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In the present study, we aimed to assess whether human cardiac cells could release immune mediators upon stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptors (RLRs).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Commercially available human cardiac fibroblasts and an immortalized human cardiomyocyte cell line were stimulated in vitro with TLR2, TLR3, and TLR4 agonists. In addition, cytosolic RLRs were activated in cardiac cells after transfection of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (PolyIC). Upon stimulation of TLR3, TLR4, MDA5, and RIG-I, but not upon stimulation of TLR2, human cardiac fibroblasts produced high amounts of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. On the contrary, the immortalized human cardiomyocyte cell line was unresponsive to the tested TLRs agonists. Upon RLRs stimulation, cardiac fibroblasts, and to a lesser extent the cardiomyocyte cell line, induced anti-viral IFN-\u03b2 expression.<\/jats:p><jats:p>These data demonstrate that human cardiac fibroblasts and an immortalized human cardiomyocyte cell line differently respond to various TLRs and RLRs ligands. In particular, human cardiac fibroblasts were able to induce pro-inflammatory and anti-viral cytokines on their own. These aspects will contribute to better understand the immunological function of the different cell populations that make up the cardiac tissue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-021-04157-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T15:03:30Z","timestamp":1619017410000},"page":"3241-3252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Human cardiac fibroblasts produce pro-inflammatory cytokines upon TLRs and RLRs stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"476","author":[{"given":"Zhe","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuan T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4097-0912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan","family":"Valaperti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9817","key":"4157_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60648-X","volume":"379","author":"S Sagar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sagar S, Liu PP, Cooper LT Jr (2012) Myocarditis Lancet 379(9817):738\u2013747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60648-X","journal-title":"Myocarditis Lancet"},{"issue":"21","key":"4157_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.09.937","volume":"68","author":"S Heymans","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heymans S, Eriksson U, Lehtonen J, Cooper LT Jr (2016) The quest for new approaches in myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy. 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