{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T12:17:12Z","timestamp":1767961032257,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,22]],"date-time":"2007-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1187740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metab Brain Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,22]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-007-9064-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,21]],"date-time":"2007-08-21T18:16:09Z","timestamp":1187720169000},"page":"337-352","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Tryptophan, adenosine, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"T. W.","family":"Stone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. M.","family":"Forrest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. M.","family":"Mackay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Stoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. G.","family":"Darlington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"9064_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-005-7904-6","volume":"20","author":"J Albrecht","year":"2005","unstructured":"Albrecht J, Wegrzynowicz M (2005) Endogenous neuroprotectants in ammonia toxicity in the central nervous system: facts and hypotheses. Metab Brain Dis 20:253\u2013263","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"9064_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1990.tb14097.x","volume":"100","author":"P Andine","year":"1990","unstructured":"Andine P, Rudolphi KA, Fredholm BB, Hagberg H (1990) Effect of propentofylline (HWA285) in extracellular purines and excitatory amino acids in CA1 of rat hippocampus during transient ischemia. Br J Pharmacol 100:814\u2013818","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"9064_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1989.tb16886.x","volume":"98","author":"B Arvin","year":"1989","unstructured":"Arvin B, Neville LF, Pan J, Roberts PJ (1989) 2-Chloroadenosine attenuates kainic acid-induced toxicity within the rat striatum: relationship to release of glutamate and Ca2+ influx. Br J Pharmacol 98:225\u2013235","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"9064_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(98)00136-3","volume":"59","author":"S Baratte","year":"1998","unstructured":"Baratte S, Molinari A, Veneroni O, Speciale C, Benatti L, Salvati P (1998) Temporal and spatial changes of quinolinic acid immunoreactivity in the gerbil hippocampus following transient cerebral ischemia. Mol Brain Res 59:50\u201357","journal-title":"Mol Brain Res"},{"key":"9064_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)91305-Z","volume":"530","author":"JT Bartrup","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bartrup JT, Stone TW (1990) Activation of NMDA receptor-coupled channels suppresses the inhibitory action of adenosine on hippocampal slices. Brain Res 530:330\u2013334","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"9064_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90456-5","volume":"108","author":"AS Basile","year":"1995","unstructured":"Basile AS, Saito K, Almardini H, Record CO, Hughes RD, Harrison P, Williams R, Li Y, Heyes MP (1995) The relationship between plasma and brain quinolinic acid levels and the severity of hepatic-encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 108:818\u2013823","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"9064_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704613","volume":"135","author":"WMH Behan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Behan WMH, Stone TW (2002) Enhanced neuronal damage by co-administration of quinolinic acid and free radicals and protection by adenosine A2A receptor antagonists. Br J Pharmacol 135:1435\u20131442","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"9064_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0702940","volume":"128","author":"WMH Behan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Behan WMH, McDonald M, Darlington LG, Stone TW (1999) Oxidative stress as a mechanism for quinolinic acid-induced hippocampal damage: protection by melatonin and deprenyl. Br J Pharmacol 128:1754\u20131760","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"9064_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199903000-00023","volume":"27","author":"MJ Bell","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bell MJ, Kochanek PM, Heyes MP, Wisniewski SR, Sinz EH, Clark RSB, Blight AR, Marion DW, Adelson PD (1999) Quinolinic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid of children after traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med 27:493\u2013497","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"9064_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.65052235.x","volume":"65","author":"PBF Bergqvist","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bergqvist PBF, Heyes MP, Bugge M, Bengtsson F (1995) Brain quinolinic acid in chronic experimental hepatic-encephalopathy\u2014effects of an exogenous ammonium acetate challenge. J Neurochem 65:2235\u20132240","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"9064_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-133X(95)00256-D","volume":"15","author":"PBF Bergqvist","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bergqvist PBF, Heyes MP, Apelqvist G, Butterworth RF, Bengtsson F (1996) Brain extracellular quinolinic acid in chronic experimental hepatic encephalopathy as assessed by in vivo microdialysis: acute effects of L-tryptophan. Neuropsychopharmacology 15:382\u2013389","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"9064_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(88)90367-6","volume":"154","author":"PJ Birch","year":"1988","unstructured":"Birch PJ, Grossman CJ, Hayes AG (1988) Kynurenic acid antagonises responses to NMDA via an action at the strychnine-insensitive glycine site. Eur J Pharmacol 154:85\u201387","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"9064_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)91167-Q","volume":"632","author":"AR Blight","year":"1993","unstructured":"Blight AR, Saito K, Heyes MP (1993) Increased levels of the excitotoxin quinolinic acid in spinal cord following contusion injury. Brain Res 632:314\u2013316","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"9064_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/118.3.735","volume":"118","author":"AR Blight","year":"1995","unstructured":"Blight AR, Cohen TI, Saito K, Heyes MP (1995) Quinolinic acid accumulation and functional deficits following experimental spinal cord injury. Brain 118:735\u2013752","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"9064_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1997.14.89","volume":"14","author":"AR Blight","year":"1997","unstructured":"Blight AR, Leroy EC Jr, Heyes MP (1997) Quinolinic acid accumulation in injured spinal cord: time course, distribution, and species differences between rat and guinea pig. J Neurotrauma 14:89\u201398","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"9064_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.21.12.1727","volume":"21","author":"SP Butcher","year":"1990","unstructured":"Butcher SP, Bullock R, Graham DI, McCulloch J (1990) Correlation between amino acid release and neuropathologic outcome in rat brain following middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke 21:1727\u20131733","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"9064_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9192","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-21-09192.1999","volume":"19","author":"JF Chen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chen JF, Huang ZH, Ma JY, Zhu JM, Moratalla R, Standaert D, Moskowitz MA, Fink JS, Schwarzschild MA (1999) A(2A) adenosine receptor deficiency attenuates brain injury induced by transient focal ischemia in mice. J Neurosci 19:9192\u20139200","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"9064_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(89)90529-6","volume":"101","author":"JH Connick","year":"1989","unstructured":"Connick JH, Stone TW (1989) Quinolinic acid neurotoxicity: protection by intracerebral phenylisopropyl adenosine (PIA) and potentiation by hypotension. Neurosci Lett 101:191\u2013196","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"9064_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(89)90058-9","volume":"491","author":"J-L Daval","year":"1989","unstructured":"Daval J-L, Von Lubitz DJKE, Deckert J, Redmond DJ, Marangos PJ (1989) Protective effect of cyclohexyladenosine A1-receptors, guanine nucleotide and forskolin binding sites following transient brain ischaemia: a quantitative autoradiographic study. Brain Res 491:212\u2013226","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"9064_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199505300-00006","volume":"6","author":"A Mendonca De","year":"1995","unstructured":"De Mendonca A, Sebastiao AM, Ribeiro JA (1995) Inhibition of NMDA receptor-mediated currents in isolated rat hippocampal neurons by adenosine A(1) receptor activation. Neuroreport 6:1097\u20131100","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"9064_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(87)90691-5","volume":"36","author":"JA Dykens","year":"1987","unstructured":"Dykens JA, Sullivan SG, Stern A (1987) Oxidative reactivity of the tryptophan metabolites 3-hydroxyanthranilate, cinnabarinate, quinolinate and picolinate. Biochem Pharmacol 36:211\u2013217","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"9064_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(89)90301-8","volume":"38","author":"JA Dykens","year":"1989","unstructured":"Dykens JA, Sullivan SG, Stern A (1989) Glucose metabolism and hemoglobin reactivity in human red blood cells exposed to the tryptophan metabolites 3-hydroxyanthranilate, quinolinate and picolinate. Biochem Pharmacol 38:1555\u20131562","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"9064_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(89)90216-3","volume":"495","author":"CL Eastman","year":"1989","unstructured":"Eastman CL, Guilarte TR (1989) Cytotoxicity of 3-hydroxykynurenine in a neuronal hybrid cell line. Brain Res 495:225\u2013231","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"9064_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01101711","volume":"15","author":"CL Eastman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Eastman CL, Guilarte TR (1990) The role of hydrogen peroxide in the in vitro cytotoxicity of 3-hydroxykynurenine. Neurochem Res 15:1101\u20131107","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"9064_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.57.2.199","volume":"57","author":"MG Espey","year":"1995","unstructured":"Espey MG, Moffett JR, Namboodiri MAA (1995) Temporal and spatial changes of quinolinic acid immunoreactivity in the immune system of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mice. J Leukoc Biol 57:199\u2013206","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"9064_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199701200-00011","volume":"8","author":"MG Espey","year":"1997","unstructured":"Espey MG, Chernyshev ON, Reinhard JF Jr, Namboodiri MAA, Colton CA (1997) Activated human microglia produce the excitotoxin quinolinic acid. Neuroreport 8:431\u2013434","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"9064_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)90636-P","volume":"512","author":"E Galarraga","year":"1990","unstructured":"Galarraga E, Surmeier DJ, Kitai ST (1990) Quinolinate and kainate neurotoxicity in neostriatal cultures is potentiated by coculturing with neocortical neurons. Brain Res 512:269\u2013276","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"9064_CR28","first-page":"PL61","volume":"55","author":"Y Gao","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gao Y, Phillis JW (1994) CGS 15943, an adenosine A2 receptor antagonist, reduces cerebral ischemic injury in the mongolian gerbil. Life Sci 55:PL61\u2013PL65","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"9064_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2148832","volume":"250","author":"D Giulian","year":"1990","unstructured":"Giulian D, Vaca K, Noonan CA (1990) Secretion of neurotoxins by mononuclear phagocytes infected with HIV-1. Science 250:1593\u20131596","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9064_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.7.2769","volume":"90","author":"D Giulian","year":"1993","unstructured":"Giulian D, Wendt E, Vaca K, Noonan CA (1993) The envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 stimulates release of neurotoxins from monocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90:2769\u20132773","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"9064_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1987.tb03419.x","volume":"49","author":"H Hagberg","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hagberg H, Andersson P, Lacarewicz J, Jacobson I, Butcher S, Sandberg M (1987) Extracellular adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine in relation to tissue nucleotides and purines in rat striatum during transient ischaemia. J Neurochem 49:227\u2013231","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"9064_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)90149-X","volume":"641","author":"A Heron","year":"1994","unstructured":"Heron A, Lekiettre D, Le Peillet E, Lasbennes F, Seylaz J, Plotkine M, Boulu RG (1994) Effects of an A1 adenosine receptor agonist on the neurochemical, behavioural and histological consequences of ischaemia. Brain Res 641:217\u2013224","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"9064_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1990.tb08857.x","volume":"55","author":"MP Heyes","year":"1990","unstructured":"Heyes MP, Lackner A (1990) Increased cerebrospinal fluid quinolinic acid, kynurenic acid and L-kynurenine in acute septicemia. J Neurochem 55:338\u2013341","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"9064_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1990.119","volume":"10","author":"MP Heyes","year":"1990","unstructured":"Heyes MP, Nowak TS Jr (1990) Delayed increases in regional brain quinolinic acid follow transient ischemia in the gerbil. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 10:660\u2013667","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"9064_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(89)90101-7","volume":"491","author":"MP Heyes","year":"1989","unstructured":"Heyes MP, Quearry BJ, Markey SP (1989) Systemic endotoxin increases L-tryptophan, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine and quinolinic acid content of mouse cerebral-cortex. Brain Res 491:173\u2013179","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"9064_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/115.5.1249","volume":"115","author":"MP Heyes","year":"1992","unstructured":"Heyes MP, Saito K, Crowley JS, Davis LE, Demitrack MA, Der M, Dilling LA, Elia J, Kruesi MJP, Lackner A, Larsen SA, Lee K, Leonard HL, Markey SP, Martin A, Milstein S, Mouradian MM, Pranzatelli MR, Quearry BJ, Salazar A, Smith M, Straus SE, Sunderland T, Swedo SE, Tourtellotte WW (1992) Quinolinic acid and kynurenine pathway metabolism in inflammatory and non-inflammatory neurologic disease. Brain 115:1249\u20131273","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"9064_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3200595","volume":"320","author":"MP Heyes","year":"1996","unstructured":"Heyes MP, Achim CL, Wiley CA, Major EO, Saito K, Markey SP (1996) Human microglia convert L-tryptophan into the neurotoxin quinolinic acid. Biochem J 320:595\u2013597","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"9064_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/16.2.349","volume":"16","author":"Y Hiraku","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hiraku Y, Inoue S, Oikawa S, Yamamoto K, Tada S, Nishino K, Kawanishi S (1995) Aluminium-mediated oxidative damage to cellular and isolated dna by certain tryptophan-metabolites. Carcinogenesis 16:349\u2013356","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"9064_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.1167","volume":"63","author":"DE Holt","year":"2002","unstructured":"Holt DE, Washabau RJ, Djali S, Dayrell-Hart B, Drobatz KJ, Heyes MP, Robinson MB (2002) Cerebrospinal fluid glutamine, tryptophan, and tryptophan metabolite concentrations in dogs with portosystemic shunts. Am J Vet Res 63:1167\u20131171","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"9064_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020050045","volume":"105","author":"H Hosseinzadeh","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hosseinzadeh H, Stone TW (1998) Tolbutamide blocks postsynaptic but not presynaptic effects of adenosine on hippocampal CA1 neurons. J Neural Transm 105:161\u2013172","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"9064_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(02)00396-5","volume":"35","author":"R Jalan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jalan R, Shawcross D, Davies N (2003) The molecular pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 35:1175\u20131181","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"9064_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00540-X","volume":"800","author":"PA Jones","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jones PA, Smith RA, Stone TW (1998a) Protection against intrahippocampal kainate excitotoxicity by intracerebral administration of an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist. Brain Res 800:328\u2013335","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"9064_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(97)00613-1","volume":"85","author":"PA Jones","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jones PA, Smith RA, Stone TW (1998b) Protection against kainate-induced excitotoxicity by adenosine A2A receptor agonists and antagonists. Neuroscience 85:229\u2013237","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"9064_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3109\/13550289509111027","volume":"1","author":"SJ Kerr","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kerr SJ, Armati PJ, Brew BJ (1995) Neurocytotoxicity of quinolinic acid in human brain cultures. J Neurovirol 1:375\u2013380","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"9064_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199804000-00003","volume":"12","author":"SJ Kerr","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kerr SJ, Armati PJ, Guillemin GJ, Brew BJ (1998) Chronic exposure of human neurones to quinolinic acid results in neuronal changes consistent with AIDS dementia complex. AIDS 12:355\u2013363","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"9064_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490220207","volume":"22","author":"L Khaspekov","year":"1989","unstructured":"Khaspekov L, Kida E, Victorov I, Mossakowski MJ (1989) Neurotoxic effect induced by quinolinic acid in dissociated cell culture of mouse hippocampus. J Neurosci Res 22:150\u2013157","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"9064_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(87)90066-2","volume":"23","author":"JP Kim","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kim JP, Choi DW (1987) Quinolinate neurotoxicity in cortical cell culture. Neuroscience 23:423\u2013432","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"9064_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(03)00124-4","volume":"44","author":"T Kitano","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kitano T, Matsumura S, Seki T, Hikida T, Sakimura K, Nagano T, Mishina M, Nakanishi S, Ito S (2004) Characterization of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits involved in acute ammonia toxicity. Neurochem Int 44:83\u201390","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"9064_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2005.04.006","volume":"47","author":"A Klejman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Klejman A, Wegrzynowicz M, Szatmari EM, Mioduszewska B, Hetman M, Albrecht J (2005) Mechanisms of ammonia-induced cell death in rat cortical neurons: roles of NMDA receptors and glutathione. Neurochem Int 47:51\u201357","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"9064_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10243","volume":"68","author":"T Kocki","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kocki T, Dolinska M, Dybel A, Urbanska EM, Turski WA, Albrecht J (2002) Regulation of kynurenic acid synthesis in C6 glioma cells. J Neurosci Res 68:622\u2013626","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"9064_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(03)00039-1","volume":"43","author":"E Kosenko","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kosenko E, Llansola M, Montoliu C, Monfort P, Rodrigo R, Hernandez-Viadel M, Erceg S, Sanchez-Perez AM, Felipo V (2003) Glutamine synthetase activity and glutamine content in brain: modulation by NMDA receptors and nitric oxide. Neurochem Int 43:493\u2013499","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"9064_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02426.x","volume":"89","author":"E Kosenko","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kosenko E, Montoliu C, Giordano G, Kaminsky Y, Venediktova N, Buryanov Y, Felipo V (2004) Acute ammonia intoxication induces an NMDA receptor-mediated increase in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase level and NAD(+) metabolism in nuclei of rat brain cells. J Neurochem 89:1101\u20131110","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"9064_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0702591","volume":"127","author":"S Latini","year":"1999","unstructured":"Latini S, Bordoni F, Pedata F, Corradetti R (1999) Extracellular adenosine concentrations during in vitro ischaemia in rat hippocampal slices. Br J Pharmacol 127:729\u2013739","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"9064_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03215.x","volume":"60","author":"Y-S Lau","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lau Y-S, Mouradian MM (1993) Protection against acute MPTP-induced dopamine depletion in mice by adenosine. J Neurochem 60:768\u2013771","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"9064_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(93)90285-7","volume":"114","author":"GJ Lees","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lees GJ (1993) The possible contribution of microglia and macrophages to delayed neuronal death after ischemia. J Neurol Sci 114:119\u2013122","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"9064_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13572.x","volume":"109","author":"DG MacGregor","year":"1993","unstructured":"MacGregor DG, Stone TW (1993) Inhibition by the adenosine analogue, (R-)-N6-phenylisopropyladenosine, of kainic acid neurotoxicity in rat hippocampus after systemic administration. Br J Pharmacol 109:316\u2013321","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"9064_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13834.x","volume":"110","author":"DG MacGregor","year":"1993","unstructured":"MacGregor DG, Miller WJ, Stone TW (1993) Mediation of the neuroprotective action of R-phenylisopropyladenosine through a centrally located adenosine A1 receptor. Br J Pharmacol 110:470\u2013476","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"9064_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(96)00342-3","volume":"725","author":"DG MacGregor","year":"1996","unstructured":"MacGregor DG, Jones PA, Maxwell WL, Graham DI, Stone TW (1996) Prevention by a purine analogue of kainate-induced neuropathology in rat hippocampus. Brain Res 725:115\u2013120","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"9064_CR59","first-page":"347","volume":"26","author":"E Matsusue","year":"2005","unstructured":"Matsusue E, Kinoshita T, Ohama E, Ogawa T (2005) Cerebral cortical and white matter lesions in chronic hepatic encephalopathy: MR-pathologic correlations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26:347\u2013351","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"9064_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(79)90082-1","volume":"24","author":"ML Michaelis","year":"1979","unstructured":"Michaelis ML, Michaelis EK, Myers SL (1979) Adenosine modulation of synaptosomal dopamine release. Life Sci 24:2083\u20132092","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"9064_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)91450-7","volume":"623","author":"JR Moffett","year":"1993","unstructured":"Moffett JR, Espey MG, Gaudet SJ, Namboodiri MAA (1993) Antibodies to quinolinic acid reveal localization in select immune cells rather than neurones or astroglia. Brain Res 623:337\u2013340","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"9064_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00331364","volume":"278","author":"JR Moffett","year":"1994","unstructured":"Moffett JR, Espey MG, Namboodiri MAA (1994) Antibodies to quinolinic acid and the determination of its cellular distribution within the rat immune system. Cell Tissue Res 278:461\u2013469","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"9064_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1996.6365","volume":"144","author":"JR Moffett","year":"1997","unstructured":"Moffett JR, Els T, Espey MG, Walter SA, Streit WJ, Namboodiri MAA (1997) Quinolinate immunoreactivity in experimental rat brain tumors is present in macrophages but not in astrocytes. Exp Neurol 144:287\u2013301","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"9064_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3955","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199812010-00034","volume":"9","author":"A Monopoli","year":"1998","unstructured":"Monopoli A, Lozza G, Forloni A, Mattavelli A, Ongini E (1998) Blockade of adenosine A2A receptors by SCH 58261 results in neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischaemia in rats. Neuroreport 9:3955\u20133959","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"9064_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1986.tb13052.x","volume":"46","author":"F Moroni","year":"1986","unstructured":"Moroni F, Lombardi G, Carl\u00e0 V, Pellegrini D, Carassale GL, Cortesini C (1986a) Content of quinolinic acid and of other tryptophan-metabolites increases in brain-regions of rats used as experimental-models of hepatic-encephalopathy. J Neurochem 46:869\u2013874","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"9064_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1986.tb13071.x","volume":"47","author":"F Moroni","year":"1986","unstructured":"Moroni F, Lombardi G, Carla V, Pellegrini D, Carassale GJ, Cortesini C (1986b) Increase in the content of quinolinic acid in cerebrospinal-fluid and frontal-cortex of patients with hepatic-failure. J Neurochem 47:1667\u20131671","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"9064_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1254\/jjp.71.183","volume":"71","author":"Y Nakagami","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nakagami Y, Saito H, Katsuki H (1996) 3-hydroxykynurenine toxicity on the rat striatum in vivo. Jpn J Pharmacol 71:183\u2013186","journal-title":"Jpn J Pharmacol"},{"key":"9064_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(98)00310-6","volume":"64","author":"M Nakai","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nakai M, Qin ZH, Wang Y, Chase TN (1999) Free radical scavenger OPC-14117 attenuates quinolinic acid-induced NF\u03baB activation and apoptosis in rat striatum. Mol Brain Res 64:59\u201368","journal-title":"Mol Brain Res"},{"key":"9064_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(96)00223-0","volume":"76","author":"N Nakao","year":"1997","unstructured":"Nakao N, Brundin P (1997) Effects of alpha-phenyl-t-butyl nitrone on neuronal survival and motor function following intrastriatal injections of quinolinate or 3-nitropropionic acid. Neuroscience 76:749\u2013761","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"9064_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3109\/13550289609146910","volume":"2","author":"AMA Namboodiri","year":"1996","unstructured":"Namboodiri AMA, Venkateshan CNS, Narayanan R, Blinder K, Moffett JR, Gajdusek DC, Gravell M, Gibbs J (1996) Increased quinolinate immunoreactivity in the peripheral blood macrocytes\/macrophages from SIV-infected monkeys. J Neurovirol 2:433\u2013438","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"9064_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(01)01171-2","volume":"427","author":"M-R Nikbakht","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nikbakht M-R, Stone TW (2001) Suppression of presynaptic responses to adenosine by activation of NMDA receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 427:13\u201325","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"9064_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0701347","volume":"122","author":"W Norenberg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Norenberg W, Wirkner K, Illes P (1997) Effect of adenosine and some of its structural analogues on the conductance of NMDA receptor channels in a subset of rat neostriatal neurons. Br J Pharmacol 122:71\u201380","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"9064_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(98)00730-4","volume":"362","author":"EM O\u2019Kane","year":"1998","unstructured":"O\u2019Kane EM, Stone TW (1998) Interactions between A1 and A2 adenosine receptor-mediated responses in the rat hippocampus in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 362:17\u201325","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"9064_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12553","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.22.12553","volume":"93","author":"S Okuda","year":"1996","unstructured":"Okuda S, Nishiyama N, Saito H, Katsuki H (1996) Hydrogen peroxide-mediated neuronal cell death induced by an endogenous neurotoxin, 3-hydroxykynurenine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:12553\u201312558","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"9064_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1998.70010299.x","volume":"70","author":"S Okuda","year":"1998","unstructured":"Okuda S, Nishiyama N, Saito H, Katsuki H (1998) 3-Hydroxykynurenine, an endogenous oxidative stress generator, causes neuronal cell death with apoptotic features and region selectivity. J Neurochem 70:299\u2013307","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"9064_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48412.x","volume":"825","author":"E Ongini","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ongini E, Adami M, Ferri C, Bertorelli R (1997) Adenosine A2A receptors and neuroprotection. Ann N Y Acad Sci 825:30\u201348","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"9064_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.1137","volume":"52","author":"E Ongini","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ongini E, Monopoli A, Impagnatiello F, Fredduzzi S, Schwarzschild M, Chen JF (2001) Dual actions of A2A adenosine receptor antagonists on motor dysfunction and neurodegenerative processes. Drug Dev Res 52:379\u2013386","journal-title":"Drug Dev Res"},{"key":"9064_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4347(91)80406-3","volume":"565","author":"SJ Pearson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Pearson SJ, Reynolds GP (1991) Determination of 3-hydroxykynurenine in human brain and plasma by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Increased concentrations in hepatic encephalopathy. J Chromatogr 565:436\u2013440","journal-title":"J Chromatogr"},{"key":"9064_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(92)90749-W","volume":"144","author":"SJ Pearson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Pearson SJ, Reynolds GP (1992) Increased brain concentrations of a neurotoxin, 3-hydroxykynurenine, in Huntington\u2019s disease. Neurosci Lett 144:199\u2013201","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"9064_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01276566","volume":"102","author":"SJ Pearson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pearson SJ, Meldrum A, Reynolds GP (1995) An investigation of the activities of 3-hydroxykynureninase and kynurenine aminotransferase in the brain in Huntington\u2019s disease. J Neural Transm 102:67\u201373","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"9064_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.1997.17.589","volume":"17","author":"LA Pemberton","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pemberton LA, Kerr SJ, Smythe G, Brew BJ (1997) Quinolinic acid production by macrophages stimulated with IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b1. J Interferon Cytokine Res 17:589\u2013595","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"9064_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(82)91048-4","volume":"247","author":"MN Perkins","year":"1982","unstructured":"Perkins MN, Stone TW (1982) An iontophoretic investigation of the actions of convulsant kynurenines and their interaction with the endogenous excitant quinolinic acid. Brain Res 247:184\u2013187","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"9064_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)01153-6","volume":"705","author":"JW Phillis","year":"1995","unstructured":"Phillis JW (1995) The effects of selective A1 and A2A adenosine receptor antagonists on cerebral ischemic injury in the gerbil. Brain Res 705:79\u201384","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"9064_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2004.11.009","volume":"48","author":"M Pierri","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pierri M, Vaudan E, Sager T, Englund U (2005) KW-6002 protects from MPTP induced dopaminergic toxicity in the mouse. Neuropharmacology 48:517\u2013524","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"9064_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)91560-1","volume":"633","author":"PG Popovich","year":"1994","unstructured":"Popovich PG, Reinhard JF, Flanagan EM, Stokes BT (1994) Elevation of the neurotoxin quinolinic acid occurs following spinal cord trauma. Brain Res 633:348\u2013352","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"9064_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-005-8803-2","volume":"30","author":"KVR Rao","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rao KVR, Panickar K, Jayakumar AR, Norenberg MD (2005a) Astrocytes protect neurons from ammonia toxicity. Neurochem Res 30:1311\u20131318","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"9064_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2005.04.004","volume":"47","author":"KVR Rao","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rao KVR, Jayakumar AR, Norenberg MD (2005b) Role of oxidative stress in the ammonia-induced mitochondrial permeability transition in cultured astrocytes. Neurochem Int 47:31\u201338","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"9064_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00169735","volume":"341","author":"JT Regenold","year":"1990","unstructured":"Regenold JT, Illes P (1990) Inhibitory adenosine A1-receptors on rat locus coeruleus neurones. An intracellular electrophysiological study. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 341:225\u2013231","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"9064_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022438822023","volume":"23","author":"JF Reinhard Jr","year":"1998","unstructured":"Reinhard JF Jr (1998) Altered tryptophan metabolism in mice with herpes simplex virus encephalitis: increases in spinal cord quinolinic acid. Neurochem Res 23:661\u2013665","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"9064_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90987-2","volume":"2","author":"GP Reynolds","year":"1989","unstructured":"Reynolds GP, Pearson SJ (1989) Increased brain 3-hydroxykynurenine in Huntington\u2019s disease. Lancet 2:979\u2013980","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"9064_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00966592","volume":"16","author":"C Rios","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rios C, Santamaria A (1991) Quinolinic acid is a potent lipid peroxidant in rat brain homogenates. Neurochem Res 16:1139\u20131143","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"9064_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199210000-00021","volume":"32","author":"MB Robinson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Robinson MB, Heyes MP, Anegawa NJ, Gorry E, Djali S, Mellits ED, Batshaw ML (1992) Quinolinate in brain and cerebrospinal-fluid in rat models of congenital hyperammonemia. Pediatr Res 32:483\u2013488","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"9064_CR93","first-page":"346","volume":"4","author":"KA Rudolphi","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rudolphi KA, Schubert P, Parkinson FE, Fredholm BB (1992) Adenosine and brain ischemia. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 4:346\u2013369","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev"},{"key":"9064_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(92)90467-G","volume":"51","author":"K Saito","year":"1992","unstructured":"Saito K, Markey SP, Heyes MP (1992) Effects of immune activation on quinolinic acid and neuroactive kynurenines in the mouse. Neuroscience 51:25\u201339","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"9064_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(94)90761-7","volume":"178","author":"K Saito","year":"1994","unstructured":"Saito K, Markey SP, Heyes MP (1994) 6-Chloro-D,L-tryptophan,4-chloro-3-hydroxy-anthranilate and dexamethasone attentuate quinolinic acid accumulation in brain and blood following systemic immune activation. Neurosci Lett 178:211\u2013215","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"9064_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00031-6","volume":"787","author":"T Saran","year":"1998","unstructured":"Saran T, Hilgier W, Kocki T, Urbanska EM, Turski WA, Albrecht J (1998) Acute ammonia treatment in vitro and in vivo inhibits the synthesis of a neuroprotectant kynurenic acid in rat cerebral cortical slices. Brain Res 787:348\u2013350","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"9064_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10862","volume":"75","author":"T Saran","year":"2004","unstructured":"Saran T, Hilgier W, Urbanska EM, Turski WA, Albrecht J (2004) Kynurenic acid synthesis in cerebral cortical slices of rats with progressing symptoms of thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy. J Neurosci Res 75:436\u2013440","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"9064_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.64020932.x","volume":"64","author":"AM Sardar","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sardar AM, Bell JE, Reynolds GP (1995) Increased concentrations of the neurotoxin 3-hydroxykynurenine in the frontal cortex of HIV-1-positive patients. J Neurochem 64:932\u2013935","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"9064_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(92)90134-Y","volume":"8","author":"KP Scholz","year":"1991","unstructured":"Scholz KP, Miller RJ (1991) Inhibition of quantal transmitter release in the absence of calcium influx by a G protein-linked adenosine receptor at hippocampal synapses. Neuron 8:1139\u20131150","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"9064_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6849138","volume":"219","author":"R Schwarcz","year":"1983","unstructured":"Schwarcz R, Whetsell WO Jr, Mangano RM (1983) Quinolinic acid: an endogenous metabolite that produces axon-sparing lesions in rat brain. Science 219:316\u2013318","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9064_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4079","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.11.4079","volume":"85","author":"R Schwarcz","year":"1988","unstructured":"Schwarcz R, Okuno E, White RJ, Bird ED, Whetsell WO Jr (1988) 3-Hydroxyanthranilate oxygenase activity is increased in the brains of Huntington disease victims. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85:4079\u20134081","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"9064_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03502.x","volume":"20","author":"A Shahraki","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shahraki A, Stone TW (2004) Blockade of presynaptic adenosine A1 responses by nitric oxide and superoxide in rat hippocampus. Eur J Neurosci 20:719\u2013728","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"9064_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2299(19960901)39:1<108::AID-DDR8>3.0.CO;2-J","volume":"39","author":"MJ Sheardown","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sheardown MJ, Knutsen LJS (1996) Unexpected neuroprotection observed with the adenosine A2A receptor agonist CGS21680. Drug Dev Res 39:108\u2013114","journal-title":"Drug Dev Res"},{"key":"9064_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199806000-00002","volume":"18","author":"EH Sinz","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sinz EH, Kochanek PM, Heyes MP, Wisniewski SR, Bell MJ, Clark RSB, Dekosky ST, Blight AR, Marion DW (1998) Quinolinic acid is increased in CSF and associated with mortality after traumatic brain injury in humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 18:610\u2013615","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"9064_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-0618(98)00026-X","volume":"14","author":"GS Southgate","year":"1998","unstructured":"Southgate GS, Daya S, Potgieter B (1998) Melatonin plays a protective role in quinolinic acid-induced neurotoxicity in the rat hippocampus. J Chem Neuroanat 14:151\u2013156","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"key":"9064_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(84)90475-8","volume":"97","author":"G Spignoli","year":"1984","unstructured":"Spignoli G, Pedata F, Pepeu G (1984) A1 and A2 adenosine receptors modulate acetylcholine release from brain slices. Eur J Pharmacol 97:341\u2013342","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"9064_CR107","first-page":"309","volume":"45","author":"TW Stone","year":"1993","unstructured":"Stone TW (1993) The neuropharmacology of quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid. Pharmacol Rev 45:309\u2013379","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"9064_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(00)01451-6","volume":"21","author":"TW Stone","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stone TW (2000a) The development and therapeutic potential of kynurenic acid and kynurenine derivatives for CNS neuroprotection. Trends Pharmacol Sci 21:149\u2013154","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"9064_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0223-5234(00)00121-5","volume":"35","author":"TW Stone","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stone TW (2000b) Inhibitors of the kynurenine pathway. Eur J Med Chem 35:179\u2013186","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"9064_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(00)00032-0","volume":"64","author":"TW Stone","year":"2001","unstructured":"Stone TW (2001) Kynurenines in the CNS: from endogenous obscurity to clinical relevance. Prog Neurobiol 64:185\u2013218","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"9064_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(81)90587-2","volume":"72","author":"TW Stone","year":"1981","unstructured":"Stone TW, Perkins MN (1981) Quinolinic acid: a potent endogenous excitant at amino acid receptors in CNS. Eur J Pharmacol 72:411\u2013412","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"9064_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd870","volume":"1","author":"TW Stone","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stone TW, Darlington LG (2002) Endogenous kynurenines as targets for drug discovery and development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 1:609\u2013620","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"9064_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410050969","volume":"290","author":"V Sung","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sung V, Venkateshan CN, Williamson L, Ward R, Espey M, Gibbs CJ Jr, Moffett JR, Namboodiri MAA (1997) Immune-electron microscopy reveals that the excitotoxin quinolinate is associated with the plasma membrane in human peripheral blood monocytes\/macrophages. Cell Tissue Res 290:633\u2013639","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"9064_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(92)90205-L","volume":"145","author":"K Tominaga","year":"1992","unstructured":"Tominaga K, Shibata S, Watanabe S (1992) A neuroprotective effect of adenosine A1-receptor agonists on ischemia-induced decrease in 2-deoxyglucose uptake in rat hippocampal slices. Neurosci Lett 145:67\u201370","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"9064_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(89)90265-0","volume":"30","author":"DKEJ Lubitz von","year":"1989","unstructured":"von Lubitz DKEJ, Dambrosia JM, Redmond DJ (1989) Protective effect of cyclohexyladenosine in treatment of cerebral ischaemia in gerbils. Neuroscience 30:451\u2013462","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"9064_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(95)00498-X","volume":"287","author":"DKJE Lubitz von","year":"1995","unstructured":"von Lubitz DKJE, Lin RC-S, Jacobson KA (1995) Cerebral ischaemia in gerbils: effects of acute and chronic treatment with adenosine A2A receptor agonist and antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol 287:295\u2013302","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"9064_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(99)00073-4","volume":"369","author":"DJKE Lubitz von","year":"1999","unstructured":"von Lubitz DJKE, Lin RCS, Bischofberger N, Beenhakker M, Boyd M, Lipartowska R, Jacobson KA (1999) Protection against ischemic damage by adenosine amine congener, a potent and selective adenosine A1 receptor agonist. Eur J Pharmacol 369:313\u2013317","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"9064_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(89)90609-5","volume":"97","author":"WO Whetsell Jr","year":"1989","unstructured":"Whetsell WO Jr, Schwarcz R (1989) Prolonged exposure to submicromolar concentrations of quinolinic acid causes excitotoxic damage in organotypic cultures of rat corticostriatal system. Neurosci Lett 97:271\u2013275","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"9064_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.45.4.486","volume":"45","author":"HR Winn","year":"1979","unstructured":"Winn HR, Rubio R, Berne RM (1979) Brain adenosine production in the rat during 60 seconds of ischemia. Circ Res 45:486\u2013492","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"9064_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(94)90060-4","volume":"10","author":"H Yamamoto","year":"1994","unstructured":"Yamamoto H, Shindo I, Egawa B, Horiguchi K (1994) Kynurenic acid is decreased in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with infantile spasms. Pediatr Neurol 10:9\u201312","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"}],"container-title":["Metabolic Brain Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11011-007-9064-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11011-007-9064-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11011-007-9064-3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T02:21:45Z","timestamp":1559355705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11011-007-9064-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,22]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,22]]}},"alternative-id":["9064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11011-007-9064-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-7490","1573-7365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-7490","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,22]]}}}