{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:48:44Z","timestamp":1792014524671,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Matern Child Health J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Excessive screen time among children is linked to adverse physical, mental, and developmental outcomes. The putative drivers of increasing screen time among school-aged children in the United States remain unclear. Population-level changes may arise from intracohort change (IC)\u2014change in average screen time across survey cycles\u2014or cohort replacement (CR), as later-born cohorts with different levels of screen time replace earlier-born cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed nine 2-year National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles from 2001 to 2002 through 2017\u20132018, including 9,841 children aged 5\u201311 years old. Screen time was measured as the sum of proxy-reported estimates of daily hours of TV\/video viewing and computer use. Using linear and algebraic decomposition techniques, we partitioned total change (TC) in screen time into IC and CR components. Models adjusted for demographic, wellness, family, and food security factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The weighted mean estimated daily screen time increased from 2.95 to 4.26\u00a0h (\u0394\u2009=\u20091.31;44%). Boys consistently had higher proxy-reported mean screen time than girls. In the unadjusted model, IC contributed positively to the increase in screen time, whereas CR partially offset it. These opposing contributions persisted across all adjustment models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Combined estimated daily screen time among U.S. children aged 5\u201311 years increased significantly between 2001 and 2018. Increases within birth cohorts were the main source of this rise, while cohort replacement partially offset it. Differences in screen time across birth cohorts were shaped by changing demographics and family environments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-026-04333-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T09:03:24Z","timestamp":1791968604000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Contextualizing Trends in Television Viewing and Computer Use Among U.S. Children Aged 5\u201311 Years, 2001\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Ashley W.","family":"Kranjac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinko","family":"Kranjac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl. 5","key":"4333_CR1","first-page":"S213","volume":"128","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Communications and Media","year":"2011","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Communications and Media. (2011). Children, adolescents, and the media. Pediatrics, 128(Suppl. 5), S213\u2013S256.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"4333_CR2","first-page":"Articlee2016259","volume":"138","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Communications and Media","year":"2016","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Communications and Media. (2016). Media use in school-aged children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 138(5), Articlee20162592.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4333_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article366","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-366","volume":"8","author":"SE Anderson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Anderson, S. E., Economos, C. D., & Must, A. (2008). Active play and screen time in US children aged 4 to 11 years in relation to sociodemographic and weight status characteristics: A nationally representative cross-sectional analysis. Bmc Public Health, 8, Article366.","journal-title":"Bmc Public Health"},{"key":"4333_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Article101675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101675","volume":"54","author":"D Arias","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arias, D., Saxena, S., & Verguet, S. (2022). Quantifying the global burden of mental disorders and their economic value. EClinicalMedicine, 54, Article101675.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"4333_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Articlee0148038","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148038","volume":"11","author":"Y Bai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bai, Y., Chen, S., Laurson, K. R., et al. (2016). The associations of youth physical activity and screen time with fatness and fitness: The 2012 NHANES National Youth Fitness Survey. PLOS ONE, 11(1), Articlee0148038.","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"4333_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1086\/658371","volume":"118","author":"P Beaudry","year":"2010","unstructured":"Beaudry, P., Doms, M., & Lewis, E. (2010). Should the personal computer be considered a technological revolution? Evidence from U.S. metropolitan areas. Journal of Political Economy, 118(5), 988\u20131036.","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"key":"4333_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-017-0488-5","volume":"52","author":"A Bell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bell, A., & Jones, K. (2018). The hierarchical age\u2013period\u2013cohort model: Why does it find the results that it finds? Quality & Quantity, 52, 783\u2013799.","journal-title":"Quality & Quantity"},{"issue":"7","key":"4333_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.159.7.607","volume":"159","author":"DLG Borzekowski","year":"2005","unstructured":"Borzekowski, D. L. G., & Robinson, T. N. (2005). The remote, the mouse, and the 2 pencil. The household media environment and academic achievement among third grade students. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 159(7), 607\u2013613.","journal-title":"Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine"},{"key":"4333_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Browne, D. T., May, S. S., Hurst-Della, P. (2021). From screen time to the digital level of analysis: A scoping review of measures for digital media use in children and adolescents. BMJ Open, 11, Article e046367.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-046367"},{"issue":"1","key":"4333_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Article160","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010160","volume":"14","author":"G C\u00e1rdenas-Fuentes","year":"2021","unstructured":"C\u00e1rdenas-Fuentes, G., Homs, C., Ram\u00edrez-Contreras, C., et al. (2021). Prospective association of maternal educational level with child\u2019s physical activity, screen time, and diet quality. Nutrients, 14(1), Article160.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"4333_CR10","unstructured":"California Assembly Bill 1709, Covered Platforms: Age Restriction: e-Safety Advisory Commission, 2025\u20132026 Reg. Sess (2026)."},{"issue":"6","key":"4333_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxz095","volume":"24","author":"Canadian Paediatric Society, Digital Task Force","year":"2019","unstructured":"Canadian Paediatric Society, Digital Task Force. (2019). Digital media: Promoting healthy screen use in school-aged children and adolescents. Paediatrics & Child Health, 24(6), 402\u2013417.","journal-title":"Paediatrics & Child Health"},{"key":"4333_CR13","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. (2001\u20132018). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data [Data set]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/default.aspx"},{"issue":"3","key":"4333_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00539","volume":"98","author":"A Copeland","year":"2016","unstructured":"Copeland, A., & Shapiro, A. H. (2016). Price setting and rapid technological adoption: The case of the PC industry. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 98(3), 601\u2013616.","journal-title":"The Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"4333_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2023.104059","volume":"241","author":"DP Costanza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Costanza, D. P., Rudolph, C. W., & Zacher, H. (2023). Are generations a useful concept? Acta Psychologica, 241, 104059.","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"issue":"1","key":"4333_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1066","volume":"128","author":"VC Strasburger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Council on Communications and Media, &, & Strasburger, V. C. (2011). Children, adolescents, obesity, and the media. Pediatrics, 128(1), 201\u2013208.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"4333_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamapediatrics.122","volume":"167","author":"THI Fakhouri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fakhouri, T. H. I., Hughes, J. P., Brody, D. J., Kit, B. K., & Ogden, C. L. (2013). Physical activity and screen-time viewing among elementary school\u2013aged children in the United States from 2009 to 2010. JAMA Pediatrics, 167(3), 223\u2013229.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"4333_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.2307\/270954","volume":"19","author":"G Firebaugh","year":"1989","unstructured":"Firebaugh, G. (1989). Methods for estimating cohort replacement effects. Sociological Methodology, 19, 243\u2013262.","journal-title":"Sociological Methodology"},{"issue":"3","key":"4333_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146514542434","volume":"55","author":"LK George","year":"2014","unstructured":"George, L. K. (2014). Taking time seriously: A call to action in mental health research. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 55(3), 251\u2013264.","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"4333_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922813498152","volume":"53","author":"JA Gingold","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gingold, J. A., Simon, A. E., & Schoendorf, K. C. (2013). Excess screen time in US children: Association with family rules and alternative activities. Clinical Pediatrics, 53(1), 41\u201350.","journal-title":"Clinical Pediatrics"},{"key":"4333_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-022-01761-4","volume":"23","author":"P Haghjoo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haghjoo, P., Siri, G., Soleimani, E., et al. (2022). Screen time increases overweight and obesity risk among adolescents: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. BMC Primary Care, 23, 161.","journal-title":"BMC Primary Care"},{"key":"4333_CR22","unstructured":"Herrick, K. A., Fakhouri, T. H. I., Carlson, S. A., et al. (2014). TV watching and computer use in U.S. youth aged 12\u201315, 2012. National Center for Health Statistics. NCHS Data Brief No. 157."},{"key":"4333_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-023-01240-0","volume":"11","author":"A Hmidan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hmidan, A., Seguin, D., & Duerden, E. G. (2023). Media screen time use and mental health in school aged children during the pandemic. BMC Psychology, 11, 202.","journal-title":"BMC Psychology"},{"key":"4333_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-021-00439-9","volume":"10","author":"A Horesh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Horesh, A., Tsur, A. M., Bardugo, A., et al. (2021). Adolescent and childhood obesity and excess morbidity and mortality in young adulthood\u2014a systematic review. Current Obesity Reports, 10, 301\u2013310.","journal-title":"Current Obesity Reports"},{"issue":"272","key":"4333_CR26","first-page":"1168","volume":"50","author":"EM Kitagawa","year":"1955","unstructured":"Kitagawa, E. M. (1955). Components of a difference between two rates. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 50(272), 1168\u20131194.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"4333_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Articlee32603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e32603","volume":"10","author":"AW Kranjac","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kranjac, A. W., Kranjac, D., & Aguilera, R. I. (2024). Pediatric obesity in the United States: Age\u2013period\u2013cohort analysis. Heliyon, 10, Articlee32603.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"4333_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kranjac, A. W., Kranjac, D., & Chung, V. (2025). Temporal and generational changes in depression among young American adults. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 21, Article 100949.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2025.100949"},{"key":"4333_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kranjac, D., & Kranjac, A. W. (2025). Age\u2013period\u2013cohort effects of adult cigarette smoking in the United States, 1971\u20132020. Scientific Reports, 15, Article 14341.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-98843-x"},{"issue":"12","key":"4333_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2023.01746","volume":"67","author":"S Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee, S., Kim, D., & Shin, Y. (2024). Screen time among preschoolers: Exploring individual, familial, and environmental factors. Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics, 67(12), 641\u2013650.","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics"},{"key":"4333_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Livingstone, S., & Haddon, L. (2009). EU Kids Online: Final report (EC Safer Internet Plus Programme Deliverable D6.5). EU Kids Online. London School of Economics and Political Science.","DOI":"10.51952\/9781847427342"},{"issue":"10","key":"4333_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.2620","volume":"178","author":"S Mallawaarachchi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mallawaarachchi, S., Burley, J., Mavilidi, M., et al. (2024). Early childhood screen use contexts and cognitive and psychosocial outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 178(10), 1017\u20131026.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"4333_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/11.9.595","volume":"11","author":"AE Mark","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mark, A. E., Boyce, W. F., & Janssen, I. (2006). Television viewing, computer use and total screen time in Canadian youth. Paediatrics & Child Health, 11(9), 595\u2013599.","journal-title":"Paediatrics & Child Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"4333_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2005.08.016","volume":"29","author":"SJ Marshall","year":"2006","unstructured":"Marshall, S. J., Gorely, T., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2006). A descriptive epidemiology of screen-based media use in youth: A review and critique. Journal of Adolescence, 29(3), 333\u2013349.","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"issue":"4","key":"4333_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Articlee776","DOI":"10.1002\/osp4.776","volume":"10","author":"A Mokari-Yamchi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mokari-Yamchi, A., Brazendale, K., Faghfouri, A. H., et al. (2024). Adherence to physical activity and screen time recommendations of youth: Demographic differences from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017\u20132018. Obesity Science & Practice, 10(4), Articlee776.","journal-title":"Obesity Science & Practice"},{"issue":"2","key":"4333_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/22799036221102759","volume":"11","author":"N Mubarak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mubarak, N., Wynn, A., Tapasak, B., et al. (2022). An examination of temporal trends in health behaviors among United States children, adolescents, and adults from 2005 to 2016. Journal of Public Health Research, 11(2), 1\u20139.","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"4333_CR38","first-page":"Articlee2025075","volume":"157","author":"T Munzer","year":"2026","unstructured":"Munzer, T., Milkovich, L. M., Madigan, S., et al. (2026). Digital ecosystems, children, and adolescents: Technical report. Pediatrics, 157(2), Articlee2025075321.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"4333_CR39","first-page":"Articlee40608","volume":"15","author":"S Muppalla","year":"2023","unstructured":"Muppalla, S., Vuppalapati, S., Reddy, P. A., et al. (2023). Effects of excessive screen time on child development: An updated review and strategies for management. Cureus, 15(6), Articlee40608.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"4333_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.08.077","volume":"240","author":"JM Nagata","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nagata, J. M., Ganson, K. T., Iyer, P., et al. (2021). Sociodemographic correlates of contemporary screen time use among 9\u201310-year-old children. The Journal of Pediatrics, 240, 213\u2013220e2.","journal-title":"The Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"4333_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03243-y","volume":"97","author":"JM Nagata","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nagata, J. M., Paul, A., Yen, F., et al. (2025). Associations between media parenting practices and early adolescent screen use. Pediatric Research, 97(1), 403\u2013410.","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"4333_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13190","volume":"61","author":"CL Odgers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Odgers, C. L., & Jensen, M. R. (2020). Annual research review: Adolescent mental health in the digital age: Facts, fears, and future directions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(3), 336\u2013348.","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"4333_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-devpsych-121318-084815","volume":"2","author":"CL Odgers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Odgers, C. L., Schueller, S. M., & Ito, M. (2020). Screen time, social media use, and adolescent development. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 2, 485\u2013502.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"10","key":"4333_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Articlee006351","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-006351","volume":"6","author":"A Okunogbe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Okunogbe, A., Nugent, R., Spencer, G., et al. (2021). Economic impacts of overweight and obesity: Current and future estimates for eight countries. BMJ Global Health, 6(10), Articlee006351.","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"key":"4333_CR45","unstructured":"Pew Research Center (2017, September 13). About 6 in 10 young adults in U.S. primarily use online streaming to watch TV. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/PI-TV-topline-for-release.pdf"},{"key":"4333_CR60","unstructured":"Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. (2018). 2018 physical activity guidelines advisory committee scientific report. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services."},{"key":"4333_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.07.056","volume":"363","author":"HJ Portogallo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Portogallo, H. J., Skvarc, D. R., Shore, L. A., et al. (2024). Consequence of child and depressive symptom trajectories for adult depressive disorders and symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 363, 643\u2013652.","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"4333_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Article1665","DOI":"10.3390\/children10101665","volume":"10","author":"N Priftis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Priftis, N., & Panagiotakos, D. (2023). Screen time and its health consequences in children and adolescents. Children, 10, Article1665.","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"4333_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7103a6","volume":"71","author":"QuickStats","year":"2022","unstructured":"QuickStats (2022). Percentage of children aged 2\u201317 years with >\u20092 hours of screen time per weekday, by sex and age group\u2014National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2020. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 71, 106.","journal-title":"MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"4333_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radesky, J., & Hiniker, A. (2022). From moral panic to systemic change: Making child-centered design the default. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 31, Article 100351.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcci.2021.100351"},{"key":"4333_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/isj.12328","volume":"32","author":"A Rapp","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rapp, A. (2022). Time, engagement and video games: How game design elements shape the temporalities of play in massively multiplayer online role-playing games. Information Systems Journal, 32, 5\u201332.","journal-title":"Information Systems Journal"},{"issue":"7","key":"4333_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.222","volume":"35","author":"JJ Reilly","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reilly, J. J., & Kelly, J. (2011). Long-term impact of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence on morbidity and premature mortality in adulthood: Systematic review. International Journal of Obesity, 35(7), 891\u2013898.","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"key":"4333_CR54","unstructured":"Rosengreen, K. E., Windahl, S., Johnsson-Smaragdi, U., et al. (1989). Media matter: TV use in childhood and adolescence. Ablex Publishing."},{"key":"4333_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.2307\/2090964","volume":"30","author":"NB Ryder","year":"1965","unstructured":"Ryder, N. B. (1965). The cohort as a concept in the study of social change. American Sociological Review, 30, 843\u2013861.","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"issue":"11","key":"4333_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2005.239","volume":"13","author":"J Salmon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Salmon, J., Timperio, A., Telford, A., et al. (2005). Association of family environment with children\u2019s television viewing and with low levels of physical activity. Obesity Research, 13(11), 1939\u20131951.","journal-title":"Obesity Research"},{"key":"4333_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Article117","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-019-0881-7","volume":"16","author":"T Sanders","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sanders, T., Parker, P. D., del Pozo-Cruz, B., et al. (2019). Type of screen time moderates effects on outcomes in 4013 children: Evidence from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 16, Article117.","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity"},{"key":"4333_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30022-1","volume":"2","author":"SM Sawyer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sawyer, S. M., Azzopardi, P. S., Wickremarathne, D., et al. (2018). The age of adolescence. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 2, 223\u2013228.","journal-title":"The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4333_CR59","first-page":"Articlee023191","volume":"9","author":"N Stiglic","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stiglic, N., & Viner, R. M. (2019). Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: A systematic review of reviews. British Medical Journal Open, 9(1), Articlee023191.","journal-title":"British Medical Journal Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"4333_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30002-6","volume":"2","author":"The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health","year":"2018","unstructured":"The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. (2018). Growing up in a digital world: Benefits and risks. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 2(2), 79.","journal-title":"The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health"},{"key":"4333_CR61","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (n.d.). Increase the proportion of parents who follow AAP recommendations on limiting screen time for children aged 6 to 17 years\u2014PA-R02. Healthy People 2030)."},{"key":"4333_CR52","unstructured":"Rideout, V. J. (2017). The Common Sense census: Media use by kids age zero to eight, 2017. Common Sense Media."},{"key":"4333_CR53","unstructured":"Rideout, V. J., Foehr, U. G., & Roberts, D. F. (2010). Generation M2: Media in the lives of 8- to 18-year-olds. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation."},{"key":"4333_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veldhuis, L., van Grieken, A., Renders, C. M. (2014). Parenting style, the home environment, and screen time of 5-year-old children: The \u2018Be Active, Eat Right\u2019 Study. PLOS ONE, 9, Article e88486.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088486"},{"issue":"1","key":"4333_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.10.008","volume":"60","author":"A Wickersham","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wickersham, A., Sugg, H. V. R., Epstein, S., et al. (2021). Systematic review and meta-analysis: The association between child and adolescent depression and later educational attainment. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 60(1), 105\u2013118.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"4333_CR65","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2000). Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic (WHO Technical Report Series No. 894)."},{"key":"4333_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822108","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.822108","volume":"10","author":"Y Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Amirfakhraei, A., Ebrahimzadeh, F., et al. (2022). Screen time and body mass index among children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 10, 822108.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"4333_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9531.2006.00175.x","volume":"36","author":"Y Yang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yang, Y., & Land, K. C. (2006). A mixed models approach to the age\u2013period\u2013cohort analysis of repeated cross-section surveys, with an application to data on trends in verbal test scores. Sociological Methodology, 36(1), 75\u201397.","journal-title":"Sociological Methodology"},{"issue":"3","key":"4333_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124106292360","volume":"36","author":"Y Yang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yang, Y., & Land, K. C. (2008). Age\u2013period\u2013cohort analysis of repeated cross-section surveys. Fixed or random effects? Sociological Methods & Research, 36(3), 297\u2013326.","journal-title":"Sociological Methods & Research"}],"container-title":["Maternal and Child Health Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10995-026-04333-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10995-026-04333-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10995-026-04333-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:08:43Z","timestamp":1792012123000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10995-026-04333-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["4333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10995-026-04333-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-7875","1573-6628"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-7875","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6628","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 October 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper, including study design, the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, the writing of the report, or the decision to submit the paper for publication.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}