{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:51:56Z","timestamp":1792068716010,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32ES007018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32ES007018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lifetime Data Anal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10985-026-09732-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:17:31Z","timestamp":1792066651000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gradient boosting machine for survival prediction in studies with general failure-time outcome-dependent sampling design"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3456-1845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haolin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2468-0093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haibo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4945-6733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianwen","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"9732_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-9-14","volume":"9","author":"H Binder","year":"2008","unstructured":"Binder H, Schumacher M (2008) Allowing for mandatory covariates in boosting estimation of sparse high-dimensional survival models. BMC Bioinformatics 9:1\u201310","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"9732_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00fchlmann P, Hothorn T (2007) Boosting algorithms: Regularization, prediction and model fitting","DOI":"10.1214\/07-STS242"},{"issue":"4","key":"9732_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2004.00257.x","volume":"60","author":"J Cai","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cai J, Zeng D (2004) Sample size\/power calculation for case\u2013cohort studies. Biometrics 60(4):1015\u20131024","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"9732_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2007.00838.x","volume":"63","author":"J Cai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cai J, Zeng D (2007) Power calculation for case\u2013cohort studies with nonrare events. Biometrics 63(4):1288\u20131295","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"9732_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1214\/23-EJS2124","volume":"17","author":"M Che","year":"2023","unstructured":"Che M, Han P, Lawless JF (2023) Improving estimation efficiency for two-phase, outcome-dependent sampling studies. Electronic Journal of Statistics 17(1):1043\u20131073","journal-title":"Electronic Journal of Statistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"9732_CR6","volume":"2013","author":"Y Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen Y, Jia Z, Mercola D, Xie X (2013) A gradient boosting algorithm for survival analysis via direct optimization of concordance index. Comput Math Methods Med 2013(1):873595","journal-title":"Comput Math Methods Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"9732_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asac047","volume":"110","author":"H Cho","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cho H, Holloway ST, Couper DJ, Kosorok MR (2023) Multi-stage optimal dynamic treatment regimes for survival outcomes with dependent censoring. Biometrika 110(2):395\u2013410","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"9732_CR8","volume-title":"The statistical analysis of recurrent events","author":"RJ Cook","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cook RJ, Lawless JF (2007) The statistical analysis of recurrent events. Springer, New York"},{"key":"9732_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook RJ, Lawless JF (2018) Multistate models for the analysis of life history data. Chapman and Hall\/CRC,","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315119731"},{"issue":"4","key":"9732_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxu016","volume":"15","author":"J Ding","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ding J, Zhou H, Liu Y, Cai J, Longnecker MP (2014) Estimating effect of environmental contaminants on women\u2019s subfecundity for the MoBa study data with an outcome-dependent sampling scheme. Biostatistics 15(4):636\u2013650","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"key":"9732_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10985-015-9355-7","volume":"23","author":"J Ding","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ding J, Lu TS, Cai J, Zhou H (2017) Recent progresses in outcome-dependent sampling with failure time data. Lifetime Data Anal 23:57\u201382","journal-title":"Lifetime Data Anal"},{"key":"9732_CR12","unstructured":"Freund Y, Schapire RE (1996) Experiments with a new boosting algorithm. In icml 96:148\u2013156"},{"key":"9732_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedman JH (2001) Greedy function approximation: a gradient boosting machine. Ann Stat 1189\u20131232","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013203451"},{"issue":"17\u201318","key":"9732_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19990915\/30)18:17\/18<2529::AID-SIM274>3.0.CO;2-5","volume":"18","author":"E Graf","year":"1999","unstructured":"Graf E, Schmoor C, Sauerbrei W, Schumacher M (1999) Assessment and comparison of prognostic classification schemes for survival data. Stat Med 18(17\u201318):2529\u20132545","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"9732_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1982.03320430047030","volume":"247","author":"FE Harrell","year":"1982","unstructured":"Harrell FE, Califf RM, Pryor DB, Lee KL, Rosati RA (1982) Evaluating the yield of medical tests. JAMA 247(18):2543\u20132546","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"9732_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hastie T, Tibshirani R, Friedman JH, Friedman JH (2009) The elements of statistical learning: data mining, inference, and prediction (Vol. 2, pp. 1-758). New York: springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-84858-7"},{"issue":"23","key":"9732_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3973","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6215","volume":"33","author":"W Hu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hu W, Cai J, Zeng D (2014) Sample size\/power calculation for stratified case\u2013cohort design. Stat Med 33(23):3973\u20133985","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"2A","key":"9732_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1214\/10-AOAS426","volume":"5","author":"BA Johnson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Johnson BA, Long Q (2011) Survival ensembles by the sum of pairwise differences with application to lung cancer microarray studies. The annals of applied statistics 5(2A):1081","journal-title":"The annals of applied statistics"},{"key":"9732_CR19","volume-title":"Statistical models and methods for lifetime data","author":"JF Lawless","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lawless JF (2011) Statistical models and methods for lifetime data. John Wiley & Sons"},{"issue":"1","key":"9732_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s10985-016-9386-8","volume":"24","author":"JF Lawless","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lawless JF (2018) Two-phase outcome-dependent studies for failure times and testing for effects of expensive covariates. Lifetime Data Anal 24(1):28\u201344","journal-title":"Lifetime Data Anal"},{"issue":"1","key":"9732_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084483","volume":"9","author":"A Mayr","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mayr A, Schmid M (2014) Boosting the concordance index for survival data\u2013a unified framework to derive and evaluate biomarker combinations. PLoS ONE 9(1):e84483","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"9732_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prentice RL (1986) A case-cohort design for epidemiologic cohort studies and disease prevention trials.Biometrika, 73(1), 1-11","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/73.1.1"},{"key":"9732_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddy CK, Aggarwal CC (Eds.) (2015) Healthcare data analytics. CRC Press","DOI":"10.1201\/b18588"},{"key":"9732_CR24","unstructured":"Ridgeway G (1999) The state of boosting.Computing science and statistics. pp 172\u2013181"},{"key":"9732_CR25","first-page":"S86","volume":"147","author":"DP Sandler","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sandler DP, Shore DL, Solansky I, Rericha V, Hnizdo E, Sram R (1998) Lung cancer incidence in Czech uranium miners with low-level radon exposure. Am J Epidemiology 147:S86","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiology"},{"key":"9732_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-9-269","volume":"9","author":"M Schmid","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schmid M, Hothorn T (2008a) Flexible boosting of accelerated failure time models. BMC Bioinformatics 9:1\u201313","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"2","key":"9732_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2008.09.009","volume":"53","author":"M Schmid","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schmid M, Hothorn T (2008b) Boosting additive models using component-wise P-splines. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 53(2):298\u2013311","journal-title":"Computational Statistics & Data Analysis"},{"issue":"1","key":"9732_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asn073","volume":"96","author":"R Song","year":"2009","unstructured":"Song R, Zhou H, Kosorok MR (2009) A note on semiparametric efficient inference for two-stage outcome-dependent sampling with a continuous outcome. Biometrika 96(1):221\u2013228","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"2","key":"9732_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2009.01280.x","volume":"66","author":"X Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang X, Zhou H (2010) Design and inference for cancer biomarker study with an outcome and auxiliary-dependent subsampling. Biometrics 66(2):502\u2013511","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"470","key":"9732_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1198\/016214504000001853","volume":"100","author":"MA Weaver","year":"2005","unstructured":"Weaver MA, Zhou H (2005) An estimated likelihood method for continuous outcome regression models with outcome-dependent sampling. J Am Stat Assoc 100(470):459\u2013469","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"9732_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-015-0716-8","volume":"16","author":"V Weyer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weyer V, Binder H (2015) A weighting approach for judging the effect of patient strata on high-dimensional risk prediction signatures. BMC Bioinformatics 16:1\u201312","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"9732_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/cjs.11257","volume":"43","author":"J Yu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yu J, Liu Y, Sandler DP, Zhou H (2015) Statistical inference for the additive hazards model under outcome-dependent sampling. Canadian Journal of Statistics 43(3):436\u2013453","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Statistics"},{"key":"9732_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspi.2016.05.001","volume":"178","author":"J Yu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yu J, Liu Y, Cai J, Sandler DP, Zhou H (2016) Outcome-dependent sampling design and inference for Cox\u2019s proportional hazards Model. Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 178:24\u201336","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference"},{"key":"9732_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10985-020-09508-y","volume":"27","author":"J Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu J, Zhou H, Cai J (2021) Accelerated failure time model for data from outcome-dependent sampling. Lifetime Data Anal 27:15\u201337","journal-title":"Lifetime Data Anal"},{"issue":"2","key":"9732_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2002.00413.x","volume":"58","author":"H Zhou","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zhou H, Weaver MA, Qin J, Longnecker MP, Wang MC (2002) A semiparametric empirical likelihood method for data from an outcome-dependent sampling scheme with a continuous outcome. Biometrics 58(2):413\u2013421","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"9732_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31806462d3","volume":"18","author":"H Zhou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhou H, Chen J, Rissanen TH, Korrick SA, Hu H, Salonen JT, Longnecker MP (2007) Outcome-dependent sampling: an efficient sampling and inference procedure for studies with a continuous outcome. Epidemiology 18(4):461\u2013468","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9732_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2010.01500.x","volume":"67","author":"H Zhou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhou H, Qin G, Longnecker MP (2011) A partial linear model in the outcome-dependent sampling setting to evaluate the effect of prenatal PCB exposure on cognitive function in children. Biometrics 67(3):876\u2013885","journal-title":"Biometrics"}],"container-title":["Lifetime Data Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10985-026-09732-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10985-026-09732-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10985-026-09732-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:17:33Z","timestamp":1792066653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10985-026-09732-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9732"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10985-026-09732-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1380-7870","1572-9249"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1380-7870","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9249","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"53"}}