{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T17:09:59Z","timestamp":1793725799265,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":210,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Cell Biochem"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The widespread presence of microplastics (MPs) in the environment has raised significant concerns about their potential impact on human health. As of 2023, the Ocean Conservancy estimates that adults may ingest up to 121,000 MPs annually. While the majority of these particles are cleared from the body, a small fraction can persist, as MPs are non-biodegradable and resist breakdown, posing long-term health risks that remain poorly understood. This review explores the emerging link between MP exposure and the development of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and Parkinson\u2019s disease [1]. MPs appear capable of triggering neurotoxic pathways, including activation of resident immune cells in the brain, oxidative stress, blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) disruption, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuronal damage, which may contribute to neuroinflammation and disease progression. Specifically, six MP-related mechanistic pathways associated with AD were identified: BBB disruption, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress and ROS generation, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired autophagy and proteostasis, and epigenetic alterations. Similarly, six pathways were implicated in PD: BBB disruption, oxidative stress in dopaminergic neurons, mitochondrial dysfunction, microglial-driven neuroinflammation, \u03b1-synuclein aggregation, and gut\u2013brain axis [2] disruption. Ultimately, our findings underscore the urgent need for further research into the neurological consequences of chronic MP exposure in humans and highlight the importance of strengthening global policies to curb plastic pollution and mitigate its long-term health risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-025-05428-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T09:28:29Z","timestamp":1763458109000},"page":"669-694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Do microplastics play a role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases? Shared pathophysiological pathways for Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"481","author":[{"given":"Alexander Chi Wang","family":"Siu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keshav Raj","family":"Paudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gurjeet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaurav","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachin Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinesh Kumar","family":"Chellappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"De Rubis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suhrud","family":"Pathak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Gregory George Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamal","family":"Dua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muralikrishnan","family":"Dhanasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"5428_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ong W, Zhu L, Zhang W, Kuah T, Lim DSW, Low XZ, Thian YL, Teo EC, Tan JH, Kumar N, Vellayappan BA, Ooi BC, Quek ST, Makmur A, Hallinan J (2022) Application of artificial intelligence methods for imaging of spinal metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers14164025","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14164025"},{"key":"5428_CR2","unstructured":"Steinmetz JD, Seeher KM, Schiess N, Nichols E, Cao B, Servili C, Cavallera V, Cousin E, Hagins H, Moberg ME, Mehlman ML, Abate YH, Abbas J, Abbasi MA, Abbasian M, Abbastabar H, Abdelmasseh M, Abdollahi M, Abdollahi M, Abdollahifar M-A, Abd-Rabu R, Abdulah DM, Abdullahi A, Abedi A, Abedi V, Abelda\u0144o Zu\u0144iga RA, Abidi H, Abiodun O, Aboagye RG, Abolhassani H, Aboyans V, Abrha WA, Abualhasan A, Abu-Gharbieh E, Aburuz S, Adamu LH, Addo IY, Adebayo OM, Adekanmbi V, Adekiya TA, Adikusuma W, Adnani QES, Adra S,Afework T, Afolabi AA, Afraz A, Afzal S, Aghamiri S, Agodi A, Agyemang-Duah W, Ahinkorah BO, Ahmad A, Ahmad D, Ahmad S, Ahmadzade AM, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Ahmed H, Ahmed JQ,Ahmed LA, Ahmed MB, Ahmed SA, Ajami M, Aji B, Ajumobi O, Akade SEi, Akbari M, Akbarialiabad H, Akhlaghi S, Akinosoglou K, Akinyemi RO, Akonde M, Al Hasan SM, Alahdab F, Al-Ahdal 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PR, Rahati MM, Rahim F, Rahimi Z, Rahimifard M, Rahman MO, Rahman MHU, Rahman M, Rahman MA, Rahmani AM, Rahmani S,Rahmani Youshanlouei H, Rahmati M, Raj Moolambally S, Rajabpour-Sanati A, Ramadan H, Ramasamy SK, Ramasubramani P, Ramazanu S, Rancic N, Rao IR, Rao SJ, Rapaka D, Rashedi V, Rashid AM, Rashidi M-M, Rashidi Alavijeh M, Rasouli-Saravani A, Rawaf S, Razo C,Redwan EMM, Rekabi Bana A, Remuzzi G, Rezaei N, Rezaei N, Rezaei N, Rezaeian M, Rhee TG, Riad A, Robinson SR, Rodrigues M, Rodriguez JAB, Roever L, Rogowski ELB, Romoli M, Ronfani L, Roy P, Roy Pramanik K, Rubagotti E, Ruiz MA, Russ TC, S Sunnerhagen K, Saad AMA, Saadatian Z, Saber K, SaberiKamarposhti M, Sacco S, Saddik B, Sadeghi E, Sadeghian S, Saeed U, Saeed U, Safdarian M, Safi SZ, Sagar R, Sagoe D, Saheb Sharif-Askari F, Saheb Sharif-Askari N, Sahebkar A, Sahoo SS, Sahraian MA, Sajedi SA, Sakshaug JW,Saleh MA, Salehi Omran H, Salem MR, Salimi S, Samadi Kafil H, Samadzadeh S, Samargandy S, Samodra YL, Samuel VP, Samy 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