{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:44:46Z","timestamp":1767141886162,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Matern Child Health J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The significant racial disparity in adverse birth outcomes is unexplained by individual-level stressors. This implores us to explore modifiable prenatal care delivery characteristics. Our objective was to evaluate if racial disparities in infant respiratory outcomes were explained by inequitable exposure to antenatal steroids.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We included women who delivered infants between 23 and 34\u00a0weeks gestation in Level 3 NICU between January 2017 and December 2020. Prenatal and postnatal variables, including exposure to antenatal steroids, were collected. A community need index was assigned designating level of neighborhood deprivation. Chi squared and\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0tests were performed to look for racial differences in prenatal and delivery characteristics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were no racial differences in steroid administration with 89.9% of eligible Black women and 89.8% of eligible White women completing an antenatal steroid course. Despite no differences in maternal risk factors such as diabetes, pre-eclampsia, prenatal care utilization and PPROM, Black infants were more likely to require intubation (p\u2009=\u20090.04), oxygen (p\u2009=\u20090.001), and surfactant (p\u2009=\u20090.008) in the delivery room compared to White infants. Compared to the lower community need groups exposed to ANS, the high need group had higher rates of chorioamnionitis and were more likely to be on Medicaid and Black race. Despite this, there were no differences in infant respiratory outcomes by community need group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the shift in focus to include the interaction between individuals and their community exposures, the racial disparity in birth outcomes persists. Attention should be paid to other modifiable elements of a mother\u2019s prenatal experience.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-025-04070-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T14:17:49Z","timestamp":1740061069000},"page":"614-620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of Prescription Practices for Antenatal Steroids in Pregnant Women"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Antalya","family":"Jano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Madigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6387-3744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paris","family":"Ekeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"4070_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2021.100408","volume":"3","author":"M Andrikopoulou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Andrikopoulou, M., Emeruwa, U. N., Ludwig, E., Overton, E., & Gyamfi-Bannerman, C. (2021). Race and neonatal respiratory morbidity in the late preterm period. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM, 3(5), 100408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2021.100408","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM"},{"issue":"9","key":"4070_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey261","volume":"33","author":"ES Barrett","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barrett, E. S., Vitek, W., Mbowe, O., Thurston, S. W., Legro, R. S., Alvero, R., Baker, V., Bates, G. W., Casson, P., Coutifaris, C., & Eisenberg, E. (2018). Allostatic load, a measure of chronic physiological stress, is associated with pregnancy outcomes, but not fertility, among women with unexplained infertility. Human Reproduction, 33(9), 1757\u20131766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/dey261","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"issue":"2","key":"4070_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002231","volume":"130","author":"Committee on Obstetric Practice","year":"2017","unstructured":"Committee on Obstetric Practice. (2017). Committee opinion No. 713 summary: Antenatal corticosteroid therapy for fetal maturation. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 130(2), 493\u2013494.","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"4070_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000170331.74960.ad","volume":"67","author":"ME Coussons-Read","year":"2005","unstructured":"Coussons-Read, M. E., Okun, M. L., Schmitt, M. P., & Giese, S. (2005). Prenatal stress alters cytokine levels in a manner that may endanger human pregnancy. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67(4), 625\u2013631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.psy.0000170331.74960.ad","journal-title":"Psychosomatic Medicine"},{"issue":"19","key":"4070_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6941","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17196941","volume":"17","author":"P Ekeke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ekeke, P., Mendez, D. D., Yanowitz, T. D., & Catov, J. M. (2020). Racial differences in the biochemical effects of stress in pregnancy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 6941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17196941","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"4070_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-015-1801-3","volume":"20","author":"ME Feinberg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Feinberg, M. E., Jones, D. E., Roettger, M. E., Hostetler, M. L., Sakuma, K. L., Paul, I. M., & Ehrenthal, D. B. (2016). Preventive effects on birth outcomes: Buffering impact of maternal stress, depression, and anxiety. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 20, 56\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10995-015-1801-3","journal-title":"Maternal and Child Health Journal"},{"key":"4070_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.171058","volume":"100","author":"CL Ford","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ford, C. L., & Airhihenbuwa, C. O. (2010). Critical race theory, race equity, and public health: Toward antiracism praxis. American Journal of Public Health, 100, S30\u2013S35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2009.171058","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"4070_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2017.04.008","volume":"41","author":"A Gadson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gadson, A., Akpovi, E., & Mehta, P. K. (2017). Exploring the social determinants of racial\/ethnic disparities in prenatal care utilization and maternal outcome. Seminars in Perinatology, 41(5), 308\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.semperi.2017.04.008","journal-title":"Seminars in Perinatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"4070_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.07.015","volume":"223","author":"M Gulersen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gulersen, M., Grunebaum, A., Lenchner, E., Chervenak, F. A., & Bornstein, E. (2020). Racial disparities in the administration of antenatal corticosteroids in women with preterm birth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 223(6), 933\u2013934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.07.015","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"4070_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Howell, J, et al. (2019) Pittsburgh's inequality across gender and race. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.24443.46883","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.24443.46883"},{"issue":"2","key":"4070_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2014.11.021","volume":"25","author":"X Ma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ma, X., Fleischer, N. L., Liu, J., Hardin, J. W., Zhao, G., & Liese, A. D. (2015). Neighborhood deprivation and preterm birth: An application of propensity score matching. Annals of Epidemiology, 25(2), 120\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2014.11.021","journal-title":"Annals of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"4070_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/21650020.2014.896223","volume":"2","author":"SW Masho","year":"2014","unstructured":"Masho, S. W., Munn, M. S., & Archer, P. W. (2014). Multilevel factors influencing preterm birth in an urban setting. Urban, Planning and Transport Research, 2(1), 36\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21650020.2014.896223","journal-title":"Urban, Planning and Transport Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"4070_CR14","first-page":"1","volume":"72","author":"JA Martin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Martin, J. A., & Osterman, M. J. K. (2023). Changes in prenatal care utilization: United States, 2019\u20132021. National Vital Statistics Reports: FRom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, 72(4), 1\u201314.","journal-title":"National Vital Statistics Reports: FRom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System"},{"issue":"5","key":"4070_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2013.846300","volume":"19","author":"DD Mendez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mendez, D. D., Hogan, V. K., & Culhane, J. F. (2014). Institutional racism, neighborhood factors, stress, and preterm birth. Ethnicity & Health, 19(5), 479\u2013499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13557858.2013.846300","journal-title":"Ethnicity & Health"},{"key":"4070_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-006-9094-x","volume":"83","author":"LC Messer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Messer, L. C., Laraia, B. A., Kaufman, J. S., Eyster, J., Holzman, C., Culhane, J., Elo, I., Burke, J. G., & O\u2019campo, P. (2006). The development of a standardized neighborhood deprivation index. Journal of Urban Health, 83, 1041\u20131062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-006-9094-x","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"4070_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm277","volume":"167","author":"P O'Campo","year":"2008","unstructured":"O\u2019Campo, P., Burke, J. G., Culhane, J., Elo, I. T., Eyster, J., Holzman, C., Messer, L. C., Kaufman, J. S., & Laraia, B. A. (2008). Neighborhood deprivation and preterm birth among non-Hispanic Black and White women in eight geographic areas in the United States. American Journal of Epidemiology, 167(2), 155\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwm277","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"4070_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1721717","volume":"39","author":"DS Ondusko","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ondusko, D. S., Garg, B., Caughey, A. B., Pilliod, R. A., & Carter, E. H. (2022). Is Appropriate Administration of Antenatal Corticosteroids Associated with Maternal Race? American Journal of Perinatology, 39(11), 1204\u20131211.","journal-title":"American Journal of Perinatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"4070_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"004454","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004454.pub3","volume":"3","author":"D Roberts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roberts, D., Brown, J., Medley, N., & Dalziel, S. R. (2017). Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3(3), 004454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD004454.pub3","journal-title":"The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"4070_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2005.00575.x","volume":"112","author":"P Steer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Steer, P. (2005). The epidemiology of preterm labour. BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 112, 1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2005.00575.x","journal-title":"BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"issue":"10368","key":"4070_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01191-6","volume":"400","author":"J Sheikh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sheikh, J., Allotey, J., Kew, T., Fern\u00e1ndez-F\u00e9lix, B. M., Zamora, J., Khalil, A., Thangaratinam, S., Abdollahain, M., Savitri, A. I., Salvesen, K. \u00c5., & Bhattacharya, S. (2022). Effects of race and ethnicity on perinatal outcomes in high-income and upper-middle-income countries: An individual participant data meta-analysis of 2 198 655 pregnancies. The Lancet, 400(10368), 2049\u20132062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01191-6","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"4070_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2011.04.007","volume":"77","author":"P Vianna","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vianna, P., Bauer, M. E., Dornfeld, D., & Chies, J. A. B. (2011). Distress conditions during pregnancy may lead to pre-eclampsia by increasing cortisol levels and altering lymphocyte sensitivity to glucocorticoids. Medical Hypotheses, 77(2), 188\u2013191.","journal-title":"Medical Hypotheses"},{"key":"4070_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2013.10.002","volume":"24","author":"M Wallace","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wallace, M., Harville, E., Theall, K., Webber, L., Chen, W., & Berenson, G. (2013). Neighborhood poverty, allostatic load, and birth outcomes in African American and white women: Findings from the Bogalusa Heart Study. Health & Place, 24, 260\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthplace.2013.10.002","journal-title":"Health & Place"},{"issue":"1","key":"4070_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200904-0637OC","volume":"182","author":"RJ Wright","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wright, R. J., Visness, C. M., Calatroni, A., Grayson, M. H., Gold, D. R., Sandel, M. T., Lee-Parritz, A., Wood, R. A., Kattan, M., Bloomberg, G. R., & Burger, M. (2010). Prenatal maternal stress and cord blood innate and adaptive cytokine responses in an inner-city cohort. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 182(1), 25\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.200904-0637OC","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-025-04088-5","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000}}],"container-title":["Maternal and Child Health Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10995-025-04070-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10995-025-04070-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10995-025-04070-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T12:30:11Z","timestamp":1747917011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10995-025-04070-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["4070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10995-025-04070-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-7875","1573-6628"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-7875","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6628","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 February 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 March 2025","order":3,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":4,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The percentages of chorioamnionitis in Results section has been corrected.","order":5,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2025","order":6,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":7,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":8,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10995-025-04088-5","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10995-025-04088-5","order":9,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have not disclosed any competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Study was approved by the IRB at University of Pittsburgh.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable; exempt status.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participant"}},{"value":"All authors consent to publication; no other consents required.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}