{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:44:56Z","timestamp":1786981496736,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]],"date-time":"2016-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464739200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005328","name":"Female Center for Scientific and Medical Colleges, King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005328","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metab Brain Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-016-9836-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]],"date-time":"2016-06-01T01:45:38Z","timestamp":1464745538000},"page":"1047-1054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["The positive association between elevated blood lead levels and brain-specific autoantibodies in autistic children from low lead-polluted areas"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Gehan Ahmed","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geir","family":"Bj\u00f8rklund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio A.","family":"Urbina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laila Yousef","family":"Al-Ayadhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"9836_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1947","volume":"116","author":"AAP - American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Environmental Health","year":"2005","unstructured":"AAP - American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Environmental Health (2005) Lead exposure in children: prevention, detection, and management. Pediatrics 116:1036\u20131046","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"9836_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-012-9551-1","volume":"151","author":"JB Adams","year":"2013","unstructured":"Adams JB, Audhya T, McDonough-Means S, Rubin RA, Quig D, Geis E, Gehn E, Loresto M, Mitchell J, Atwood S, Barnhouse S, Lee W (2013) Toxicological status of children with autism vs. neurotypical children and the association with autism severity. Biol Trace Elem Res 151:171\u2013180","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"9836_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-10-14","volume":"10","author":"A Alabdali","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alabdali A, Al-Ayadhi L, El-Ansary A (2014) A key role for an impaired detoxification mechanism in the etiology and severity of autism spectrum disorders. Behav Brain Funct 10:14. doi: 10.1186\/1744-9081-10-14","journal-title":"Behav Brain Funct"},{"key":"9836_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-54","volume":"9","author":"LY Al-Ayadhi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al-Ayadhi LY, Mostafa GA (2012) A lack of association between elevated serum levels of S100B protein and autoimmunity in autistic children. J Neuroinflammation 9:54. doi: 10.1186\/1742-2094-9-54","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"9836_CR5","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"APA - American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","unstructured":"APA - American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington","edition":"4"},{"issue":"794\u2013797","key":"9836_CR6","first-page":"810","volume":"149","author":"SD Ben-Ami","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ben-Ami SD, Blank M, Altman A (2010) The clinical importance of anti-ribosomal-P antibodies (in Hebrew). Harefuah 149(794\u2013797):810","journal-title":"Harefuah"},{"key":"9836_CR7","first-page":"247","volume":"6","author":"E Blaurock-Busch","year":"2011","unstructured":"Blaurock-Busch E, Amin OR, Rabah T (2011) Heavy metals and trace elements in hair and urine of a sample of Arab children with autistic spectrum disorder. Maedica (Buchar) 6:247\u2013257","journal-title":"Maedica (Buchar)"},{"key":"9836_CR8","first-page":"38","volume":"7","author":"E Blaurock-Busch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blaurock-Busch E, Amin OR, Dessoki HH, Rabah T (2012a) Toxic metals and essential elements in hair and severity of symptoms among children with autism. Maedica (Buchar) 7:38\u201348","journal-title":"Maedica (Buchar)"},{"key":"9836_CR9","first-page":"214","volume":"7","author":"E Blaurock-Busch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blaurock-Busch E, Amin OR, Dessoki HH, Rabah T (2012b) Efficacy of DMSA therapy in a sample of Arab children with autistic spectrum disorder. Maedica (Buchar) 7:214\u2013221","journal-title":"Maedica (Buchar)"},{"key":"9836_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022848","volume":"348","author":"RL Canfield","year":"2003","unstructured":"Canfield RL, Henderson CR, Cory-Slechta DA, Cox C, Jusko TA, Lanphear BP (2003) Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 microg per deciliter. N Engl J Med 348:1517\u20131526","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9836_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2007.11.004","volume":"60","author":"E Caylak","year":"2008","unstructured":"Caylak E, Aytekin M, Halifeoglu I (2008) Antioxidant effects of methionine, alpha-lipoic acid, N-acetylcysteine and homocysteine on lead-induced oxidative stress to erythrocytes in rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol 60:289\u2013294","journal-title":"Exp Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"9836_CR12","unstructured":"CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012a) CDC response to advisory committee on childhood lead poisoning prevention: recommendations in \u201clow level lead exposure harms children: a renewed call of primary prevention\u201d. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nceh\/lead\/acclpp\/cdc_response_lead_exposure_recs.pdf . Accessed 7 March 2016"},{"key":"9836_CR13","unstructured":"CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012b) Blood lead levels in children: What do parents need to know to protect their children? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nceh\/lead\/acclpp\/lead_levels_in_children_fact_sheet.pdf . Accessed 7 March 2016"},{"key":"9836_CR14","unstructured":"CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention (2007) Interpreting and managing blood lead levels <10 microg\/dL in children and reducing childhood exposures to lead: recommendations of CDC\u2019s Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep 56(RR-8):1\u201316"},{"key":"9836_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(05)71013-8","volume":"71","author":"HH Cohly","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cohly HH, Panja A (2005) Immunological findings in autism. Int Rev Neurobiol 71:317\u2013341","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"9836_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361305053255","volume":"9","author":"A Fido","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fido A, Al-Saad S (2005) Toxic trace elements in the hair of children with autism. Autism 9:290\u2013298","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"9836_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930400022699","volume":"38","author":"R Gerli","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gerli R, Caponi L (2005) Anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies. Autoimmunity 38:85\u201392","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"9836_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930290016547","volume":"35","author":"DL Greenwood","year":"2002","unstructured":"Greenwood DL, Gitlits VM, Alderuccio F, Sentry JW, Toh BH (2002) Auto-antibodies in neuropsychiatric lupus. Autoimmunity 35:79\u201386","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"9836_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2008.11.011","volume":"30","author":"M Ha","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ha M, Kwon HJ, Lim MH, Jee YK, Hong YC, Leem JH, Sakong J, Bae JM, Hong SJ, Roh YM, Jo SJ (2009) Low blood levels of lead and mercury and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity in children: a report of the children\u2019s health and environment research (CHEER). Neurotoxicology 30:31\u201336","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"9836_CR20","first-page":"1","volume":"78","author":"NM Kamel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kamel NM, Ramadan AM, Kamel MI, Mostafa YA, Abo el-Naga RM, Ali AM (2003) Impact of lead exposure on health status and scholastic achievement of school pupils in Alexandria. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 78:1\u201328","journal-title":"J Egypt Public Health Assoc"},{"key":"9836_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390601188060","volume":"70","author":"JK Kern","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kern JK, Grannemann BD, Trivedi MH, Adams JB (2007) Sulfhydryl-reactive metals in autism. J Toxicol Environ Health A 70:715\u2013721","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A"},{"key":"9836_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3200\/AEOH.62.2.105-112","volume":"62","author":"K Kordas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kordas K, Casavantes KM, Mendoza C, Lopez P, Ronquillo D, Rosado JL, Vargas GG, Stoltzfus RJ (2007) The association between lead and micronutrient status, and children\u2019s sleep, classroom behavior, and activity. Arch Environ Occup Health 62:105\u2013112","journal-title":"Arch Environ Occup Health"},{"key":"9836_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-010-8766-2","volume":"142","author":"M Lakshmi Priya","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lakshmi Priya M, Geetha A (2010) Level of trace elements (copper, zinc, magnesium and selenium) and toxic elements (lead and mercury) in the hair and nail of children with autism. Biol Trace Elem Res 142:148\u2013158","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"9836_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.21-10-327","volume":"21","author":"M Markowitz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Markowitz M (2000) Lead poisoning. Pediatr Rev 21:327\u2013335","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"9836_CR25","first-page":"S220","volume":"45","author":"TD Matte","year":"2003","unstructured":"Matte TD (2003) Effects of lead exposure on children\u2019s health (in Spanish). Salud Publica Mex 45(Suppl 2):S220\u2013S224","journal-title":"Salud Publica Mex"},{"key":"9836_CR26","volume-title":"Arabic translation of Wechsler intelligence scale for children","author":"LK Meleka","year":"1999","unstructured":"Meleka LK, Ismail ME (1999) Arabic translation of Wechsler intelligence scale for children, 6th edn. Egyptian Anglo library, Cairo","edition":"6"},{"key":"9836_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-180","volume":"8","author":"GA Mostafa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mostafa GA, Al-Ayadhi LY (2011) The possible link between the elevated serum levels of neurokinin a and anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies in children with autism. J Neuroinflammation 8:180. doi: 10.1186\/1742-2094-8-180","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"9836_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073808319321","volume":"23","author":"GA Mostafa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mostafa GA, El-Sayed ZA, Abd El Aziz MM, El-Sayed MF (2008) Serum anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein antibodies in Egyptian autistic children. J Child Neurol 23:1413\u20131418","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"9836_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2009.12.003","volume":"219","author":"GA Mostafa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mostafa GA, El-Hadidi ES, Hewedi DH, Abdou MM (2010) Oxidative stress in Egyptian children with autism: relation to autoimmunity. J Neuroimmunol 219:114\u2013118","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"9836_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.04.029","volume":"70","author":"D Petranovic","year":"2008","unstructured":"Petranovic D, Batinac T, Petranovic D, Ruzic A, Ruzic T (2008) Iron deficiency anaemia influences cognitive functions. Med Hypotheses 70:70\u201372","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"9836_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(02)00097-4","volume":"49","author":"S Piomelli","year":"2002","unstructured":"Piomelli S (2002) Childhood lead poisoning. Pediatr Clin N Am 49:1285\u20131304","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin N Am"},{"key":"9836_CR32","first-page":"262","volume":"3","author":"D Quig","year":"1998","unstructured":"Quig D (1998) Cysteine metabolism and metal toxicity. Altern Med Rev 3:262\u2013270","journal-title":"Altern Med Rev"},{"key":"9836_CR33","volume-title":"The childhood autism rating scale (CARS) for diagnostic screening and classification in autism","author":"E Schopler","year":"1986","unstructured":"Schopler E, Reichler RJ, Renner BR (1986) The childhood autism rating scale (CARS) for diagnostic screening and classification in autism. Irvington, New York"},{"key":"9836_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2005.00348.x","volume":"17","author":"VK Singh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Singh VK, Hanson J (2006) Assessment of metallothionein and antibodies to metallothionein in normal and autistic children having exposure to vaccine-derived thimerosal. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 17:291\u2013296","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"9836_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2003.10.026","volume":"355","author":"VK Singh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Singh VK, Rivas WH (2004) Prevalence of serum antibodies to caudate nucleus in autistic children. Neurosci Lett 355:53\u201356","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"9836_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1998.4588","volume":"89","author":"VK Singh","year":"1998","unstructured":"Singh VK, Lin SX, Yang VC (1998) Serological association of measles virus and human herpesvirus-6 with brain autoantibodies in autism. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 89:105\u2013108","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"9836_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-009-9126-x","volume":"19","author":"Tian Y, Green PG, Stamova B, Hertz-Picciotto I, Pessah IN, Hansen R, Yang X, Gregg JP, Ashwood P, Jickling G, Van de Water J, Sharp FR","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tian Y, Green PG, Stamova B, Hertz-Picciotto I, Pessah IN, Hansen R, Yang X, Gregg JP, Ashwood P, Jickling G, Van de Water J, Sharp FR (2011) Correlations of gene expression with blood lead levels in children with autism compared to typically developing controls. Neurotox Res 19:1\u201313","journal-title":"Neurotox Res"},{"key":"9836_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2006.07.004","volume":"6","author":"E Toubi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Toubi E, Shoenfeld Y (2007) Clinical and biological aspects of anti-P-ribosomal protein autoantibodies. Autoimmun Rev 6:119\u2013125","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"9836_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(02)00180-7","volume":"129","author":"A Vojdani","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vojdani A, Campbell AW, Anyanwu E, Kashanian A, Bock K, Vojdani E (2002) Antibodies to neuron-specific antigens in children with autism: possible cross-reaction with encephalitogenic proteins form milk, chlamydia pneumoniae and streptococcus group a. J Neuroimmunol 129:168\u2013177","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"9836_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/039463200301600302","volume":"16","author":"A Vojdani","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vojdani A, Pangborn JB, Vojdani E, Cooper EL (2003) Infections, toxic chemicals and dietary peptides binding to lymphocyte receptors and tissue enzymes are major investigators of autoimmunity in autism. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 16:189\u2013199","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"9836_CR41","volume-title":"Examiner\u2019s manual: Wechsler intelligence scale for children","author":"D Wechsler","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wechsler D (1991) Examiner\u2019s manual: Wechsler intelligence scale for children, 3rd edn. Psychological Corporation, New York","edition":"3"},{"key":"9836_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-009-8494-7","volume":"135","author":"O Yorbik","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yorbik O, Kurt I, Hasimi A, Ozturk O (2010) Chromium, cadmium, and lead levels in urine of children with autism and typically developing controls. Biol Trace Elem Res 135:10\u201315","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"9836_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-008X(03)00251-5","volume":"192","author":"W Zheng","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zheng W, Aschner M, Ghersi-Egea JF (2003) Brain barrier systems: a new frontier in metal neurotoxicological research. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 192:1\u201311","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Metabolic Brain Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11011-016-9836-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11011-016-9836-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11011-016-9836-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,24]],"date-time":"2017-06-24T11:28:14Z","timestamp":1498303694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11011-016-9836-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},"alternative-id":["9836"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11011-016-9836-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-7490","1573-7365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-7490","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]]}}}