{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T22:48:16Z","timestamp":1792104496172,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2115943"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2115943"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Matern Child Health J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) targets nutrition and health behaviors of high-risk populations. WIC is administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and provides services in 4 areas: nutrition education, breastfeeding promotion and support, healthy food access, and healthcare and social services referrals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To better understand services provided and populations served during Hurricane Helene and document personal and organizational preparedness, data were collected via an online survey. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize respondents. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for associations between self-assessed preparedness and need for additional training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 95 WIC contacts, 29 responded (30.5%). Of four key WIC services, breastfeeding support was most frequently disrupted (43.5%; n = 10), followed by health care and social service referrals (39.1%; N = 9). Respondents characterized rural residents (47.8%; n = 11) and new clients seeking services (39.1%; n = 9) as most impacted. Respondents with confidence in their organization\u2019s ability to respond to a disaster or in their personal knowledge of disaster preparedness were less likely to want additional training. Qualitative responses described challenges providing services to evacuated clients, food security, and internet outages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Disaster research has identified \u201cgendered disaster vulnerability\u201d as a challenge in emergency preparedness and response. Women and children often face intersectional risks from poverty, social marginalization, and disability in disasters. As such, the WIC workforce should be considered first responders and have access to emergency preparedness planning and training resources at the organizational and individual level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-026-04325-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T03:53:09Z","timestamp":1790221989000},"page":"1219-1226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Frontline Perspectives: WIC Clinic Emergency Preparedness Following Hurricane Helene"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3658-1698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amber","family":"Riley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ella","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Scales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Horney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"4325_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1527-6988(2002)3:3(107)","volume":"3","author":"JM Bateman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bateman, J. M., & Edwards, B. (2002). Gender and evacuation: A closer look at why women are more likely to evacuate for hurricanes. Natural Hazards Review, 3(3), 107\u2013117.","journal-title":"Natural Hazards Review"},{"key":"4325_CR4","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Breastfeeding data: Survey results. Retrieved July 15, 2025, from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/breastfeeding-data\/survey\/results.html"},{"key":"4325_CR5","unstructured":"Committee on Post-Disaster Recovery of a Community's Public Health, Medical, and Social Services, Board on Health Sciences Policy, & Institute of Medicine. (2015). Social Services. National Library of Medicine; National Academies Press (US). https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK316542\/"},{"key":"4325_CR2","unstructured":"De Beaumont. (2024). Public Health Workforce Interest and Needs Survey: 2024 Summary Report. https:\/\/www.phwins.org\/dashboard\/resources"},{"issue":"2","key":"4325_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.5152\/TurkArchPediatr.2024.23184","volume":"59","author":"D Deniz Bilgin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Deniz Bilgin, D., & Karabay\u0131r, N. (2024). Infant and young child feeding in emergencies: A narrative review. Turkish Archives of Pediatrics, 59(2), 135\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5152\/TurkArchPediatr.2024.23184","journal-title":"Turkish Archives of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"12","key":"4325_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-018-2585-z","volume":"22","author":"SE DeYoung","year":"2018","unstructured":"DeYoung, S. E., Chase, J., Branco, M. P., & Park, B. (2018). The effect of mass evacuation on infant feeding: The case of the 2016 Fort McMurray wildfire. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 22(12), 1826\u20131833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10995-018-2585-z","journal-title":"Maternal and Child Health Journal"},{"key":"4325_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2019.101281","volume":"40","author":"E Dube","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dube, E., & Mhembwe, S. (2019). Heightening gender considerations for women in flood disaster response through resource allocation and distribution in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 40, 101281.","journal-title":"International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction"},{"key":"4325_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2022.102855","volume":"74","author":"CT Emrich","year":"2022","unstructured":"Emrich, C. T., Aksha, S. K., & Zhou, Y. (2022). Assessing distributive inequities in FEMA\u2019s disaster recovery assistance fund allocation. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 74, 102855.","journal-title":"International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction"},{"key":"4325_CR12","unstructured":"Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2024). Hurricane Helene. FEMA. Retrieved July 10, 2025, from https:\/\/www.fema.gov\/disaster\/current\/hurricane-helene"},{"key":"4325_CR13","unstructured":"Food and Nutrition Service. (2022). WIC participant and program characteristics, 2022 (Research Report). U.S. Department of Agriculture.  https:\/\/www.fns.usda.gov\/research\/wic\/participant-program-characteristics-2022"},{"key":"4325_CR3","unstructured":"Hagen, A. B., Cangialosi, J. P., Chenard, M., Alaka, A., & Delgado, S. National Hurricane Center. (2024). https:\/\/www.nhc.noaa.gov\/data\/tcr\/AL092024_Helene.pdf"},{"key":"4325_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2021.367","volume":"17","author":"EW Harville","year":"2023","unstructured":"Harville, E. W., Pan, K., Beitsch, L., Sherchan, S. P., Gonsoroski, E., Uejio, C., & Lichtveld, M. Y. (2023). Hurricane Michael and adverse birth outcomes in the Florida Panhandle: Analysis of vital statistics data. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 17, Article e94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/dmp.2021.367","journal-title":"Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness"},{"issue":"1","key":"4325_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.13023\/jah.0801.05","volume":"8","author":"JA Horney","year":"2026","unstructured":"Horney, J. A., Moreau, L., & Wnc, S. (2026). Rural Community Perspectives on Hurricane Helene in Western North Carolina. J Appalach Health, 8(1), 60\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13023\/jah.0801.05","journal-title":"J Appalach Health"},{"key":"4325_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horney, J. A., Pena, A., Scales, S. E., Fleury-Steiner, R. E., Camphausen, L. C., & Miller, S. L. (2024). Disruption, adaptation, and maintenance of domestic violence service during the COVID-19 pandemic. Critical Public Health. 34(1).","DOI":"10.1080\/09581596.2024.2336580"},{"key":"4325_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-021-00398-w","volume":"16","author":"CH Hwang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hwang, C. H., Iellamo, A., & Ververs, M. (2021). Barriers and challenges of infant feeding in disasters in middle- and high-income countries. International Breastfeeding Journal, 16, 62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13006-021-00398-w","journal-title":"International Breastfeeding Journal"},{"key":"4325_CR16","unstructured":"Johnson, S. (2024). Electric co-ops faced with 1.25 million outages in the wake of Hurricane Helene. https:\/\/www.electric.coop\/electric-co-ops-faced-with-1-25-million-outages-in-the-wake-of-hurricane-helene"},{"key":"4325_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Joseph, D. D. (2023). Examining the psychosocial issues that impact female-headed households post-Hurricane Maria in Dominica. In The Impact of Climate Change on Vulnerable Populations (p. 102). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/books978-3-0365-5503-4","DOI":"10.3390\/books978-3-0365-5503-4"},{"issue":"5","key":"4325_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.12259","volume":"33","author":"CH Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu, C. H., & Liu, H. (2016). Concerns and structural barriers associated with WIC participation among WIC-eligible women. Public Health Nursing, 33(5), 395\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/phn.12259","journal-title":"Public Health Nursing"},{"key":"4325_CR19","unstructured":"March of Dimes. (2024). Maternity care deserts report. https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/maternity-care-deserts-report"},{"key":"4325_CR20","unstructured":"Marek, L. (2024). Hurricane Helene aftermath prompts card, cash troubles. Payments Dive. https:\/\/www.paymentsdive.com\/news\/hurricane-helene-credit-debit-card-cash-payments-troubles\/728740\/"},{"key":"4325_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Motley, H. R. (2021). Nutrition Assistance Amid Disaster: WIC Administration & Crisis Events. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17615\/34mc-n947","DOI":"10.17615\/34mc-n947"},{"issue":"6","key":"4325_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2021.12.006","volume":"35","author":"SR Mudiyanselage","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mudiyanselage, S. R., Davis, D., Kurz, E., & Atchan, M. (2022). Infant and young child feeding during natural disasters: A systematic integrative literature review. Women and Birth, 35(6), 524\u2013531.","journal-title":"Women and Birth"},{"key":"4325_CR23","unstructured":"National WIC Association. (n.d.). WIC program overview and history. Retrieved June 13, 2025, from https:\/\/www.nwica.org\/overview-and-history"},{"issue":"2","key":"4325_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020390","volume":"18","author":"K Pan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pan, K., Beitsch, L., Gonsoroski, E., Sherchan, S. P., Uejio, C. K., Lichtveld, M. Y., & Harville, E. W. (2021). Effects of Hurricane Michael on access to care for pregnant women and associated pregnancy outcomes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18020390","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"4325_CR26","unstructured":"Perdue, C. (2018). When Disaster Strikes: North Carolina\u2019s Response to Hurricane Florence. https:\/\/media.nwica.org\/when-disaster-strikes-north-carolinas-response-to-hurricane-florence.pdf"},{"issue":"4","key":"4325_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.22967","volume":"51","author":"R Rahman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rahman, R., Ross, A. M., Huang, D., Kirkbride, G., Chesna, S., & Rosenblatt, C. (2023). Predictors of burnout, compassion fatigue, and compassion satisfaction experienced by community health workers offering maternal and infant services in New York State. Journal of Community Psychology, 51(4), 1820\u20131838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcop.22967","journal-title":"Journal of Community Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"4325_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1080\/01944363.2023.2284160","volume":"90","author":"NP Rosenheim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rosenheim, N. P., Watson, M., Casellas Connors, J., Safayet, M., & Peacock, W. G. (2024). Food access after disasters: A multidimensional view of restoration after Hurricane Harvey. Journal of the American Planning Association, 90(3), 452\u2013470.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Planning Association"},{"issue":"8","key":"4325_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2018.0128","volume":"13","author":"LM Santaballa Mora","year":"2018","unstructured":"Santaballa Mora, L. M. (2018). Challenges of infant and child feeding in emergencies: The Puerto Rico experience. Breastfeeding Medicine, 13(8), 539\u2013540.","journal-title":"Breastfeeding Medicine"},{"key":"4325_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sealza, I. S. (2019). Post-disaster economic vulnerability of female-headed households. In Disaster Risk Reduction: Community Resilience and Responses (pp. 241\u2013259).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-8845-2_16"},{"issue":"3","key":"4325_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/DMP.0b013e318183cfbb","volume":"2","author":"JP Stimpson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stimpson, J. P., Wilson, F. A., & Jeffries, S. K. (2008). Seeking help for disaster services after a flood. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 2(3), 139\u2013141.","journal-title":"Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness"},{"issue":"3","key":"4325_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X19004412","volume":"34","author":"SJ Stratton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stratton, S. J. (2019). Data sampling strategies for disaster and emergency health research. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 34(3), 227\u2013229.","journal-title":"Prehospital and Disaster Medicine"},{"key":"4325_CR33","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service. (2024). WIC and retail grocery stores. Retrieved June 13, 2025, from https:\/\/www.fns.usda.gov\/wic\/partner\/retailer"},{"issue":"6","key":"4325_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e504","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(22)00088-2","volume":"6","author":"KR van Daalen","year":"2022","unstructured":"van Daalen, K. R., Kalles\u00f8e, S. S., Davey, F., Dada, S., Jung, L., Singh, L., Issa, R., Emilian, C. A., Kuhn, I., Keygnaert, I., & Nilsson, M. (2022). Extreme events and gender-based violence: A mixed-methods systematic review. The Lancet Planetary Health, 6(6), e504\u2013e523.","journal-title":"The Lancet Planetary Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"4325_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017003846","volume":"21","author":"M Wemette","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wemette, M., Hilts, A. S., Mack, S. R., Li, Y., Eidson, M., Santilli, L. A., Shipp Hilts, A., Nguyen, T., & Birkhead, G. S. (2018). Superstorm Sandy\u2019s impact on the provision of WIC (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children) services in New York State. Public Health Nutrition, 21(7), 1388\u20131398.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutrition"}],"container-title":["Maternal and Child Health Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10995-026-04325-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10995-026-04325-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10995-026-04325-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T22:17:37Z","timestamp":1792102657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10995-026-04325-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["4325"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10995-026-04325-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-7875","1573-6628"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-7875","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6628","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for Publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All materials were reviewed and approved by the University of Delaware\u2019s Institutional Review Board (IRB) (1597257). Participants' written consent was provided by responding in the affirmative to the first question of the survey.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Considerations","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}