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Two reviewers\u00a0independently screened and appraised studies using GRADE and JBI\u00a0tools.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Of 2,069 studies identified, 21 met inclusion criteria. Six\u00a0observational studies reported reduced rates of bladder and bowel\u00a0dysfunction when AITT was practised.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>AITT is widely practised in low-income, non-English speaking\u00a0countries. While observational studies suggest a potential\u00a0protective effect on bladder and bowel health, the evidence is at serious\u00a0risk of bias. Further prospective research in high-income contexts is\u00a0warranted.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-025-04160-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T14:44:40Z","timestamp":1757083480000},"page":"1366-1378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assisted Infant Toilet Training and Bladder and Bowel Health: A Global Integrative Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Celia","family":"Hindmarsh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marjorie","family":"Atchan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"4160_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2006.04.026","volume":"149","author":"P Accardo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Accardo, P. 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