{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T16:21:45Z","timestamp":1787588505475,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Matern Child Health J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine whether pre-pandemic state Medicaid expansions for adults affected children's healthcare access and utilization, child health, and parental health during the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The sample includes children from households with incomes up to 138% of the Federal Poverty Level using data from the 2016-2023 National Survey of Children\u2019s Health. Child outcomes include insurance coverage, usual place for sick care, personal doctor or nurse, unmet healthcare needs, past 12-month utilization of any medical services, preventive medical and dental visits, mental health professional treatments, non-mental health specialist visits, emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and general\/oral health ratings. Parent outcomes include physical and mental health ratings. Difference-in-differences models estimate year-by-year differences in outcomes between Medicaid expansion and non-expansion states.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a decline in usual place for sick care, personal doctor or nurse, and preventive medical visits in the first or second pandemic year and in child health in 2020\/2023 in expansion versus non-expansion states. In contrast, there is an increase in mental health professional treatments and other specialist visits in 2021\u20132023 in expansion states. Lastly, there are declines in maternal physical\/mental health and father\u2019s mental health in 2020 but increase in father\u2019s mental\/physical health in 2023 in expansion states.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the pandemic, children in low-income households had less care continuity and preventive care but more mental health treatments and non-mental specialist visits in Medicaid expansion versus non-expansion states. There were also declines in both child and parent health. Findings potentially reflect intertwined effects from greater parental coverage but more pandemic-related social mobility restrictions disrupting routine\/preventive care and worsening mental health more in expansion states.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-026-04292-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T09:43:06Z","timestamp":1786095786000},"page":"1080-1093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of State Medicaid Expansions Affecting Parental Eligibility on Children\u2019s Healthcare Access and Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Joel M.","family":"James","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7784-9908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George L.","family":"Wehby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"109","key":"4292_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/epolic\/eiac002","volume":"37","author":"A Adams-Prassl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adams-Prassl, A., Boneva, T., Golin, M., & Rauh, C. (2022). The impact of the coronavirus lockdown on mental health: Evidence from the United States. Economic Policy, 37(109), 139\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/epolic\/eiac002","journal-title":"Economic Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"4292_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10834-022-09848-x","volume":"43","author":"C Andrade","year":"2022","unstructured":"Andrade, C., Gillen, M., Molina, J. A., & Wilmarth, M. J. (2022). The social and economic impact of COVID-19 on family functioning and well-being: Where do we go from here? Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 43(2), 205\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10834-022-09848-x","journal-title":"Journal of Family and Economic Issues"},{"issue":"5","key":"4292_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.14625","volume":"60","author":"E Andreyeva","year":"2025","unstructured":"Andreyeva, E., Rochford, H. I., & Marthey, D. J. (2025). Examining the impact of ACA Medicaid expansion on insurance coverage, access to care and health of low-income parents. Health Services Research, 60(5), Article e14625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1475-6773.14625","journal-title":"Health Services Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"4292_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001788","volume":"61","author":"SG Auty","year":"2023","unstructured":"Auty, S. G., Aswani, M. S., Wahbi, R. N., & Griffith, K. N. (2023). Changes in health care access by race, income, and Medicaid expansion during the COVID-19 pandemic. Medical Care, 61(1), 45\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001788","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"4292_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001933","volume":"61","author":"JA Benitez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Benitez, J. A., Huang, H., & Johnson, P. L. (2023). The relationship between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic-linked job losses and health care access and household financial health in Medicaid expansion and nonexpansion states. Medical Care, 61(12), 872\u2013881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001933","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"key":"4292_CR6","unstructured":"Bennett, J. (2021, April 15). More have lost their jobs in US than in EU during COVID-19 downturn. Pew Research Center. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/short-reads\/2021\/04\/15\/fewer-jobs-have-been-lost-in-the-eu-than-in-the-u-s-during-the-covid-19-downturn\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"4292_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1002\/soej.12614","volume":"89","author":"LR Bullinger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bullinger, L. R., Gopalan, M., & Lombardi, C. M. (2023). Impacts of publicly funded health insurance for adults on children\u2019s academic achievement. Southern Economic Journal, 89(3), 860\u2013884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/soej.12614","journal-title":"Southern Economic Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"4292_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X21994153","volume":"43","author":"CY-C Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, C.Y.-C., Byrne, E., & V\u00e9lez, T. (2022). Impact of the 2020 pandemic of COVID-19 on families with school-aged children in the United States: Roles of income level and race. Journal of Family Issues, 43(3), 719\u2013740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0192513X21994153","journal-title":"Journal of Family Issues"},{"key":"4292_CR9","unstructured":"Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative. (n.d.). National Survey of Children\u2019s Health fast facts and frequently asked questions. Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health. https:\/\/www.childhealthdata.org\/learn-about-the-nsch\/FAQ"},{"issue":"3","key":"4292_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1177\/07334648211047347","volume":"41","author":"NG Choi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Choi, N. G., DiNitto, D. M., Marti, C. N., & Choi, B. Y. (2022). Telehealth use among older adults during COVID-19: Associations with sociodemographic and health characteristics, technology device ownership, and technology learning. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 41(3), 600\u2013609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/07334648211047347","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Gerontology"},{"key":"4292_CR11","unstructured":"Conmy, A. B., Peters, C., De Lew, N., & Sommers, B. D. (2023, March 2). Children\u2019s health coverage trends: Gains in 2020\u20132022 reverse previous coverage losses (Issue Brief No. HP-2023\u201307). Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services."},{"issue":"3","key":"4292_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2022.09.026","volume":"64","author":"J Constantin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Constantin, J., & Wehby, G. L. (2023). Effects of recent Medicaid expansions on infant mortality by race and ethnicity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 64(3), 377\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2022.09.026","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"4292_CR13","unstructured":"Corallo, B., & Moreno, S. (2023, April 4). Analysis of national trends in Medicaid and CHIP enrollment during the COVID-19 pandemic. KFF. https:\/\/www.kff.org\/coronavirus-covid-19\/issue-brief\/analysis-of-recent-national-trends-in-medicaid-and-chip-enrollment\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"4292_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13925","volume":"57","author":"V Curto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Curto, V., & Bhole, M. (2022). Impacts of early ACA Medicaid expansions on physician participation. Health Services Research, 57(4), 881\u2013891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1475-6773.13925","journal-title":"Health Services Research"},{"key":"4292_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Czeisler, M. \u00c9., Lane, R. I., Petrosky, E., Wiley, J. F., Christensen, A., Njai, R., Weaver, M. D., Robbins, R., Facer-Childs, E. R., Barger, L. K., Czeisler, C. A., Howard, M. E., & Rajaratnam, S. M. W. (2021). Mental health among parents of children aged <18 years and unpaid caregivers of adults during the COVID-19 pandemic\u2014United States, December 2020 and February\u2013March 2021. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70(24), 879\u2013887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7024a3","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7024a3"},{"issue":"36","key":"4292_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6936a4","volume":"69","author":"M\u00c9 Czeisler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Czeisler, M. \u00c9., Marynak, K., Clarke, K. E. N., Salah, Z., Shakya, I., Thierry, J. M., Ali, N., McMillan, H., Wiley, J. F., Weaver, M. D., Czeisler, C. A., Rajaratnam, S. M. W., & Howard, M. E. (2020). Delay or avoidance of medical care because of COVID-19\u2013related concerns\u2014United States, June 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(36), 1250\u20131257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6936a4","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"4292_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/haschl\/qxaf245","author":"K Dalziel","year":"2026","unstructured":"Dalziel, K., Chua, K.-P., Hua, X., Huang, L., Ryan, A., Freed, G. L., Levy, H., & Ayanian, J. Z. (2026). Association of Medicaid expansion with children\u2019s insurance coverage and healthcare utilization. Health Affairs Scholar. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/haschl\/qxaf245","journal-title":"Health Affairs Scholar"},{"issue":"8","key":"4292_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.01.015","volume":"22","author":"RN Dudovitz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dudovitz, R. N., Thomas, K., Shah, M. D., Szilagyi, P. G., Vizueta, N., Vangala, S., Shetgiri, R., & Kapteyn, A. (2022). School-age children\u2019s wellbeing and school-related needs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Academic Pediatrics, 22(8), 1368\u20131374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2022.01.015","journal-title":"Academic Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"4292_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.14395","volume":"59","author":"U Ejughemre","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ejughemre, U., Lyu, W., & Wehby, G. L. (2024). Effects of the continuous Medicaid coverage provision of the Families First Coronavirus Response Act on postpartum Medicaid coverage, depression symptoms, and birth control use. Health Services Research, 59(6), Article e14395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1475-6773.14395","journal-title":"Health Services Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"4292_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2020.01.005","volume":"30","author":"EL Eliason","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eliason, E. L. (2020). Adoption of Medicaid expansion is associated with lower maternal mortality. Women\u2019s Health Issues, 30(3), 147\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.whi.2020.01.005","journal-title":"Women's Health Issues"},{"issue":"7","key":"4292_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001523","volume":"59","author":"JJ Escarce","year":"2021","unstructured":"Escarce, J. J., Wozniak, G. D., Tsipas, S., Pane, J. D., Brotherton, S. E., & Yu, H. (2021). Effects of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion on the distribution of new general internists across states. Medical Care, 59(7), 653\u2013660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001523","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"key":"4292_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-55879-9","volume":"14","author":"I Ferwana","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ferwana, I., & Varshney, L. R. (2024). The impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on mental health patient populations in the United States. Scientific Reports, 14, Article 5689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-55879-9","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"4292_CR23","unstructured":"Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. (2013, March). How does employment, or unemployment, affect health? Health Policy Snapshot: Public Health and Prevention. https:\/\/www.rwjf.org\/en\/insights\/our-research\/2012\/12\/how-does-employment--or-unemployment--affect-health-.html"},{"issue":"2","key":"4292_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.20250377","volume":"77","author":"YN Gao","year":"2026","unstructured":"Gao, Y. N., & Olfson, M. (2026). Trends in adult outpatient psychotherapy use in the United States, 2019\u20132023. Psychiatric Services, 77(2), 175\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.20250377","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"key":"4292_CR25","unstructured":"Garfield, R., Orgera, K., & Damico, A. (2019). The uninsured and the ACA: A primer\u2014Key facts about health insurance and the uninsured amidst changes to the Affordable Care Act. KFF. https:\/\/www.kff.org\/uninsured\/report\/the-uninsured-and-the-aca-a-primer-key-facts-about-health-insurance-and-the-uninsured-amidst-changes-to-the-affordable-care-act\/"},{"key":"4292_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2021.101098","volume":"44","author":"M Gopalan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gopalan, M., Lombardi, C. M., & Bullinger, L. R. (2022). Effects of parental public health insurance eligibility on parent and child health outcomes. Economics & Human Biology, 44, Article 101098. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ehb.2021.101098","journal-title":"Economics & Human Biology"},{"key":"4292_CR27","unstructured":"https:\/\/aspe.hhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/77d7cc41648a371e0b5128f0dec2470e\/aspe-childrens-health-coverage.pdf"},{"issue":"9","key":"4292_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2017.0347","volume":"36","author":"JL Hudson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hudson, J. L., & Moriya, A. S. (2017). Medicaid expansion for adults had measurable \u201cwelcome mat\u201d effects on their children. Health Affairs, 36(9), 1643\u20131651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2017.0347","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"issue":"22","key":"4292_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e40454","volume":"10","author":"MR Kader","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kader, M. R., Rahman, M. M., Bristi, P. D., & Ahmmed, F. (2024). Change in mental health service utilization from pre- to post-COVID-19 period in the United States. Heliyon, 10(22), Article e40454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e40454","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"4292_CR30","unstructured":"Kaiser Family Foundation. (2026). Medicaid enrollment and unwinding tracker. https:\/\/www.kff.org\/medicaid\/medicaid-enrollment-and-unwinding-tracker\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"4292_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2021.0036","volume":"5","author":"H Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, H., & Singh, G. K. (2021). Monthly trends in access to care and mental health services by household income level during the COVID-19 pandemic, United States, April\u2013December 2020. Health Equity, 5(1), 770\u2013779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/heq.2021.0036","journal-title":"Health Equity"},{"key":"4292_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2020.102404","volume":"75","author":"BJ Lipton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lipton, B. J. (2021). Adult Medicaid benefit generosity and receipt of recommended health services among low-income children: The spillover effects of Medicaid adult dental coverage expansions. Journal of Health Economics, 75, Article 102404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2020.102404","journal-title":"Journal of Health Economics"},{"key":"4292_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580221133215","volume":"59","author":"CM Lombardi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lombardi, C. M., Bullinger, L. R., & Gopalan, M. (2022). Better late than never: Effects of late ACA Medicaid expansions for parents on family health-related financial well-being. Inquiry: THe Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 59, Article 469580221133215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00469580221133215","journal-title":"Inquiry: THe Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing"},{"issue":"8","key":"4292_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001344","volume":"58","author":"W Lyu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lyu, W., Shane, D. M., & Wehby, G. L. (2020). Effects of the recent Medicaid expansions on dental preventive services and treatments. Medical Care, 58(8), 749\u2013755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001344","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"4292_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001053","volume":"57","author":"W Lyu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lyu, W., & Wehby, G. L. (2019). The impacts of the ACA Medicaid expansions on cancer screening use by primary care provider supply. Medical Care, 57(3), 202\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001053","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"4292_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2020.8776","volume":"30","author":"W Lyu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lyu, W., & Wehby, G. L. (2021). Heterogeneous effects of Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansions among women with dependent children by state-level pre-expansion eligibility. Journal of Women\u2019s Health, 30(9), 1278\u20131287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jwh.2020.8776","journal-title":"Journal of Women's Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"4292_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2022.02.008","volume":"153","author":"W Lyu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lyu, W., & Wehby, G. L. (2022). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children\u2019s oral health and oral health care use. Journal of the American Dental Association, 153(8), 787-796.e2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adaj.2022.02.008","journal-title":"Journal of the American Dental Association"},{"issue":"8","key":"4292_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2023.07.007","volume":"23","author":"W Lyu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lyu, W., & Wehby, G. L. (2023a). Changes in children\u2019s health care access and utilization in the United States in the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Academic Pediatrics, 23(8), 1462\u20131470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2023.07.007","journal-title":"Academic Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"4292_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.12.016","volume":"23","author":"W Lyu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lyu, W., & Wehby, G. L. (2023b). Child flourishing, school engagement, physical activity, and screen time during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in 2020. Academic Pediatrics, 23(3), 659\u2013666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2022.12.016","journal-title":"Academic Pediatrics"},{"key":"4292_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580241282052","volume":"61","author":"W Lyu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lyu, W., & Wehby, G. L. (2024). Effects of the Families First Coronavirus Response Act on coverage continuity and access for Medicaid beneficiaries. Inquiry: THe Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 61, Article 469580241282052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00469580241282052","journal-title":"Inquiry: THe Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing"},{"issue":"1","key":"4292_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.70034","volume":"61","author":"W Lyu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lyu, W., & Wehby, G. L. (2026). Effects of continuous Medicaid coverage in 2020\u20132023 on children\u2019s health insurance coverage, access to care, health services use by type, and health status. Health Services Research, 61(1), Article e70034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1475-6773.70034","journal-title":"Health Services Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"4292_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.018","volume":"58","author":"CE Margerison","year":"2020","unstructured":"Margerison, C. E., MacCallum, C. L., Chen, J., Zamani-Hank, Y., & Kaestner, R. (2020). Impacts of Medicaid expansion on health among women of reproductive age. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 58(1), 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.08.018","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"4292_CR43","unstructured":"McCann, A. (2021, April 6). States with the fewest coronavirus restrictions. WalletHub. https:\/\/wallethub.com\/edu\/states-coronavirus-restrictions\/73818\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"4292_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjab004","volume":"136","author":"S Miller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miller, S., Johnson, N., & Wherry, L. R. (2021). Medicaid and mortality: New evidence from linked survey and administrative data. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 136(3), 1783\u20131829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/qje\/qjab004","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"4292_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1257\/pandp.20191046","volume":"109","author":"S Miller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miller, S., & Wherry, L. R. (2019). Four years later: Insurance coverage and access to care continue to diverge between ACA Medicaid expansion and non-expansion states. AEA Papers and Proceedings, 109, 327\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pandp.20191046","journal-title":"AEA Papers and Proceedings"},{"key":"4292_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101279","volume":"20","author":"S Mukhopadhyay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mukhopadhyay, S. (2022). The effects of Medicaid expansion on job loss\u2013induced mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. SSM - Population Health, 20, Article 101279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101279","journal-title":"SSM - Population Health"},{"key":"4292_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580231167338","author":"O Oyeka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oyeka, O., & Wehby, G. L. (2023). Effects of the affordable care act medicaid expansions on mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020\u20132021. Inquiry: the Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00469580231167338","journal-title":"Inquiry: the Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing"},{"issue":"2","key":"4292_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.37227","volume":"4","author":"JH Pelletier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pelletier, J. H., Rakkar, J., Au, A. K., Fuhrman, D., Clark, R. S. B., & Horvat, C. M. (2021). Trends in US pediatric hospital admissions in 2020 compared with the decade before the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Network Open, 4(2), Article e2037227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.37227","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"4292_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Radhakrishnan, L., Leeb, R. T., Bitsko, R. H., Carey, K., Gates, A., Holland, K. M., Hartnett, K. P., Kite-Powell, A., DeVies, J., Smith, A. R., van Santen, K. L., Crossen, S., Sheppard, M., Wotiz, S., Lane, R. I., Njai, R., Johnson, A. G., Winn, A., Kirking, H. L., Anderson, K. N. (2022a). Pediatric emergency department visits associated with mental health conditions before and during the COVID-19 pandemic\u2014United States, January 2019\u2013January 2022. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 71(8), 319\u2013324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7108e2","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7108e2"},{"key":"4292_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Radhakrishnan, L., Carey, K., Hartnett, K. P., Kite-Powell, A., Zwald, M., Anderson, K. N., Leeb, R. T., Holland, K. M., Gates, A., DeVies, J., Smith, A. R., van Santen, K. L., Crossen, S., Sheppard, M., Wotiz, S., Johnson, A. G., Winn, A., Kirking, H. L., Lane, R. I. & Adjemian, J. (2022b). Pediatric emergency department visits before and during the COVID-19 pandemic\u2014United States, January 2019\u2013January 2022. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 71(8), 313\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7108e1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7108e1"},{"issue":"7","key":"4292_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2024.2006","volume":"5","author":"CJ Ruhm","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ruhm, C. J. (2024). US state restrictions and excess COVID-19 pandemic deaths. JAMA Health Forum, 5(7), Article e242006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2024.2006","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"issue":"1","key":"4292_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1177\/1077558720972592","volume":"79","author":"J Semprini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Semprini, J., Lyu, W., Shane, D. M., & Wehby, G. L. (2022). The effects of ACA Medicaid expansions on health after 5 years. Medical Care Research and Review, 79(1), 28\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077558720972592","journal-title":"Medical Care Research and Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"4292_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.21972","volume":"36","author":"K Simon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Simon, K., Soni, A., & Cawley, J. (2017). The impact of health insurance on preventive care and health behaviors: Evidence from the first two years of the ACA Medicaid expansions. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 36(2), 390\u2013417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pam.21972","journal-title":"Journal of Policy Analysis and Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"4292_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2012.0552","volume":"32","author":"BD Sommers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sommers, B. D., Buchmueller, T., Decker, S. L., Carey, C., & Kronick, R. (2013). The Affordable Care Act has led to significant gains in health insurance and access to care for young adults. Health Affairs, 32(1), 165\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2012.0552","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"issue":"5","key":"4292_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-023-01642-6","volume":"56","author":"GL Suarez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Suarez, G. L., Boone, M. H., Burt, S. A., Shewark, E. A., Mitchell, C., Guzman, P., Lopez-Duran, N. L., Klump, K. L., Monk, C. S., & Hyde, L. W. (2025). Parent mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 56(5), 1323\u20131336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-023-01642-6","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry & Human Development"},{"key":"4292_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2022.107025","volume":"158","author":"CA Teasdale","year":"2022","unstructured":"Teasdale, C. A., Borrell, L. N., Shen, Y., Kimball, S., Zimba, R., Kulkarni, S., Rinke, M. L., Fleary, S. A., & Nash, D. (2022). Missed routine pediatric care and vaccinations in US children during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Preventive Medicine, 158, Article 107025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2022.107025","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"4292_CR57","unstructured":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2023, May 22). Unemployment in families lower in 2022 than before COVID-19 pandemic. The Economics Daily. https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/opub\/ted\/2023\/unemployment-in-families-lower-in-2022-than-before-covid-19-pandemic.htm"},{"issue":"2","key":"4292_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001021","volume":"57","author":"P Ugwi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ugwi, P., Lyu, W., & Wehby, G. L. (2019). The effects of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act on children\u2019s health coverage. Medical Care, 57(2), 115\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001021","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"key":"4292_CR59","unstructured":"University of Kentucky Center for Poverty Research. (2025, July). UKCPR national welfare data, 1980\u20132023. Lexington, KY. https:\/\/ukcpr.uky.edu\/resources\/national-welfare-data"},{"issue":"6","key":"4292_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2022.01465","volume":"42","author":"A Vasan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vasan, A., Kenyon, C. C., Fiks, A. G., & Venkataramani, A. S. (2023). Continuous eligibility and coverage policies expanded children\u2019s Medicaid enrollment. Health Affairs, 42(6), 753\u2013758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2022.01465","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"issue":"6","key":"4292_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-0953","volume":"140","author":"M Venkataramani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Venkataramani, M., Pollack, C. E., & Roberts, E. T. (2017). Spillover effects of adult Medicaid expansions on children\u2019s use of preventive services. Pediatrics, 140(6), Article e20170953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2017-0953","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"4292_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.01222","volume":"41","author":"GL Wehby","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wehby, G. L. (2022). The impact of household health insurance coverage gains on children\u2019s achievement in Iowa: Evidence from the ACA. Health Affairs, 41(1), 35\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.01222","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"issue":"2","key":"4292_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12711","volume":"53","author":"GL Wehby","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wehby, G. L., & Lyu, W. (2018). The impact of the ACA Medicaid expansions on health insurance coverage through 2015 and coverage disparities by age, race\/ethnicity, and gender. Health Services Research, 53(2), 1248\u20131271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1475-6773.12711","journal-title":"Health Services Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"4292_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2024984","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.24984","volume":"3","author":"CM Whaley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Whaley, C. M., Pera, M. F., Cantor, J., et al. (2020). Changes in health services use among commercially insured U.S. populations during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Network Open, 3(11), e2024984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.24984","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"12","key":"4292_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-2234","volume":"164","author":"LR Wherry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wherry, L. R., & Miller, S. (2016). Early coverage, access, utilization, and health effects associated with the Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansions. Annals of Internal Medicine, 164(12), 795\u2013803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M15-2234","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"4292_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-07027-6","volume":"21","author":"B Wright","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wright, B., Anderson, D., Whitaker, R., Shrader, P., Bettger, J. P., Wong, C., & Shafer, P. (2021). Comparing health care use and costs among new Medicaid enrollees before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1), Article 1152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-021-07027-6","journal-title":"BMC Health Services Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"4292_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s11150-020-09534-7","volume":"19","author":"G Zamarro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zamarro, G., & Prados, M. J. (2021). Gender differences in couples\u2019 division of childcare, work, and mental health during COVID-19. Review of Economics of the Household, 19(1), 11\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11150-020-09534-7","journal-title":"Review of Economics of the Household"}],"container-title":["Maternal and Child Health Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10995-026-04292-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10995-026-04292-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10995-026-04292-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:28:26Z","timestamp":1787585306000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10995-026-04292-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["4292"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10995-026-04292-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-7875","1573-6628"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-7875","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6628","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The author has no conflicts of interest to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study uses publicly available de-identified data and therefore is exempt from IRB approval.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}