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["9638"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10985-024-09638-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1380-7870","1572-9249"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1380-7870","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9249","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflict of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}