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In this study, we characterized the salivary-gland transcriptome of adult female\n                    <jats:italic>Simulium pertinax<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a medically important black fly species widely distributed in South America. Through RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analyses, we identified 15,708 high-quality transcripts, of which 1947 clusters were related to secreted proteins, distributed across 23 distinct functional families, including digestive enzymes, protease inhibitors, antimicrobial peptides, and hemostasis modulators. Phylogenetic analyses of selected hematophagy-associated families, including Kunitz-domain inhibitors, Apyrases, Kazal-type inhibitors, Serpins, and SVEP homologs, revealed a combination of conserved evolutionary relationships and lineage-specific diversification among simuliids. Notably, the SVEP (\n                    <jats:italic>Simulium<\/jats:italic>\n                    Vasodilator Erythema Protein) family was highly represented and appears to be restricted to black flies. Given that its biological role remains largely uncharacterized, we selected a novel SVEP variant for heterologous expression and functional characterization, which was designated as recombinant\n                    <jats:italic>Simulium pertinax<\/jats:italic>\n                    Vasoactive Protein (rSpVaP). This recombinant protein elicited vasodilator activity in the arterioles of the mouse cremaster muscle, as well as significant paw edema. These findings support rSpVaP as a biologically active SVEP-related salivary vasoactive protein in simuliids, underscoring its contribution to facilitating blood-feeding. Taken together, these results highlight the value of combining transcriptomic profiling with functional characterization to uncover the molecular adaptations underlying hematophagy in black flies, enhancing our understanding of vector-host interactions and the evolutionary pressures shaping the sialotranscriptome.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-026-05718-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:14:00Z","timestamp":1788419640000},"page":"5231-5249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sialotranscriptome of\u00a0Simulium pertinax\u00a0and functional characterization of SpVaP: a novel recombinant simuliid-specific vasodilator"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"481","author":[{"given":"Camila Amaro","family":"Caldeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucyana Keity Santana","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thays Duarte","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"de Barros Pinto Viviani Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent Louis","family":"Viala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"de Carvalho Lins Fernandes T\u00e1vora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca Cestari","family":"Zychar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno Miranda","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"En\u00e9as","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Em\u00eddio Beraldo","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula Andreia Lucas","family":"Calabria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah Natalie Cirilo","family":"Gimenes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliana Faquim","family":"de Lima Mauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geraldo Santana","family":"Magalhaes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"5718_CR1","volume-title":"The black flies (Simuliidae) of North America","author":"PH Adler","year":"2004","unstructured":"Adler PH, Currie DC, Wood DM (2004) The black flies (Simuliidae) of North America. 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Experimental protocol in mice record n\n                      o\n                      \u00a0CEUA8410020523. All manipulation of microorganisms has been developed in biosafety level P2 area, as authorized by CIBio and CTNBio (National Technical Commission on Biosecurity) (Record n\n                      o\n                      \u00a0CQB-483\/19 de 19\/11\/2019)","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}