{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:26:00Z","timestamp":1786123560910,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005278","name":"University of Antioquia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Matern Child Health J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the methodological feasibility of a heterogeneous multi-output Gaussian process model for jointly handling a continuous birth outcome and its clinically used binary representation in routinely collected perinatal data, and to compare its predictive performance with that of conventional single-output models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Routinely collected live-birth certificate data from Medell\u00edn, Colombia, covering births from 2012 to 2021, were analyzed. After cleaning and class balancing, the analytic dataset included 32,110 records. A heterogeneous multi-output Gaussian process model was trained to jointly model birth weight in grams with a Gaussian likelihood and low birth weight status with a Bernoulli likelihood. Predictive performance was compared with that of conventional single-output regression and classification models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The heterogeneous multi-output Gaussian process model achieved acceptable predictive performance (R\u00b2 = 0.67 for birth weight and accuracy\u2009=\u20090.845 for low birth weight classification), with results comparable to those of models fitted separately for each task. These findings support the practical feasibility of modeling heterogeneous outputs within a single probabilistic framework.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this application, the heterogeneous multi-output Gaussian process model was a viable methodological alternative for jointly modeling birth weight in grams and its binary low-birth-weight classification. This study should be interpreted primarily as a methodological demonstration of a flexible multi-output framework in perinatal data that may be extended in future studies to jointly model other outcomes of greater direct relevance to public health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-026-04284-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T08:49:59Z","timestamp":1782722999000},"page":"875-883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multiple Output Gaussian Process Model for Predicting Low Birth Weight in Medell\u00edn, Colombia: An Alternative to Conventional Machine Learning Models"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8724-7705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego Alejandro","family":"Salazar Blandon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2814-8838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hern\u00e1n Felipe","family":"Garc\u00eda Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9395-4289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Giraldo Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"4284_CR1","unstructured":"Alcald\u00eda de Medell\u00edn (2019). 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